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17 The main intent of this section is to describe how best to use the wide spectrum of initiatives described throughout this Guide. The initiative identification process is a codified approach that seeks to match immediate needs with what the various strategies offer.
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18 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Figure 2. Urban freight initiatives.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 19 conflicts to sort out and multiple factors, trade-offs, and the major constraints to be considered. Therefore, extensive stakeholder engagement and data collection often need to precede the selection of an initiative.
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20 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide the needs and scope of the project. Also important to consider is the connectivity from one system to another.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 21 17. What permits are required to initiate/complete the project?
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22 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Practitioners can use the summary tables as a quick reference for each initiative and consult the group summary table to relate the initiatives to the key design considerations. advantages and disadvantages associated with implementation of the initiative discussed, examples, related initiatives, and references for further review.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 23 Innovative Design -- San Antonio's US-281 Super Street Today's transportation decision makers face increasingly complex issues even as transportation funding has steadily declined. Increasingly, decision makers must do more with less.
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24 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Source: FHWA 2004 Figure 4. Minor road movements.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 25 must commit to the global operation and the overarching benefits that the terminal will return to the system. This is the case of a project the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ)
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26 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide for the implementation of this initiative is presented in the Maspeth Truck Route Redesignation case study in Section 3. Table 5 summarizes essential characteristics of Initiative 5.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 27 Source: OpenStreetMap Contributors 2010 Initiative 1: Ring Roads for Bypass Traffic Description: The construction of bypasses (high speed ring roads, or beltways) to move through-trucks to the periphery of the urban area.
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28 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 2a: New and Upgraded Roads Description: Enhancements to the geometric design and physical characteristics of current roadways Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Corridor Type of initiative: Infrastructure management: major improvements Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure/ enhance safety Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Extensive stakeholder involvement and an assessment of all potential impacts (positive and negative) , both inside and outside the study area, should factor into planning.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 29 Source: Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority (ACTA) 2013 Initiative 2b: New and Upgraded Railways Description: The construction of new rail lines, or upgrades to existing rail lines Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Corridor Type of initiative: Infrastructure management: major improvements Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure/ enhance safety Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Costs will vary depending on whether a project modifies existing infrastructure or involves new construction.
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30 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Source: The Port of Los Angeles 2013 Initiative 2c: New and Upgraded Intermodal Terminals Description: The use and construction of terminals and other transfer facilities to move freight between trucks and other modes of transportation Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Corridor Type of initiative: Infrastructure management: major improvements Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure/ enhance safety Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Costs and effort depend on the type of project: a new intermodal terminal or improvements to an existing terminal. Creation of master plans to include intermodal conditions is less expensive than the very high cost of constructing a new facility.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 31 Source: http://saportareport.com/blog/2012/07/ gdot-cuts-ribbon-on-bridge-as-georgians-vote-on-18-billion-transportation-tax/ Initiative 2d: New and Upgraded Railroad Grade Separations Description: The construction of railroad grade separations Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Corridor Type of initiative: Infrastructure management: major improvements Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure/ enhance safety/reduce delays Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Costs and efforts depend on the scope of the project and the complexity of the grade crossing. Due to the extensive planning and design considerations that should be taken into account, these projects are often expensive.
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32 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 3: Freight Cluster Development (Freight Village) Description: The concentration of freight users such as distribution centers, manufacturers, truck terminals, and intermodal facilities into a single location, typically at the urban fringe, to provide efficiency and economies of scale.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 33 Initiative 4: Acceleration/Deceleration Lanes Description: Improvements to infrastructure designed to accommodate trucks' technical acceleration and deceleration specifications, especially when merging into traffic at intersections, interchanges, ramps, highways, and at traffic signals Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Corridor Type of initiative: Infrastructure management: minor improvements Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure Expected costs and level of effort to implement: The planning process should involve multiple stakeholders to account for the impacts and benefits of acceleration and deceleration lanes. Depending on the locations, high investments may be needed to acquire land to construct the lanes.
