Women Scientists and Engineers Employed in Industry Why So Few? (1994) / Chapter Skim
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1 The Representation of Women Scientists and Engineers in Industry
1 The Representation of Women Scientists and Engineers in Industry
Pages 5-16
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the lower percentage of women earning S&E3 degrees, at all levels; ~ National Science Foundation, U.S. Scientists and Engineers: 1988 (NSF 89-322)
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SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Degrees: 1966-89 (A Source Book)
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At the bachelor's and master's degree levels, the number increased by more than fourfold; at the doctorate level, the increase was more than sixfold from 1966 levels. The net result of these dramatic increases has been that the percentage of female degree recipients as a share of all S&E degree recipients increased significantly (Figure I-2.
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10 o . total S&E work force l~lndustrial Sectors ~, Bachelors' Masters' Doctorates SOURCES: National Science Foundation, Charactensucs of Recent Science and Engineering Graduates: 1990 (NSF 92-316)
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As noted earlier, one of these factors is the tendency for female scientists and engineers to choose careers in life sciences, behavioral sciences, and social sciences, fields in which industry is a less likely source of employment than academe or government (Figure I-41. In 1989 threefourths of the S&E bachelor's degrees awarded to women were in these three fields.
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Using survey data from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and with support from NSF and the Alfred P
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Weinman, Summary Report 1990: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991. Figure I-5.
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Over the 7-year period, the exit rate of women in industry was almost twice the exit rate of women in government. With reference to the data for men, the Preston study revealed that 7.5 percent of male scientists and engineers employed by the government, 8.8 percent of those employed in the nonprofit sector, and 12.2 percent of those employed in private industry in 1982 had left S&E jobs by 1989.
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Chapter II addresses aspects of the corporate culture that may create perceptions of an inhospitable work environment in industry for women scientists and engineers. Subsequent chapters describe actions taken by both corporate employers (Chapter III)
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