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From page 311... ... 1-205, summary of processes, 7-9t, 187-189t toxic air emissions in, 19-20, 205-206 use of, 3, 29 See also specific technology ~ minum, in M55 rockets, 97 Ambrose. James R., 31, 210 Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... See Mustard agents Bombs, 42, 42 n.6, 44/, 45f, 47f See also Munitions Bunk material biodegradation of, 131 chemical processes for, 111 high-temperature systems for, 204 Bursters, 48, 48 n.7, 77 Butyl alcohol, 119 By-products of Adams process, 180, 183 of biological processes, 127, 131 of catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation, 170 chlorinated diodes, 85-86 in electrochemical oxidation, 278 in HD-peracid interaction, 120 of hydrogenation processes, 178-179 hydrogenation processing of, 176, 178 of indirect heating, 97 of ionizing radiation procedure, 272 of molten metal pyrolysis, 153, 156 of sodium hydroxide neutrnli7ntion of GB, 112-113 in sodium hydroxide neutralization of VX, 113-114 of supercritical water oxidation, 151 valuable, 92, 179 water as, 101-102 of wet-air oxidation, 144 See also Reaction products; Waste streams/management C Calcium carbonate, 76, 99 Calcium fluoride, 99 Calcium hydroxide, 6, 10, 99 HD reaction with, 119, 186 Calcium salts, 77 Canada, 62, 63t, At, 65t, 113 Carbon dioxide, 76, 190 lime in capturing, 20, 104, 106, 196, 205 salt waste formation and, 99, 193 storage systems, 88-89, 105 Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... See Hydrogenation processes Catalytic oxidation advantages, 175-176 as afterburner, 19, 205 applications, 174,175, 176 development status, 175 disadvantages, 176 process, 17~175 research needs, 176 waste streams, 175 in wet-air oxidation, 144 See also Catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation; Higb-temperature, low-pressure oxidation Caustic hydrolysis, 29 Center for Hazardous Material Research, 180 Ceramic materials, 151 Chemical Agent Motions Disposal System (CAMDS) , 24, 5;4, 56t, 57t, 59t, 62 See also Tooele Army Depot Chemical agents additives in, 41, 41 n.4 breakdown products, 76-77 chemical composition of, 1 n.2, 76 classes of, 1 n.1, 23 demilitarization strategies for, 15-18, 197-200 distribution in munitions, 47t, 4& lethal doses of, 82t permissible air concentrations of, 82t, 87 properties of, 37-41 toxicity of, 4142 See also Organophosphate nerve agents; specific agents Chemical detoxification advantages of, 110-111 battlefield systems, 111, 123 313 binary chemical weapons in, 1 n.1 completion date, 22, 78-80, 197 environmental impact studies for, 26, 28 goals of, 1, 31-32, 196-197 legislative history, 22, 2~26 schedule for, 22, 26, 27t, 78-80, 197 strategies for complying with 15-19. Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... 206 in demilitanzation strategies, 15-18, 197-200 of energetics, 16-17, 18-19, 200 iom~ng radiation for, 122-123 low-temperature, liqliid-phase processes for 6-10, 109, 186 190 of metal parts, 16, 32-33, 84, 197 pero~ydisulfate salts in, 124 See also Chemical detoxification Development times, 91t, 220, 223-224, 226-228f for alternative technologies, 20, 198, 206, 22~228 in assessing alternative technologies, =5 for cryofracture process, 95-96 estimating 5, 92 no factors in, 89-90, 217-218 Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, 24 Electric kilns, 12, 18, 191 Electro-Pyrolysis, Inc. furnace, l59f Electrochemical oxidation, 206 advantages, 277 applications, 21, 124, 206, 276 development status, 275-276 disadvantages, 277 energy use in, 277 GB in, 276 potential operating limits, 277-278 process, 12~125, 27~275 research needs, 125, 278 waste streams in, 278 Electrolytic regeneration, 10, 190 Elkem Multipurpose Furnace, 153, 155f Elkem Technology, 153 Emulsification in HD detoxification, 119-120, 186 in low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detoxification, 10 Energetics, 1, 48 in Adams process, 182 alternative technologies for, 21, 203, 204, 2 in baseline approach, 24, 203-204, 204t Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... See Energetics 315 F Fenton's reagents, 124 Flue gas recycling, 102-103 Fluidized bed oxidation, 12-13, 17, 18, 21 See also Catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation Fluoride/Fluorine, 30, 77, 149 in supercritical water oxidation, 150, 152 in wet air oxidation, 143 France, 74 Fuzes, 48, 48 n.7, 