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34 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 5: Removal of Geometric Constraints at Intersections Description: Improvements to the geometric design at intersections to better accommodate trucks in areas with high truck traffic and in truck routes Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Point Type of initiative: Infrastructure management: minor improvements Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure/ enhance safety Expected costs and level of effort to implement: A cautious cost-benefit analysis is required. Cost to update design standards at intersections is minimal.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 35 Initiative 6: Ramps for Handcarts and Forklifts Description: Additions to urban buildings and sidewalk ramps to accommodate forklifts or small handcarts to improve the efficiency of loading and unloading truck activities Targeted mode: Urban deliveries Geographic scope: Point Type of initiative: Infrastructure management: minor improvements Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Effort is required to coordinate multiple stakeholders involved from planning and transportation organizations, real estate developers, and landlords to update and modify current regulations, land use codes, and rezoning strategies. Implementation costs may involve the need to buy or rent additional space, or include costs to retrofit existing buildings, though these costs are generally low, and implementation times are short.
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Ri n g r o a d s f o r t h r o u g h t r a f f i c N e w a n d u p g r a d e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e F r e i g h t c l u s t e r s ( f r e i g h t v i l l a g e s ) A c c e l e r a t i o n / d e c e l e r a t i o n l a n e s R e m o v a l o f i n t e r s e c t i o n c o n s t r a i n t s R a m p s f o r h a n d c a r t s a n d f o r k l i f t s 1 2 3 Is there enough right-of-way available to complete the project?
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 37 Parking/Loading Areas Management In many city centers and business districts, parking spaces are very limited, which translates into trucks double-parking or spending considerable time circling a block waiting for a parking space (Jaller et al.
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38 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide to the new policy, as it has made it easier for them to do their job. Implementation of this initiative is presented as part of Case Studies 5 and 6, from New York City, described in Section 3.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 39 can ensure new buildings have adequate loading docks to meet future demands (Wilbur Smith Associates 2012)
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40 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide on the fringes of metropolitan areas. Instead of being used as rest areas, these facilities would be available for vehicles to wait for their delivery times without obstructing the curbside or double-parking inside the metro area.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 41 Source: Salt Lake City 2013 Initiative 7: Freight Parking and Loading Zones: Location, Number, and Size Description: Initiatives to adapt existing street design and loading areas to accommodate current and future traffic and truck volumes. Parking places and loading zone-related strategies focus on designating and enforcing curbside parking, reallocating curb space, revising signage, and identifying potential freight traffic parking locations.
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42 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 8: Loading and Parking Restrictions Description: Implementation of parking and loading/unloading restrictions, prohibited parking on residential streets, and other time-related parking restrictions Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Point Type of initiative: Parking/loading areas management: on-street parking and loading Objectives: Reduce congestion Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Multiple stakeholders may be involved to update current regulations, land use codes, and rezoning strategies. Careful planning and a thorough evaluation of positive and negative impacts to road users, commercial companies, and residents are required.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 43 Initiative 9: Peak-Hour Clearways Description: Peak-hour clearways are roadway corridors defined by clearway signs at each end, where parking and standing of vehicles is prohibited during peak hours Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Corridor Type of initiative: Parking/loading areas management: on-street parking and loading Primary objective: Reduce congestion Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Peak-hour clearway restrictions require careful consideration of freight movements and land use in the target area. Implementation and enforcement by local authorities is required.
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44 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 10: Vehicle Parking Reservation Systems Description: An initiative that allows drivers to schedule or reserve curbside parking space Targeted mode: Large traffic generators Geographic scope: Point Type of initiative: Parking/loading areas management: on-street parking and loading Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure Expected costs and level of effort to implement: The planning process requires administrative and management coordination with freight carriers, shippers, and receivers; the implementation requires strict law enforcement. Moderate costs are associated with the intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 45 Initiative 11: Enhanced Building Codes Description: The design of off-street parking and loading facilities in urban center buildings, and of parking lots in and at the fringe of metropolitan areas Targeted mode: Large traffic generators/urban deliveries/all traffic Geographic scope: City, area Type of initiative: Parking/loading areas management: off-street parking and loading Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Enhanced building codes for off-street parking and loading facilities require consideration of the characteristics of the network, building designs, existing regulations, and vehicle characteristics. The planning process should involve the private real estate sector as well as public planning and economic development agencies, as these changes may involve building codes, land use regulations, and the retrofitting of existing buildings and facilities.
