Guide for Conducting Forensic Investigations of Highway Pavements (2013) / Chapter Skim
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5 Developing a framework or flowchart that provides a stepby-step process to guide the investigator in identifying the most likely reasons for the observed performance (be it poor or exceptional) would be highly desirable.
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2.2 Recognizing Data and Information Needs Understanding the performance of a given pavement requires that data and information about each of the factors affecting performance (discussed in Section 2.1) be collected and analyzed.
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Historical data on older projects is often difficult to recover, which can complicate the design, as-constructed, and comparative reviews. This is a problem when attempting to understand why a particular pavement has performed better than expected.
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8collection of unnecessary data and ensure a successful outcome. The first task in a forensic investigation is to understand the issues underlying the request for the investigation and then setting objectives to address these issues.
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9 M at Pr ob le m s D et er io ra tio n D ef or m at io n C ra ck in g D is tr es s C at eg or y Bleeding Checking Segregation Pumping Polished Aggr Stripping Raveling Patching Potholes Delamination Overlay Bumps Depression Shoving Corrugation Rutting Edge Block Reflective Transverse Fatigue Longitudinal Lo w S tre ng th o r L ow S ta bi lit y M ix P oo r M ix G ra da tio n Lo w A sp ha lt C on te nt H ig h A sp ha lt C on te nt Lo w A ir V oi d C on te nt H ig h A ir V oi d C on te nt Im pr op er F in es C on te nt Te nd er M ix S eg re ga te d M ix P oo r S ur fa ce P re pa ra tio n E xc es s/ In su ffi ci en t P rim e/ Ta ck Im pr op er C ra ck S ea lin g Te ch ni qu es Im pr op er C om pa ct io n Te ch ni qu es E xc es s M oi st ur e in M ix Lo w H M A T hi ck ne ss Lo w B as e/ S ub ba se T hi ck ne ss P oo r S ub gr ad e C om pa ct io n P oo r B as e/ S ub as e C om pa ct io n P oo r B as e/ S ub as e G ra da tio n H ig h A sp ha lt B in de r V is co si ty Lo w A sp ha lt B in de r V is co si ty Te m p. S us ce pt ib le A sp ha lt B in de r R ap id A gi ng A sp ha lt B in de r M oi st ur e S en si tiv e M ix P oo r A gg re ga te D ur ab ili ty P oo r A gg re ga te S ou nd ne ss P oo r A gg re ga te C le an ne ss H ig h E xp os ur e to M oi st ur e C oo l/C ol d P re va ili ng T em pe ra tu re s H ot P re va ili ng T em pe ra tu re s Fr ee ze -T ha w C yc lin g La rg e D ai ly T em pe ra tu re C yc le s H ig h Tr af fic V ol um e H ig h E S A L Tr uc k V ol um e E xp os ur e to S tu dd ed T ire s/ C ha in s In ad eq ua te P av em en t S tru ct ur e P oo r M at er ia l S el ec tio n P oo r D ra in ag e N ar ro w o r N on -E xi st en t S ho ul de rs N ar ro w L an e W id th E xc es si ve H or iz on ta l G eo m et ry Common cause of distressLegend Distress Type Overall Problem Mix Design Construction Possible Causes of Distress Materials Climate Traffic StructuralDesign Geometric Design Occasional cause of distress Table 2.3.
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10 Excessive Horizontal Geometry Narrow Lane With Narrow or Non-Existent Shoulders Poor Drainage Poor Material Selection Inadequate Pavement Structure Exposure to Studded Tires/Chains High ESAL Truck Volume High Traffic Volume Large Daily Temperature Cycles Freeze-Thaw Cycling Hot Prevailing Temperatures Cool/Cold Prevailing Temperatures High Exposure to Moisture Poor Aggregate Cleanness Poor Aggregate Soundness Poor Aggregate Durability Moisture Sensitive Mix Rapid Aging Asphalt Binder Temp. Susceptible Asphalt Binder Low or High Binder Viscosity Poor Base/Subase Gradation Poor Base/Subase Compaction Poor Subgrade Compaction Low Base/Subbase Thickness Low HMA Thickness Excess Moisture in Mix Improper Compaction Techniques Improper Crack Sealing Techniques Surface Prep/Excess/Lack Prime/Tack Segregated Mix Tender Mix Improper Fines Content Low or High Air Void Content Low or High Asphalt Content Poor Mix Gradation Low Strength or Low Stability Mix Cl im at e M at er ia ls Co ns tru ct io n M ix D es ig n G eo m et ric De si gn St ru ct ur al De si gn Tr af fic De sig n Re po rts Pl an s an d Sp ec ific at io ns Q C/ Q A Re co rd s As B ui lt Dr aw in gs La b M at er ia l T es t R es ul ts Pa st Su rv ey s/ ND T/ Sa m pl in g M al nt en an ce /R ep ai r Hi st or ie s Tr af fic D at a En vir on m en ta l/C lim at e Re co rd s PM S Re po rts W in ds hi el d Su rv ey De ta ile d Di st re ss S ur ve y No nd es tru di ve T es tin g Ev al ua tio n of N DT Un ifo rm ity St ru ct ..
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11 Structural Distress Contributing Factors1 Pavement Design Load Water Temp. Pavement Materials Construct.
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12 Type of MRD Surface Distress Manifestations and Locations Causes/ Mechanisms Materials Related Distress Due to Physical Mechanisms Freeze-Thaw Deterioration of Hardened Cement Paste Scaling, spalling, or map cracking, generally initiating near joints or cracks; possible internal disruption of concrete matrix. Deterioration of saturated cement paste due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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