77 G GA, 23, 65t chemical structure, 37, 37 n.1 lethal doses of, 82t permissible air concentrations, 82t, 83 storage of, 42 toxicity of, 41 Galson process, 114 Gas storage advantages of, 19-20, 205 estimating requirements for, 103-104 techniques for, 14, 88-89, 105-106, 195 See also Gas wastes; Storage and certification Gas wastes, 4, 11, 194 activated-carbon adsorption for, 14, 20, 106-108, 194-195 in Adams process, 180, 183 afterburner technologies for, 19, 21, 199 in baseline approach, 24, 28, &6, 104, 194, 203-204 in biodegradation of reaction products, 134 135 in hydrogenation processes, 178, 179 in hydrolysis, 33 in molten metal pyrolysis, 153, 156 monitoring, technology for, 87 in plasma arc processes, 157 recirculated, 14, 102-103 reducing volume of, 14, 16, 2D, 102-104, 192-193. 194, 195, 205-206 strategies for managing, 13-14, 16, 17-18, 18-19, 88-89, 194, 205-2116 in supercritical water oxidation, 16, 151, 190 in thermal decomposition, 97 in wet air oxidation, 16, 144, 14~ See also Carbon dioxide; Gas storage Gasification processes advantages, 163 Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... , 18* See also Molten metal pyrolysis; Plasma arc processes; Synthetica Steam Deto~fier HPO2, 122 HT, 1, 23 lethal doses of, 82t permissible air concentrations, 82t Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... See GB J Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) , 1, 2, 2~26, 27t, 49, 5L, 52t, bet, 61t, 62 chlorinated dioxin reaction products in, 86 demilitarization process, 77-78, 72f gas storage requirements, 104 nitrogen oxide generation at, 101 solid waste in, 82 transportation of waste from, 235-236 K Kentucly Environmental Foundation, 36 L Land mines, 42, 43f, 47t, 77 ndfi11, 33 contaminated carbon filters in, 107, 108 damage materials in, 2 n.3 salt wastes in, 99 Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 124 Lethal definition of, 37 n.2 doses of chemical agents, 82t Level 1X decontamination, 82 Level 3X decontamination, 4, 82-83, 84 of metal, chemical processes for, 98 salt wastes, shipment of, 100-101 Level SX decontamination, 4, 32, 83, 84 Read the entire page →
From page 318... ... 318 data sources, 262-263, 266-267 equivalency, 83 of GB, 26~264, 265 of HD, 265, 266 indirect heating methods for, 97 of M55 rocket, 263-264 of metal wastes, 98-99 of VX, 263-264, 265, 266 for waste salts, 195 Lewisite (L3, 41, 42, 82t Le~nngton-Blue Grass Army Depot, 27t, 30, 49, 5~, 5U, 5~, 22~, 2=, 22~, 228f, ~2f LiAlH4, 122 Lime, 20, 104, 205 Liquid waste, 4 32, 196 from biological degradation, 134 135 biological oxidation for, 10-11 in hydrogenation processes, 178-179 internal ret ycling for, 81 sources of, 15 standards for, 81 in supercntical water o=dation, 151 water, 101-102 Locations of stockpiles, 1, 26, 49, 5pt, 5U, 52t Low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detoxification applications, ~10, 16, 17, 32, 186, 200-201 for GB, 112-116, 186 irreversibility of, 109, 186-190 for mustard agents, 118-121, 186 research needs, 10 summary of processes in, 7t, 187t technology, 6-10, 186 for VX, 11~117, 186 See also Biological processes; Chemical detoxification Low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase oxidation application, 10-11, 16 electrochemical, 21, 124, 206, 275-278 prospects for, 109, 203 role of, 123, 190 summary of processes in, &, 188t technology, 10, 190 ultraviolet radiation in, 123, 124, 125-126, 190 See also Biological processes; Oxidation processes INDEX M M34 bomblet clusters, 34 M55 rockets, 29, 33, 42, 43/, 47t, 4& disposal productivity, 80 in indirect thermal decomposition, 97 level SX decontamination of, 263-264 removal of agent from, 77-78 sheer machine for, 77 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 54 MC-1 bomb, 42 n.6 Mechanized processes, for disassembly, 96 Mediated electrochemical oxidation, 12~125, 274, 277 Metal parts alternative technologies for, 14 21, 203, 204f, 207 in baseline approach, 1-2, 14, 24, 193, 203-204, 204t in catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation, 170 chemical detoxification of, 84 detoxification of, 16, 32-33, 193 high-temperature processes for, 12 indirect heating of, 97-98 low-temperature processes for, 110 in molten metal pyrolysis, 19, 153 oxidation of, 17 postprocessing operations, 98-99 in superaitical water oxidation, 149 in Synthetica Steam Detour, 167 thermal treatments for, 19, 97, 191 Methane as biological process by-product, 132 in supercritical water oxidation, 148 Methanol, 113 2-metho~yethanol, 113 Methylene chloride, 175 Miller~li~tion, 17-19 alternative strategies, 201-205, 202t definition of, 32 n.6 of gas wastes, 196 goals, 33-34, 198-200, l99f See also Oxidation processes Mitre Corporation, 26 MK-94 bomb, 42 n.6 MK-116 bomb, 42 n.6 Moderate-temperature, high-pressure processes, 138 application of, 11, 16, 17, 191 Read the entire page →