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46 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 12: Timesharing of Parking Spaces Description: Scheduling the use of parking spaces among and between specific carriers, this initiative includes coordinating the timing of pick-ups and deliveries with freight carriers, shippers, or receivers, and in some cases freight and passenger vehicles. Timesharing of parking spaces requires the optimization of times for deliveries and other uses.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 47 Initiative 13: Upgrade Parking Areas and Loading Docks Description: Redesigning docks to accommodate the geometric space needs of current and future trucks and to provide adequate parking. May involve updating or changing design standards to provide better access or egress to buildings to accommodate delivery vehicles.
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48 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 14: Improved Staging Areas Description: This initiative fosters the development and/or requirement of on-site off-street areas at businesses or other facilities to conduct loading, unloading, or other freight-related activities Targeted mode: Large traffic generators/urban deliveries Geographic scope: Point/area Type of initiative: Parking/loading areas management: off-street parking and loading Primary objective: Improve inadequate infrastructure Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Changing design standards and building/zoning codes will not be costly. Retroactively updating existing loading areas, however, or constructing larger areas for freight activities at establishments or facilities, will be expensive.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 49 Initiative 15: Truck Stops/Parking Outside of Metropolitan Areas Description: This initiative involves the construction or installation of truck stops/parking facilities outside the metropolitan area. These facilities could be used by freight vehicles as staging areas to conduct transshipment activities, as temporary parking locations during peak times, or as waiting areas until designated delivery times.
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Fr e i g h t p a r k i n g a n d l o a d i n g z o n e s L o a d i n g a n d p a r k i n g r e s t r i c t i o n s P e a k h o u r c l e a r w a y s P a r k i n g r e s e r v a t i o n s y s t e m s E n h a n c e d b u i l d i n g c o d e s T i m e s h a r e o f p a r k i n g s p a c e U p g r a d e p a r k i n g / l o a d i n g a r e a s I m p r o v e d s t a g i n g a r e a s T r u c k s t o p s / p a r k i n g o u t s i d e o f m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s 1 2 3 How will this project be funded? 4 5 6 7 8 Will other projects be required to fully complete the project?
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 51 Vehicle-Related Strategies These initiatives seek to improve environmental conditions by fostering the use of technologies and practices that reduce the negative externalities produced by vehicles. The challenge of this type of strategy mainly relates to enforcement.
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52 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 16: Emission Standards Description: Enforcement of emission standards for freight vehicles, which may involve the use of electric or low emission vehicles for urban deliveries. A number of vehicle renewal programs support this type of initiative.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 53 Source: Noise Abatement Society 2011 Initiative 17: Low-Noise Delivery Programs/Regulations Description: Regulations and low-noise delivery initiatives to lessen noise pollution Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: City Type of initiative: Vehicle-related strategies Objectives: Environmental sustainability/reduce noise and pollution Expected costs and level of effort to implement: The planning process should involve extensive stakeholder engagement to analyze the private and public-sector impacts. For the private sector, implementation may require high capital investment costs, such as fleet renewal.
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54 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Em is si on st an da rd s N oi se p ro gr am s/ re gu la tio ns 1 Is there enough right-of-way available to complete the project? 2 3 How will this project be funded?
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 55 Traffic Management Traffic management strategies aim to improve traffic conditions using techniques from traffic engineering and control, including access restrictions, lane management, and traffic control. Access and Vehicle-Related Restrictions These measures use restriction(s)
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56 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Failure to Remove Highway Restrictions State departments of transportation (DOTs) typically have the massive task of keeping an inventory of every segment of roadway for which they are responsible.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 57 Initiative 19: Truck Routes Truck routes specify the links of the network that can be used by freight traffic, and could be statutory or advisory (California Department of Transportation 2012)
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58 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 20: Engine-Related Restrictions Engine-related restrictions require freight vehicles to meet an environmental standard to access specific facilities. These restrictions have been used in combination with eco-loading zones and low emission zones (LEZs)
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 59 Initiative 23: Daytime Delivery Restrictions Daytime delivery restriction programs limit freight vehicle access to target areas during specific periods of time. The duration of the restriction, its geographic scope, and the type of freight vehicles affected vary from case to case.
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60 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide so that the night deliveries do not impact local communities. Table 26 also summarizes essential characteristics of Initiative 25.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 61 The Handbook for Planning Truck Facilities on Urban Highways (Douglas 2004) provides a comprehensive report covering truck climbing lanes, truck lanes and truck-ways, truck-only ramps, interchange bypasses, and truck roadways and guide-ways.
