Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations (1993) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Pages 1-12
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 1... ...
But it is hundreds of times higher than estimated blood lead concentrations in preindustrial peoples. For example, studies of bone samples of North American Indians and other preindustrial populations indicate that body burdens of lead in the general population today are 300-500 times greater than preindustrial background concentrations.
|
From page 2... ...
also recently lowered its lead-exposure guideline to 10 '4g/~L and its guideline for medical intervention to 20 ,ug/~. It should be noted that CDC, in a 1985 statement, explicitly identified lead toxicity in children at blood lead concentrations well below 25 ~g/dL, but a lower concentration was not chosen as a guideline at that time, because of the logistics and feasibility of lead screening.
|
From page 3... ...
Chapter 4 deals with lead in blood and other physiologic media and describes the monitoring of biologic markers that indicate that exposure to lead has occurred, markers of early toxic effects, and markers of susceptibility. Chapter 5 assesses techniques for quantitative measurement of the biologic markers of exposure and effect; it concludes by describing trends in monitoring lead exposure and the effects on society of reciucing exposure.
|
From page 4... ...
The revelation of adverse effects after modest exposures in study populations forces the question of what the aggregate impact on sensitive populations is, with respect to current exposures. Quantitative Metholts for Analysis exposure It is estimated that millions of infants, children, and pregnant women in the United States have blood lead concentrations above 10 I/.
|
From page 5... ...
Although lead in food declined markedly during the 198Os, primarily because of the decrease in use of lead-soldered cans manufactured in the United States, imported canned foods continue to be high in lead. Gasoline lead was the major source of general population exposure in the 1970s, but regulatory action has reduced it by over 95%.
|
From page 6... ...
However, the historical input is determined by the slow kinetic component in blood-lead decay rates and thus, it is rarely the dominant contributor to total blood lead. Requirements for a longer-term measure of continuing lead exposure in sensitive populations necessitates use of in vivo measurements of lead in bone.
|
From page 7... ...
(Evidence from diverse epidemiologic studies shows that the EP technique was not sufficiently sensitive even at the previous CDC guideline of 25 lug/. Current measurement techniques are capable of producing accurate and precise blood lead measurements.
|
From page 8... ...
Sources an't Accumulation ~~~~~~v ~r -- - r The committee identified the need for and acknowledged the rapidly developing availability of measurements for long-term lead accumulation during active exposure Deriods in sensitive populations, especially children and pregnant women. In so doing, it acknowledged that blood lead for routine purposes remains principally an index of recent exposure.
|
From page 9... ...
guidelines. The committee recognizes that the application of analytical techniques as described for the measurement of lead concentrations will require a large commitment of resources.
|
From page 11... ...
Measuring Head Tonsure in ~nfants~ Chi1~:iren~ and Other Sensitive Populations
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.