From page 319... ... See Organophosphate nerve agents Nervous system, nerve agent action in, 41-42 Neutralization processes, 54, 56t, 62, 65t, 67t, 74 alkali in alcohol, 113-114 ammonia in, 113 for GB, 62, 65t, 70t, 73t, 112-114 for mustard agents, 63t, 67t potassium hydroxide in, 113-114 for salt wastes, 99 See also Chemical detoxification; Ethanolamine; Sodium hydroxide Newport Army Ammunition Plant (Indiana) , 26, 27t, 49, 50�, At, 22h, 223t, 224t, 227f, 231f Nickel, in fluidized-bed oxidation, 170, 171 Nitrogen in combustion, 102-103 in supercritical water oxidation, 148 Nitrogen oxides, 101 from ethanolamine, 115-116,121 Read the entire page →
From page 320... ... , 130 chemical composition, 37 See also Chemical agents Ortho-iodosobenzoate catalyst, 112 Oxidation processes acidic products of, 98 carbon dioxide in, 76, 190 deferred, 20, 32-33, 80, 197-198, 206 in demilit~tion strategies, 2, 17-18, 32, 34, 190 Fenton's reagents in, 124 GB in, 276 HD in, 119-121 hydrocarbons in, 27~275 hydrogen peroxide in, 124 low-temperature, liqliid-phase, 109 nitrogen oboes ~ 101 one-step approaches, 17 peroxydisulfate salts ~ 124 reducing gas waste volume in, 102-103 ultraviolet light ~ 125-126 for VX in add, 117 See also High-temperature, low-pressure oxidation; Low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase oxidation; moderate-temperature high-pressure processes OXONE, 116, 117, 120 Oxygen, pure in afterburners, 19 in combustion processes, 11, 13, 196 In diluting gaseous emissions from bioremediation, 135 in gas waste management, 14, 16, 20, 196, 203-204 in high-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 192-193 INDEX in molten salt omdation, 173 in reducing gas waste volume, 102-103, 192-193, 194, 195 research needs, 203 risks of, 103 in supercritical water oxidation, 148, 190, 196 n.1 in waste gas storage, 104, 106 in wet air oxidation, 143-144, 190 Ozone, 125-126 p i, Packaging. See Dunllage Peracids, 120 Peroxydisulfates, 21, 206 in low-temperature oxidation, 10, 124, 190 mustard reactions, 120 Pesticides, 139 Phosphorous, 77, 148 Pilot plants, 89, 91f Adams process, 180-182, 183 catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation, 170-171 development times, 5 for high-pressure oxidation processes, 11 molten metal pyrolysis, 156 molten salt oxidation, 174 recycled flue gases in, 102-103 Pine Bluff Arsenal, 27t, 50i, 5h, 52t Plasma arc processes, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 191 advantages of, 160 application, 157 development status, 157 disadvantages of, 160 energy use, 92 oxygen sources for, 157 process, 156-157, 158-159f research needs, 160 waste stream, 157-lS9 Poisonous substance, definition of, 37 n.2 Pollution abatement afterburner exhaust, 2 assessment of systems for, 9S in baseline approach, 23 liquid waste in, 196 toxic air emissions, 19-20 water wastes in, 101-102 See also Waste streams/management Polychlorinated biphenyls, 49, 114, 178 in plasma arc processes, 157 Read the entire page →
From page 321... ... See Energetics Propylene carbonate, 276 Public interest groups, 36 Public opinion health concerns, 28 no opposition to incineration, 30 Pueblo Depot, 27t, 49, SQf, SLt, 52t Pyrolysis steam, 29, 192 See also H~h-temperature, low-pressure pyrolysis R Reaction products biodegradation of, 126,127,131-132,134 135 in chemical detoxification, 10, 20 in ethanolamine processing, 115-116 GB, 115-116, 131-132 in indirect heating, 97 in low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detoxification, 10 in neutralization with alkali in alcohol' 113-114 in pyrolysis, 137 in Synthetica Steam Deto~fier, 167, 168 VX, 116, 117, 131-132 See also By-products Recirculated flue gas, 102-103 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 81, 145 Reverse assembly, 23, 75, 77-78, 80, 94, 201 cost of, 92 cryofracture alternative, 95-96 mechanical, 96 Rocly Mountain Arsenal, 54, 55t, 56t Rutgers University, 