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62 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 18: Vehicle Size and Weight Restrictions Description: Restrictions to prevent vehicles of a certain weight, size (length or width) , or number of axles from using a particular road or area, often the result of concerns about the perceived congestion or traffic accidents caused by large trucks Targeted mode: Large trucks Geographic scope: City, area Type of initiative: Traffic management: vehicle size restrictions Primary objective: Reduce congestion Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Vehicle size and weight restrictions require careful planning to consider freight movements and land use in the target area, involving extensive stakeholder engagement and coordination with other municipalities.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 63 Related alternatives: 1. Removal of Geometric Constraints at Intersections; 2.
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64 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 19: Truck Routes Description: A special type of vehicle restriction that specifies the components of the transportation network that can be used by freight traffic; there can be multiple layers of truck routes. Truck routes are sometimes used to prevent freight vehicles from using unsuitable or sensitive routes.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 65 Initiative 20: Engine-Related Restrictions Description: A special case of vehicle restriction granting access to a target area only for vehicles that meet a certain level of environmental standard. These strategies try to reduce the environmental externalities of freight traffic by fostering the use of environmentally friendly technologies.
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66 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 21: Low Emission Zones Description: Low emission zones (LEZs) are environmentally sensitive areas where vehicle access (both passenger and freight)
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 67 Source: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – CITE Initiative 22: Load Factor Restrictions Description: To reduce the number of freight trips entering a target area, these strategies require a minimum load factor (percent of truck capacity being used) per truck Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Area Type of initiative: Traffic management: vehicle restrictions Primary objective: Reduce congestion Expected costs and level of effort to implement: These restrictions require careful planning, stakeholder engagement, and a complete understanding of the markets, supply chain practices, and industries.
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68 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Source: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – CITE Initiatives 23–25: Time Access Restrictions/Delivery Time Windows Description: Strategies that restrict the times at which freight activity can take place, including delivery time windows, daytime delivery bans, or nighttime delivery bans Targeted mode: All traffic/large trucks Geographic scope: Area Type of initiative: Traffic management: access time restrictions Primary objective: Reduce congestion/improve environmental sustainability Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Time access restrictions require planning that considers the characteristics of the area's freight movement, industries, and land use, extensive stakeholder engagement, and an assessment of both positive and negative impacts to all economic agents involved. The costs are associated with the installation of traffic signs, and efforts associated with meeting the requirements of local businesses.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 69 Initiative 26: Restricted Multi-Use Lanes Description: These initiatives promote the use of available road capacity by allocating restricted lane right-of-way to trucks, buses, and occasionally high-occupancy vehicles. The lane usage can be allocated to different users using time windows, shared among designated users all day, or restricted to special use for certain users.
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70 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Source: Federal Highway Administration 2011 Initiative 27: Exclusive Truck Lanes Description: Allocation of restricted lane right-of-way exclusively to trucks Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: Corridor Type of initiative: Traffic management: lane management Primary objective: Decrease congestion Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Exclusive truck lanes require careful planning, extensive stakeholder engagement (both private and public) , and an assessment of the potential impacts to all agents of the freight and other relevant economic systems.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 71 Source: Oregon Department of Transportation 2013 Initiative 28: Traffic Control Description: Strategies to monitor and control traffic with signs, equipment, and devices. Among the approaches used to assist truck drivers are signs that provide information about speed limit, access restrictions, loading zones, and other regulations.
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Ve h i c l e s i z e a n d w e i g h t r e s t r i c t i o n s T r u c k r o u t e s L o w e m i s s i o n z o n e s E n g i n e r e l a t e d r e s t r i c t i o n s L o a d f a c t o r r e s t r i c t i o n s D a y t i m e d e l i v e r y r e s t r i c t i o n s D a y t i m e d e l i v e r y b a n s N i g h t t i m e d e l i v e r y b a n s R e s t r i c t e d m u l t i u s e l a n e s E x c l u s i v e t r u c k l a n e s T r a f f i c c o n t r o l 1 s there enough right-of-way available to complete the project? 2 3 ow will this project be funded?
