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... 1 Environmental Optimization of Aircraft Departures: Fuel Burn, Emissions, and Noise As airport operations continue to expand as infrastructure is modified to meet the growing demand for air travel, they need to balance their growth with environmental constraints. Although the main environmental concern continues to be noise, a more comprehensive approach needs to be implemented to better understand the effects of airport growth and changes.
From page 2...
... 2aircraft types, and population densities. The case studies showed that, in general, even relatively small changes in noise exposure can appreciably affect reducing fuel burn and emissions, although the benefits to runway throughput may be minor and, in some cases, negligible (except for fanning)

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