135 S Safety standards decontamination levels, 4, 82-83, 8~85 for pure oxygen use, 103 for work environments, 81 321 Salt wastes, 15, 99, 193-194 in biodegradation of reaction products, 135 composition of, 76 disposal of, 77 drying of, 100 heteroatoms in, 30 in hydrolysis of mustard, 118, 119 level SX decontamination of, 195 in molten salt omdation, 171, 173, 174 from neutralization of GB, 99, 193 shipment of, 100-101 in sodium hydroxide neutralization of GB, 112 solubility, 77, 99 source of, 98, 99 in supercritical water oxidation reactor, 149-150, 151, 152 in Synthetica Steam Deto~fier, 167, 168 Sarin. See GB Scientists Against Nuclear Arms, 35 (CH3CH2CH2CH2~3SnH, 122 Sodium fluoride, 99 Sodium hydroxide, 6, 99 in DS2 decontamination fluid, 114 GB and, 112-114,186, 200 hydrogen peroxide and, 116 hydrolysis of mustard agents and, 118, 119 in VX detoxification, 116, 186 Sodium hypochlorite, HD and, 120 Sodium metal, 122 Spectrometry, agent-specif~c, 87 Steam gasification, 12, 17, 21 Steam pyrolysis, 29, 192 Storage bunk liquid, 42 of chemical munitions, 42-49, 77 of contaminated carbon filter material, 108 See also Gas storage; Storage and certification Storage and certification, 28, Be, 195 alternatives to, 88-89 need for, 30, 103 retention times, 76, 88-89 Strategy 1, 15-17, 32-33, 197-198, 200-201, 201` Strategy 2, 17-19, 33-34, 198-200, 201-205, 202 Sulfur, 77 in Adorns process, 180 dioxide, 175 in hydrogenation processes, 176 in supercritical water oxidation, 148 trioxide, 175 vapor, 76 Read the entire page →
From page 322... ... silane, 122 U Ultraviolet light, 10, 123, 124, 125-126, 190 Umatilla Depot Activity, 27t, SOf, Sit, 52t Underground combustion, 29 Unitary chemical weapons, 1 n.l, 22 n.1 United Kingdom, 69t, 70t, 71t, 113, 119 United Nations, 72t, 73t University of Pittsburgh, 180 University of Washington (Seattle) , 135 UOP HyChlor conversion process, 177f, 178 V VX 1, 23 biodegradation of reaction products from, 131-132 chemical detoxification of, 21, 65t, 67t, 74 Read the entire page →
From page 323... ... INDEX chemical structure, 37, 37 n.1, 38f direct biological destruction of, 128-130, 133-134 lethal doses of, 82t level SX decontamination of, 263-264, 265, 266 low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detonation of, 6, 10, 109, 186 minimum detection limits, 23~234 moderate-temperature, high-pressure oxidation of, 11 nitrogen compounds in, 101 organic synthesis agents and, 121-122 oxidation agents for, in acid, 117 past disposal eypenences, 59t, Get, 62 permissible air concentrations, 82t properties, 38, 39~ reaction with sodium hydroxide, 113-114, 116, 186 reactions in low pH solutions, 186 storage of, 42 toxicity of, 41, 41 n.S W Waste streams/management, 1, 4, 13-15 in Adams process, 180, 183 assessment of, 93 in baseline technology, 2, 24 biological detoxification of, 126-127, 131, 134135 ~ catalytic flu~dized-bed omdation, 170 In catalytic oxidation, 175 chemical breakdown products, 76-77 in coal gasification, 163 demilit~tion strategies for, 15-19, 32-33 drying wet wastes, 4, 100 in electrochemical oxidation, 278 heteroatoms in, 30 high-temperature, low-pressure oxidation treatment for, 12-13 In hydrogenation processes, 178-179 In ion radiation process, 272 in low-temperature, liqliid-phase processes, 10, 109, 110, 111, 190 metal wastes in, 193 in molten metal pyrolysis, 153, 156 in molten salt oxidation, 173, 174 in munitions destruction, 77-78 nitrogen ounces in, 101 in peroxydisulfate salt oxidation, 10, 124 in plasma arc processes, 157-159 323 solid wastes, 4, 78, 82-83, 98-99, 193-194 in supercritical water oxidation, 151 in Synthetica Steam Deto~fier, 167 water, 101-102 in wet ah oxidation, 139, 144 See also Gas wastes; Liquid wastes; Metal parts; Salt wastes; Storage and certification Water wastes, 101-102 Westinghouse plasma system, 158/ Wet air oxidation, 11, 16, 17-18, 21, 102, 190-191 addition of caustic in, 142-143 advantages of, 144 application of, 139-141 corrosion concerns in, 142-143 development status, 139 development time, 146 disadvantages of, 145 experience with, 139 of GB, 141-142, 143, 144 material balance in, 279-281 operating temperatures, 141, 142t, 143 process, 138-139, 140f pure oxygen in, 143-144 reaction rate in, 141 reactor design, 141 research needs, 145-146 waste streams, 139, 144, 145t Work environment, 78, 81 Worker protection, 81 Read the entire page →

