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From page 19... ... 19 C h a p t e r 3 This chapter presents the general findings from the R07 research effort to develop and implement performance specifications. The discussions primarily focus on addressing the following points: • How the performance specification framework introduced in Chapter 2 was applied to each of the research areas; • What benefits and risks are associated with performance specifying; and • What conditions or characteristics tend to make a project an ideal candidate for using performance specifications. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... 20 departments of transportation across the country (Hughes et al. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... 21 Warranty proviSionS. Moving beyond QA and PRS specifications, warranty provisions have also been applied to PCC pavements to address actual performance over time. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... 22 Recognizing such technological and business-related challenges to the advancement of performance specifications, the guide specifications incorporate a tiered implementation approach. This approach balances a project's needs and goals against available technology and resources, the capabilities of local industry (including materials suppliers and testing firms) Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... 23 Figure 3.1. Implementation tiers for PCC pavement. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... 24 Table 3.2. PCC Pavement, Tier 2 Summary Motivation Contractor Quality Management Acceptance Implementation Issues Differences from Current Practice Tier 2A PerformanceOriented Testing • Place more emphasis on properties known to affect pavement performance. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... 25 Table 3.3. PCC Pavement, Tier 3 Summary Motivation Contractor Quality Management Acceptance Implementation Issues Differences from Current Practice Tier 3A Performance-Oriented Testing • Incorporate parameters and test methods that are more indicative of pavement performance. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... 26 Commonly used materials AQCs include asphalt content, lab compacted air voids, and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... 27 Guide Specifications A set of guide performance specifications for asphalt pavement was prepared under the R07 research project. Each specification was drafted with a specific delivery approach in mind. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... 28 Figure 3.2. Implementation tiers for HMA pavement. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... 29 Table 3.5. HMA Pavement, Tier 2 Summary Motivation Contractor Quality Management Acceptance Implementation Issues Differences from Current Practice Tier 2A NDE of Tier 1 Properties • Implement rapid, continuous sampling and testing. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... 30 Table 3.6. HMA Pavement, Tier 3 Summary Motivation Contractor Quality Management Acceptance Implementation Issues Differences from Current Practice Tier 3A Performance Warranty or DBOM • Reduce oversight during construction. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... 31 layers) Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 32 into otherwise prescriptive specifications. Given the current state of practice, the team felt that preparing a hybrid specification for a hydraulic cement concrete deck would provide the best opportunity to begin building the support needed to transition toward a higher-level performance specification addressing the entire bridge (see Figure 3.3) Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... 33 Table 3.7. Summary of Bridge Performance Tiers Motivation Contractor Quality Management Acceptance Implementation Issues Differences from Current Practice Tier 1 (Concrete Bridge Deck) Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... 34 technologies (e.g., impact echo, ground-penetrating radar) are primarily suited for evaluating problems with deteriorated structures, they will be more applicable to specifications and delivery methods that include postconstruction responsibilities than to the DBB or DB case in which acceptance is based on end-of-construction measurement. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... 35 discrete point locations. Several equipment manufacturers have been developing these technologies for both earthwork and asphalt materials over the past 30+ years. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 36 The second guide specification represents a more comprehensive attempt to specify the construction of embankment and pavement foundation materials in terms of performance measures and quality statements. This specification includes the following key features: • Use of RICM technology to provide 100% sampling coverage to identify areas needing further work; • Acceptance and verification testing using performance measures and parameters, such as elastic modulus testing, shear strength, and permeability, that relate to design assumptions; • Protocols for establishing target values for acceptance; • Quality statements and assessment methods that require achievement of at least some overall minimal value during construction, and achievement of a minimum level of spatial uniformity in a given lot area; and • Protocols for data analysis and reporting such that the construction process is field controlled in an efficient manner to ensure the final product meets design assumptions. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... 37 • Develop effective reporting, analysis, and evaluation protocols; • Link the design approach with construction monitoring and the proposed statistical analysis framework, and develop performance models that include a long-term performance aspect; • Study the effect of the contract delivery mechanism on the responsibilities and actions of parties involved; • Assess the cost and benefit of implementing the performance specification; and • Improve the proposed earthwork and proof mapping performance specifications. The results of the field-testing phase of the project were used to evaluate the proposed earthwork performance and proof mapping specifications. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... 38 these are "performance" in title only. Although such specifications identify some performance goals (e.g., "provide a safe travel corridor") Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... 39 • Defining requirements for nighttime versus daytime work if both will be permitted. importance of SelectinG the correct performance requirement for a project. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 40 methods on contracts for recurring services (OFPP 1998b) Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... 41 to 7% greater, warranty pavements were still more cost effective than standard pavements. The report also examined the comparative performance data on the warranty and nonwarranted projects over the 5-year period. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... 42 risks of using performance specifications from the perspective of both owners and industry. According to the literature and input from practitioners, performance specifications have the potential to improve quality and long-term durability. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... 43 in any transaction based on performance specifications. A small probability always exists that the agency may be paying for rejectable work. Read the entire page →

From page 19...

... 19 C h a p t e r 3 This chapter presents the general findings from the R07 research effort to develop and implement performance specifications. The discussions primarily focus on addressing the following points: • How the performance specification framework introduced in Chapter 2 was applied to each of the research areas; • What benefits and risks are associated with performance specifying; and • What conditions or characteristics tend to make a project an ideal candidate for using performance specifications.