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 73 Pricing, Incentives, and Taxation These strategies use monetary signals to achieve such pre-defined public goals as revenue generation, fostering the use of emerging technologies, or demand management, among many others. Pricing Initiative 29: Road Pricing Freight road pricing has been recommended to reduce freight traffic by promoting a better utilization of transportation capacity (Ogden 1992; City Ports 2005; BESTUFS 2007; Allen and Browne 2010; PIARC 2011)
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74 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Incentives These programs seek to foster sustainable practices by incentivizing one or more participants in the supply chain, using both monetary and non-monetary incentives. In this context, combining the power of incentives and regulations is likely to have a meaningful impact on the behavior of freight agents.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 75 sustainability of urban freight operations. In New York City, Green Loading Zones are considered a solution to incentivize the adoption of electric vehicles, as they provide curb space exclusively to electric trucks (New York State Department of Transportation 2014)
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76 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 29: Road Pricing/Incentives Description: A demand management tool in urban areas to reduce traffic, promote a better use of transportation capacity, and reduce environmental impacts. Pricing revenues often are used to finance the construction and maintenance costs of urban infrastructure, and often are implemented using (electronic)
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 77 Initiative 30: Parking Pricing Description: Charging for the use of curb space; some based on fixed rates, while others involve variable or differentiated pricing schemes. Targeted mode: All traffic, large traffic Geographic scope: City, area Type of initiative: Pricing, incentives, and taxation: parking pricing Primary objective: Reduce congestion Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Stakeholder engagement should play a part in the planning process, to analyze potential impacts in and out of the target area.
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78 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiatives 31–33: Certification/Recognition Programs/Incentives Description: Platforms implemented to encourage and reward sustainable practices throughout the supply chain. There are three main types: comprehensive, area-specific, and award programs.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 79 Initiative 34: Taxation Description: Initiatives used to raise revenues and foster behavior changes that will lead to public benefits Targeted mode: All traffic, large trucks Geographic scope: Nation, city Type of initiative: Pricing, incentives, and taxation: taxation Primary objective: Generate revenue Expected costs and level of effort to implement: The planning process should involve extensive stakeholder engagement to analyze potential impacts. Care should be taken to ensure that the objectives of the taxation policy are clear, and that the type of taxation chosen will reach the intended decision maker.
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Ro a d p r i c i n g P a r k i n g p r i c i n g R e c o g n i t i o n p r o g r a m s C e r t i f i c a t i o n p r o g r a m s O p e r a t i o n a l i n c e n t i v e s f o r E V / L E V 1 s there enough right-of-way available to complete the project? 2 3 ow will this project be funded?
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 81 Logistical Management The main objective of these strategies is to alter the way deliveries are undertaken to reduce the negative externalities produced. However, these strategies can also improve the efficiency of the last-mile delivery journey through appropriate fuel and driver management, reducing empty or low-volume journeys, and consolidation of delivery trips.
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82 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Despite the challenges, a number of UCCs are in operation (Panero and Shin 2011)
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 83 wait times at intermodal facilities, and advanced notice of fees due)
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84 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide by about 12% when using real-time data. In Vienna, Austria, researchers have estimated that the implementation of dynamic routing using historic travel times from GPS installed in taxis could save about 10% of travel time for commercial vehicles (Kritzinger et al.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 85 Initiative 41: Anti-Idling Programs These programs attempt to reduce the pollution caused by idling trucks. In the United States, various programs have been implemented that focus on technologies, economic incentives, regulations, and education.
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86 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 35: Urban Consolidation Centers Description: Urban consolidation centers (UCCs) are operational concepts that reduce freight traffic circulating within a target area by fostering consolidation of cargo at a terminal.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 87 Initiative 36: Real-Time Information Systems Description: Real-time information systems (RTIS) are a set of technologies and strategies that can help monitor and manage traffic based on real-time traffic information in terms of (1)
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88 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 37: Vertical Height Detection Systems Description: Vertical height detection systems (VHDS) detect over-height trucks moving toward road structures, warning the truck driver to avoid collision with the structure Targeted mode: All traffic Geographic scope: City, area Type of initiative: Logistical management: intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 89 Initiative 38: Dynamic Routing Description: Dynamic routing systems are used by public authorities to enhance safety and prevent violations of access regulations. The private-sector uses are in-vehicle routing as part of a decision-support system to enhance the efficiency of fleet management.