From page 311...

... 1-205, summary of processes, 7-9t, 187-189t toxic air emissions in, 19-20, 205-206 use of, 3, 29 See also specific technology ~ minum, in M55 rockets, 97 Ambrose. James R., 31, 210

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From page 312...

... See Mustard agents Bombs, 42, 42 n.6, 44/, 45f, 47f See also Munitions Bunk material biodegradation of, 131 chemical processes for, 111 high-temperature systems for, 204 Bursters, 48, 48 n.7, 77 Butyl alcohol, 119 By-products of Adams process, 180, 183 of biological processes, 127, 131 of catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation, 170 chlorinated diodes, 85-86 in electrochemical oxidation, 278 in HD-peracid interaction, 120 of hydrogenation processes, 178-179 hydrogenation processing of, 176, 178 of indirect heating, 97 of ionizing radiation procedure, 272 of molten metal pyrolysis, 153, 156 of sodium hydroxide neutrnli7ntion of GB, 112-113 in sodium hydroxide neutralization of VX, 113-114 of supercritical water oxidation, 151 valuable, 92, 179 water as, 101-102 of wet-air oxidation, 144 See also Reaction products; Waste streams/management C Calcium carbonate, 76, 99 Calcium fluoride, 99 Calcium hydroxide, 6, 10, 99 HD reaction with, 119, 186 Calcium salts, 77 Canada, 62, 63t, At, 65t, 113 Carbon dioxide, 76, 190 lime in capturing, 20, 104, 106, 196, 205 salt waste formation and, 99, 193 storage systems, 88-89, 105

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From page 313...

... See Hydrogenation processes Catalytic oxidation advantages, 175-176 as afterburner, 19, 205 applications, 174,175, 176 development status, 175 disadvantages, 176 process, 17~175 research needs, 176 waste streams, 175 in wet-air oxidation, 144 See also Catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation; Higb-temperature, low-pressure oxidation Caustic hydrolysis, 29 Center for Hazardous Material Research, 180 Ceramic materials, 151 Chemical Agent Motions Disposal System (CAMDS) , 24, 5;4, 56t, 57t, 59t, 62 See also Tooele Army Depot Chemical agents additives in, 41, 41 n.4 breakdown products, 76-77 chemical composition of, 1 n.2, 76 classes of, 1 n.1, 23 demilitarization strategies for, 15-18, 197-200 distribution in munitions, 47t, 4& lethal doses of, 82t permissible air concentrations of, 82t, 87 properties of, 37-41 toxicity of, 4142 See also Organophosphate nerve agents; specific agents Chemical detoxification advantages of, 110-111 battlefield systems, 111, 123 313 binary chemical weapons in, 1 n.1 completion date, 22, 78-80, 197 environmental impact studies for, 26, 28 goals of, 1, 31-32, 196-197 legislative history, 22, 2~26 schedule for, 22, 26, 27t, 78-80, 197 strategies for complying with 15-19.

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From page 314...

... 206 in demilitanzation strategies, 15-18, 197-200 of energetics, 16-17, 18-19, 200 iom~ng radiation for, 122-123 low-temperature, liqliid-phase processes for 6-10, 109, 186 190 of metal parts, 16, 32-33, 84, 197 pero~ydisulfate salts in, 124 See also Chemical detoxification Development times, 91t, 220, 223-224, 226-228f for alternative technologies, 20, 198, 206, 22~228 in assessing alternative technologies, =5 for cryofracture process, 95-96 estimating 5, 92 no factors in, 89-90, 217-218 Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, 24 Electric kilns, 12, 18, 191 Electro-Pyrolysis, Inc. furnace, l59f Electrochemical oxidation, 206 advantages, 277 applications, 21, 124, 206, 276 development status, 275-276 disadvantages, 277 energy use in, 277 GB in, 276 potential operating limits, 277-278 process, 12~125, 27~275 research needs, 125, 278 waste streams in, 278 Electrolytic regeneration, 10, 190 Elkem Multipurpose Furnace, 153, 155f Elkem Technology, 153 Emulsification in HD detoxification, 119-120, 186 in low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detoxification, 10 Energetics, 1, 48 in Adams process, 182 alternative technologies for, 21, 203, 204, 2 in baseline approach, 24, 203-204, 204t

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From page 315...

... See Energetics 315 F Fenton's reagents, 124 Flue gas recycling, 102-103 Fluidized bed oxidation, 12-13, 17, 18, 21 See also Catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation Fluoride/Fluorine, 30, 77, 149 in supercritical water oxidation, 150, 152 in wet air oxidation, 143 France, 74 Fuzes, 48, 48 n.7, 77 G GA, 23, 65t chemical structure, 37, 37 n.1 lethal doses of, 82t permissible air concentrations, 82t, 83 storage of, 42 toxicity of, 41 Galson process, 114 Gas storage advantages of, 19-20, 205 estimating requirements for, 103-104 techniques for, 14, 88-89, 105-106, 195 See also Gas wastes; Storage and certification Gas wastes, 4, 11, 194 activated-carbon adsorption for, 14, 20, 106-108, 194-195 in Adams process, 180, 183 afterburner technologies for, 19, 21, 199 in baseline approach, 24, 28, &6, 104, 194, 203-204 in biodegradation of reaction products, 134 135 in hydrogenation processes, 178, 179 in hydrolysis, 33 in molten metal pyrolysis, 153, 156 monitoring, technology for, 87 in plasma arc processes, 157 recirculated, 14, 102-103 reducing volume of, 14, 16, 2D, 102-104, 192-193. 194, 195, 205-206 strategies for managing, 13-14, 16, 17-18, 18-19, 88-89, 194, 205-2116 in supercritical water oxidation, 16, 151, 190 in thermal decomposition, 97 in wet air oxidation, 16, 144, 14~ See also Carbon dioxide; Gas storage Gasification processes advantages, 163

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From page 316...

... , 18* See also Molten metal pyrolysis; Plasma arc processes; Synthetica Steam Deto~fier HPO2, 122 HT, 1, 23 lethal doses of, 82t permissible air concentrations, 82t

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From page 317...

... See GB J Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) , 1, 2, 2~26, 27t, 49, 5L, 52t, bet, 61t, 62 chlorinated dioxin reaction products in, 86 demilitarization process, 77-78, 72f gas storage requirements, 104 nitrogen oxide generation at, 101 solid waste in, 82 transportation of waste from, 235-236 K Kentucly Environmental Foundation, 36 L Land mines, 42, 43f, 47t, 77 ndfi11, 33 contaminated carbon filters in, 107, 108 damage materials in, 2 n.3 salt wastes in, 99 Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 124 Lethal definition of, 37 n.2 doses of chemical agents, 82t Level 1X decontamination, 82 Level 3X decontamination, 4, 82-83, 84 of metal, chemical processes for, 98 salt wastes, shipment of, 100-101 Level SX decontamination, 4, 32, 83, 84

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From page 318...

... 318 data sources, 262-263, 266-267 equivalency, 83 of GB, 26~264, 265 of HD, 265, 266 indirect heating methods for, 97 of M55 rocket, 263-264 of metal wastes, 98-99 of VX, 263-264, 265, 266 for waste salts, 195 Lewisite (L3, 41, 42, 82t Le~nngton-Blue Grass Army Depot, 27t, 30, 49, 5~, 5U, 5~, 22~, 2=, 22~, 228f, ~2f LiAlH4, 122 Lime, 20, 104, 205 Liquid waste, 4 32, 196 from biological degradation, 134 135 biological oxidation for, 10-11 in hydrogenation processes, 178-179 internal ret ycling for, 81 sources of, 15 standards for, 81 in supercntical water o=dation, 151 water, 101-102 Locations of stockpiles, 1, 26, 49, 5pt, 5U, 52t Low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detoxification applications, ~10, 16, 17, 32, 186, 200-201 for GB, 112-116, 186 irreversibility of, 109, 186-190 for mustard agents, 118-121, 186 research needs, 10 summary of processes in, 7t, 187t technology, 6-10, 186 for VX, 11~117, 186 See also Biological processes; Chemical detoxification Low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase oxidation application, 10-11, 16 electrochemical, 21, 124, 206, 275-278 prospects for, 109, 203 role of, 123, 190 summary of processes in, &, 188t technology, 10, 190 ultraviolet radiation in, 123, 124, 125-126, 190 See also Biological processes; Oxidation processes INDEX M M34 bomblet clusters, 34 M55 rockets, 29, 33, 42, 43/, 47t, 4& disposal productivity, 80 in indirect thermal decomposition, 97 level SX decontamination of, 263-264 removal of agent from, 77-78 sheer machine for, 77 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 54 MC-1 bomb, 42 n.6 Mechanized processes, for disassembly, 96 Mediated electrochemical oxidation, 12~125, 274, 277 Metal parts alternative technologies for, 14 21, 203, 204f, 207 in baseline approach, 1-2, 14, 24, 193, 203-204, 204t in catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation, 170 chemical detoxification of, 84 detoxification of, 16, 32-33, 193 high-temperature processes for, 12 indirect heating of, 97-98 low-temperature processes for, 110 in molten metal pyrolysis, 19, 153 oxidation of, 17 postprocessing operations, 98-99 in superaitical water oxidation, 149 in Synthetica Steam Detour, 167 thermal treatments for, 19, 97, 191 Methane as biological process by-product, 132 in supercritical water oxidation, 148 Methanol, 113 2-metho~yethanol, 113 Methylene chloride, 175 Miller~li~tion, 17-19 alternative strategies, 201-205, 202t definition of, 32 n.6 of gas wastes, 196 goals, 33-34, 198-200, l99f See also Oxidation processes Mitre Corporation, 26 MK-94 bomb, 42 n.6 MK-116 bomb, 42 n.6 Moderate-temperature, high-pressure processes, 138 application of, 11, 16, 17, 191

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From page 319...