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90 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 39: Time-Slotting of Deliveries/Pick-ups at Large Traffic Generators Description: Designed to be used at LTGs, time-slotting of deliveries/pick-ups allows drivers to book their space before arriving to the delivery/pick-up place. Given that LTGs are usually managed by property management firms, managers are responsible for the daily operations of the facilities and they coordinate time slots, depending on the availability of the delivery/pick-up area.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 91 Initiative 40: Driver Training Programs Description: Programs to improve deliveries by altering driver behaviors and enhancing driver competencies. Drivers' attitudes and behaviors can directly affect delivery efficiency, energy consumption, environmental impacts, and the safety of all road users.
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92 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Source: Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department 2011 Initiative 41: Anti-Idling Programs Description: Programs to reduce the pollution caused by idling truck engines. The most popular anti-idling technologies are fuel-operated coolant heaters, auxiliary power units, and truck stop electrification.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 93 Initiative 42: Pick-ups/Deliveries to Alternate Destinations Description: Strategies based on a change of pick-up/delivery destinations to either a central pick-up/drop-off point or delivery lockers, instead of to homes. Staffed pick-up/drop-off sites and locker banks are two complementary ways to optimize the final leg of deliveries.
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Re a l T i m e I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s V e r t i c a l H e i g h t D e t e c t i o n S y s t e m s D y n a m i c R o u t i n g T i m e s l o t t i n g o f p i c k u p s / d e l i v e r i e s D r i v e r t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s A n t i i d l i n g p r o g r a m s P i c k u p / d e l i v e r y t o a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s 1 s there enough right-of-way available to complete the project? 2 3 ow will this project be funded?
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 95 Freight Demand/Land Use Management Negative externalities produced by truck traffic are addressed in these strategies by modifying the underlying demand as opposed to modifying the logistical activities or the vehicle traffic. Two families of strategies are considered: the first seeks to modify the nature of freight demand; the second focuses on land use.
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96 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Off-Hour Deliveries in New York City The New York City Off-Hour Delivery (OHD) program is an example of freight demand management, an emerging field that endeavors to increase the sustainability of freight activity by modifying the nature of the demand that generates freight vehicle traffic.
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Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 97 of deliveries shifted to the off hours. For example, if 20.9% of the deliveries in Manhattan were shifted to the off hours, each receiver would be responsible for a reduction of about 551 vehicle-miles traveled, and 195 vehicle-hours traveled, and a reduction in CO of 12 kg.
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98 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Projected Financial Impacts on Carriers Based on the research, one could estimate that for every delivery tour that switched from regular to the off hours, carriers save on average $212.50 per day or $42,500/year/OHD-tour (assuming 200 days/year)
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From page 99... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 99 The lower the number of deliveries received, the more productive the business becomes without damaging profitability. A pilot test in London led to a reduction of 20% in the total number of deliveries made to a building (Transport for London 2013c)
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From page 100... ...
100 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide port on the New Jersey side, led to massive amounts of cargo destined for New York City being unloaded in New Jersey. From there, this cargo must be trucked over a handful of congested bridges and tunnels to its final destinations in New York City.
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From page 101... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 101 Initiative 43: Voluntary Off-Hour Delivery Programs Description: Programs that produce a shift of deliveries from regular hours (6:00 a.m.
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From page 102... ...
102 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 44: Staggered Work Hours Programs Description: Programs to diminish truck demand during peak periods by distributing the receiving hours throughout the day. This initiative targets receivers as the key decision makers and seeks to convince them to spread out the reception of deliveries.
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From page 103... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 103 Initiative 45: Receiver-Led Delivery Consolidation Programs Targeted mode: Large traffic generators Geographic scope: Area Type of initiative: Freight demand management: delivery consolidation program Primary objective: Improve load factors Expected costs and level of effort to implement: The planning process should involve extensive stakeholder engagement. Business support is the cornerstone for the implementation of this policy, and complementary strategies (e.g., additional parking spaces)
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From page 104... ...
104 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 46: Mode Shift Programs Description: A shift of cargo flows from road to intermodal transport, using a combination of road and short sea shipping, inland waterways, rail, or tricycles Targeted mode: Urban deliveries Geographic scope: City, area Type of initiative: Freight demand management: mode shift program Primary objective: Reduce congestion Expected costs and level of effort to implement: Mode shift programs require the management and facilitation of information access and exchange among large, small, public, and private stakeholders across all business sectors and transport modes. Public-sector capital investments are required to provide sufficient facilities to support flexible multimodal transport.