... See Organophosphate nerve agents Nervous system, nerve agent action in, 41-42 Neutralization processes, 54, 56t, 62, 65t, 67t, 74 alkali in alcohol, 113-114 ammonia in, 113 for GB, 62, 65t, 70t, 73t, 112-114 for mustard agents, 63t, 67t potassium hydroxide in, 113-114 for salt wastes, 99 See also Chemical detoxification; Ethanolamine; Sodium hydroxide Newport Army Ammunition Plant (Indiana) , 26, 27t, 49, 50�, At, 22h, 223t, 224t, 227f, 231f Nickel, in fluidized-bed oxidation, 170, 171 Nitrogen in combustion, 102-103 in supercritical water oxidation, 148 Nitrogen oxides, 101 from ethanolamine, 115-116,121

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From page 320...

... , 130 chemical composition, 37 See also Chemical agents Ortho-iodosobenzoate catalyst, 112 Oxidation processes acidic products of, 98 carbon dioxide in, 76, 190 deferred, 20, 32-33, 80, 197-198, 206 in demilit~tion strategies, 2, 17-18, 32, 34, 190 Fenton's reagents in, 124 GB in, 276 HD in, 119-121 hydrocarbons in, 27~275 hydrogen peroxide in, 124 low-temperature, liqliid-phase, 109 nitrogen oboes ~ 101 one-step approaches, 17 peroxydisulfate salts ~ 124 reducing gas waste volume in, 102-103 ultraviolet light ~ 125-126 for VX in add, 117 See also High-temperature, low-pressure oxidation; Low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase oxidation; moderate-temperature high-pressure processes OXONE, 116, 117, 120 Oxygen, pure in afterburners, 19 in combustion processes, 11, 13, 196 In diluting gaseous emissions from bioremediation, 135 in gas waste management, 14, 16, 20, 196, 203-204 in high-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 192-193 INDEX in molten salt omdation, 173 in reducing gas waste volume, 102-103, 192-193, 194, 195 research needs, 203 risks of, 103 in supercritical water oxidation, 148, 190, 196 n.1 in waste gas storage, 104, 106 in wet air oxidation, 143-144, 190 Ozone, 125-126 p i, Packaging. See Dunllage Peracids, 120 Peroxydisulfates, 21, 206 in low-temperature oxidation, 10, 124, 190 mustard reactions, 120 Pesticides, 139 Phosphorous, 77, 148 Pilot plants, 89, 91f Adams process, 180-182, 183 catalytic fluidized-bed oxidation, 170-171 development times, 5 for high-pressure oxidation processes, 11 molten metal pyrolysis, 156 molten salt oxidation, 174 recycled flue gases in, 102-103 Pine Bluff Arsenal, 27t, 50i, 5h, 52t Plasma arc processes, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 191 advantages of, 160 application, 157 development status, 157 disadvantages of, 160 energy use, 92 oxygen sources for, 157 process, 156-157, 158-159f research needs, 160 waste stream, 157-lS9 Poisonous substance, definition of, 37 n.2 Pollution abatement afterburner exhaust, 2 assessment of systems for, 9S in baseline approach, 23 liquid waste in, 196 toxic air emissions, 19-20 water wastes in, 101-102 See also Waste streams/management Polychlorinated biphenyls, 49, 114, 178 in plasma arc processes, 157

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From page 321...

... See Energetics Propylene carbonate, 276 Public interest groups, 36 Public opinion health concerns, 28 no opposition to incineration, 30 Pueblo Depot, 27t, 49, SQf, SLt, 52t Pyrolysis steam, 29, 192 See also H~h-temperature, low-pressure pyrolysis R Reaction products biodegradation of, 126,127,131-132,134 135 in chemical detoxification, 10, 20 in ethanolamine processing, 115-116 GB, 115-116, 131-132 in indirect heating, 97 in low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detoxification, 10 in neutralization with alkali in alcohol' 113-114 in pyrolysis, 137 in Synthetica Steam Deto~fier, 167, 168 VX, 116, 117, 131-132 See also By-products Recirculated flue gas, 102-103 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 81, 145 Reverse assembly, 23, 75, 77-78, 80, 94, 201 cost of, 92 cryofracture alternative, 95-96 mechanical, 96 Rocly Mountain Arsenal, 54, 55t, 56t Rutgers University, 135 S Safety standards decontamination levels, 4, 82-83, 8~85 for pure oxygen use, 103 for work environments, 81 321 Salt wastes, 15, 99, 193-194 in biodegradation of reaction products, 135 composition of, 76 disposal of, 77 drying of, 100 heteroatoms in, 30 in hydrolysis of mustard, 118, 119 level SX decontamination of, 195 in molten salt omdation, 171, 173, 174 from neutralization of GB, 99, 193 shipment of, 100-101 in sodium hydroxide neutralization of GB, 112 solubility, 77, 99 source of, 98, 99 in supercritical water oxidation reactor, 149-150, 151, 152 in Synthetica Steam Deto~fier, 167, 168 Sarin. See GB Scientists Against Nuclear Arms, 35 (CH3CH2CH2CH2~3SnH, 122 Sodium fluoride, 99 Sodium hydroxide, 6, 99 in DS2 decontamination fluid, 114 GB and, 112-114,186, 200 hydrogen peroxide and, 116 hydrolysis of mustard agents and, 118, 119 in VX detoxification, 116, 186 Sodium hypochlorite, HD and, 120 Sodium metal, 122 Spectrometry, agent-specif~c, 87 Steam gasification, 12, 17, 21 Steam pyrolysis, 29, 192 Storage bunk liquid, 42 of chemical munitions, 42-49, 77 of contaminated carbon filter material, 108 See also Gas storage; Storage and certification Storage and certification, 28, Be, 195 alternatives to, 88-89 need for, 30, 103 retention times, 76, 88-89 Strategy 1, 15-17, 32-33, 197-198, 200-201, 201` Strategy 2, 17-19, 33-34, 198-200, 201-205, 202 Sulfur, 77 in Adorns process, 180 dioxide, 175 in hydrogenation processes, 176 in supercritical water oxidation, 148 trioxide, 175 vapor, 76

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From page 322...

... silane, 122 U Ultraviolet light, 10, 123, 124, 125-126, 190 Umatilla Depot Activity, 27t, SOf, Sit, 52t Underground combustion, 29 Unitary chemical weapons, 1 n.l, 22 n.1 United Kingdom, 69t, 70t, 71t, 113, 119 United Nations, 72t, 73t University of Pittsburgh, 180 University of Washington (Seattle) , 135 UOP HyChlor conversion process, 177f, 178 V VX 1, 23 biodegradation of reaction products from, 131-132 chemical detoxification of, 21, 65t, 67t, 74

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From page 323...

... INDEX chemical structure, 37, 37 n.1, 38f direct biological destruction of, 128-130, 133-134 lethal doses of, 82t level SX decontamination of, 263-264, 265, 266 low-temperature, low-pressure, liquid-phase detonation of, 6, 10, 109, 186 minimum detection limits, 23~234 moderate-temperature, high-pressure oxidation of, 11 nitrogen compounds in, 101 organic synthesis agents and, 121-122 oxidation agents for, in acid, 117 past disposal eypenences, 59t, Get, 62 permissible air concentrations, 82t properties, 38, 39~ reaction with sodium hydroxide, 113-114, 116, 186 reactions in low pH solutions, 186 storage of, 42 toxicity of, 41, 41 n.S W Waste streams/management, 1, 4, 13-15 in Adams process, 180, 183 assessment of, 93 in baseline technology, 2, 24 biological detoxification of, 126-127, 131, 134135 ~ catalytic flu~dized-bed omdation, 170 In catalytic oxidation, 175 chemical breakdown products, 76-77 in coal gasification, 163 demilit~tion strategies for, 15-19, 32-33 drying wet wastes, 4, 100 in electrochemical oxidation, 278 heteroatoms in, 30 high-temperature, low-pressure oxidation treatment for, 12-13 In hydrogenation processes, 178-179 In ion radiation process, 272 in low-temperature, liqliid-phase processes, 10, 109, 110, 111, 190 metal wastes in, 193 in molten metal pyrolysis, 153, 156 in molten salt oxidation, 173, 174 in munitions destruction, 77-78 nitrogen ounces in, 101 in peroxydisulfate salt oxidation, 10, 124 in plasma arc processes, 157-159 323 solid wastes, 4, 78, 82-83, 98-99, 193-194 in supercritical water oxidation, 151 in Synthetica Steam Deto~fier, 167 water, 101-102 in wet ah oxidation, 139, 144 See also Gas wastes; Liquid wastes; Metal parts; Salt wastes; Storage and certification Water wastes, 101-102 Westinghouse plasma system, 158/ Wet air oxidation, 11, 16, 17-18, 21, 102, 190-191 addition of caustic in, 142-143 advantages of, 144 application of, 139-141 corrosion concerns in, 142-143 development status, 139 development time, 146 disadvantages of, 145 experience with, 139 of GB, 141-142, 143, 144 material balance in, 279-281 operating temperatures, 141, 142t, 143 process, 138-139, 140f pure oxygen in, 143-144 reaction rate in, 141 reactor design, 141 research needs, 145-146 waste streams, 139, 144, 145t Work environment, 78, 81 Worker protection, 81

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INDEX Pages 311-323

INDEX
Pages 311-323