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From page 105... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 105 Initiative 47: Relocation of Large Traffic Generators optimize the overall functioning of the urban freight system. LTGs are specific facilities that house a significant number of businesses that collectively receive a large number of daily deliveries, such as airports, ports, container terminals, government offices, colleges and universities, hospitals, and large buildings.
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From page 106... ...
106 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 48: Integrating Freight into the Land Use Planning Process Description: Incorporate freight consideration in the land use planning process to timely identify the sources of conflict between freight and some land uses. Targeted mode: Urban deliveries Geographic scope: City, area Type of initiative: Freight demand management: integrating freight into land use planning process Primary objective: Reduce congestion, enhance safety, improve delivery efficiency Advantages: Improve urban planning Enhance livability Reduce unintended consequences Reduce congestion Disadvantages: Require moderate/high coordination among multiple stakeholders/jurisdictions Examples: Chicago DOT included in the city planning the implications of expanding a rail terminal Chicago's designated industrial corridors and planned manufacturing districts Related alternatives: 1.
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From page 107... ...
Vo l u n t a r y o f f h o u r d e l i v e r y p r o g r a m s S t a g g e r e d w o r k h o u r s p r o g r a m s R e c e i v e r l e d d e l i v e r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n M o d e s h i f t p r o g r a m s L a n d u s e p o l i c y R e l o c a t i o n o f l a r g e t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s I n t e g r a t i n g F r e i g h t i n t o L a n d U s e P l a n n i n g P r o c e s s 1 Is there enough right-of-way available to complete the project? 2 Will other projects be required to fully complete the project?
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From page 108... ...
108 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Stakeholder Engagement Increasing the understanding of freight issues among public-sector and agency leadership, and outreach to the private sector, are the critical defining tenets of effective stakeholder engagement. The public sector cannot address freight issues without understanding the underlying phenomena involved.
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From page 109... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 109 Community Engagement Several years ago in a suburban town near Albany, New York, the county government designed a project to reconstruct County Route (CR) 52 (Cherry Ave./ Elm Ave.)
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From page 110... ...
110 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide policy. Having such a forum is important in complex metropolitan areas, where the need for coherent public-sector coordination is the highest.
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From page 111... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 111 London, England The Central London Freight Quality Partnership (CLFQP) is a partnership between local governments (the seven boroughs of Central London: the City of London, Westminster, Camden, Islington, Southwark, Kensington and Chelsea, and Lambeth)
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From page 112... ...
112 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Göteborg, Sweden Göteborg introduced a local freight network during the EU START project (2005–2009)
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From page 113... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 113 Initiative 49: Designate a "Freight Person" at Key Agencies Description: Designating a freight person at key agencies facilitates outreach efforts because, in time, this individual becomes the focal point of communications between the public and private sectors. In addition to training in transportation planning, the designated person should have a basic background in urban design concepts, logistics, and most importantly, communications skills.
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From page 114... ...
114 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 50: Create a Freight Advisory Committee Description: A freight advisory committee (FAC) is composed of a group of different freight stakeholders and serves as a forum in which novel solutions for urban freight problems are discussed.
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From page 115... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 115 Initiative 51: Educate Elected Officials About Freight Description: The main goal of this initiative is to create an understanding among elected officials of the importance of freight for metropolitan areas, and their potential role in enhancing system performance. Ideally, members of the FAC and freight staff from MPOs should be responsible for the training.
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From page 116... ...
116 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 52: Create a Technical Advisory Committee Description: A technical advisory committee (TAC) is a forum in which the public-sector staff at the various agencies with jurisdiction on subjects that impact freight activity meet to discuss freight policy.
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From page 117... ...
Overview of Public-Sector Initiatives 117 Initiative 53: Create a Freight Quality Partnership Description: A freight quality partnership (FQP) is a voluntary partnership between private and public-sector groups to foster the implementation of practices that ameliorate the negative impacts of freight activity.
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From page 118... ...
118 Improving Freight System Performance in Metropolitan Areas: A Planning Guide Initiative 54: Foster an Industry-Led Best Practices Dissemination Program Description: This initiative provides a solid foundation for private-sector engagement in sensitizing and teaching them how to conduct their activities in ways that mitigate the negative impacts produced. These best practices can be modified and improved as demanded by circumstances.
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Key Terms
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