A Model for Identifying and Evaluating the Historic Significance of Post-World War II Housing (2012) / Chapter Skim
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8A. Introduction The survey and evaluation methodology for postwar single- family residences is intended to guide state and federal agencies needing to identify and evaluate individual properties, neighborhoods, and subdivisions built between 1946 and 1975.
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9 family residences and non-residential properties, such as schools and churches, which should also be considered for survey and evaluation as components within the subdivision or neighborhood. The national historic context included in Chapter 4 will assist in understanding such properties; however this report as a whole, as well as the specific methodology, is directed toward postwar single-family residences.
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10 the requirements of the project sponsor, but at a minimum, should include the following: • Purpose and goals of the survey; • Description of the APE and survey area; • Summary of preliminary research results for the project area, with preliminary context statement including potential Criterion A associations; • Identification of any previously surveyed and/or evaluated historic properties; • Survey methodology, including documentation standards and deliverable requirements; and • Project schedule. Some states require the project sponsor to approve a research design.
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11 ing concentrations of similar properties as a single group or potential district. This approach works best in an area that developed as a planned subdivision or within a neighborhood where homes were constructed during the postwar period and display similar forms, massing, and materials.
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12 following should be recorded in the field for a concentration of postwar residences, including subdivisions and neighborhoods that are being documented as a group: • Overall architectural styles and forms, construction dates, materials, setbacks, and distinguishing features identified in the grouping; this could also include identification of representative examples of styles/forms and variations or models, as described herein. • Circulation patterns, including streets and sidewalks.
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13 surveyors should record data on the overall neighborhood for use in the evaluation and inclusion in the survey documentation, including the presence of schools, parks, or other amenities. Streetscape images showing the general setback, massing, and relation between the houses should be incorporated into the documentation (see Figure 5)
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14 Figure 6. Maenner South Plat, filed by T
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15 only those individual properties that meet the criteria outlined below are documented as a result of the survey effort. Properties that display significant exterior alterations may be excluded from documentation because they do not retain the historic integrity necessary to convey significance.
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16 or carports. If these are present, they should have minimal alterations.
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17 resembles the Ranch form, with one-story horizontal massing, a shallow roof pitch, and overhanging eaves. As with the Minimal Traditional form, the simplicity of the Transitional Ranch form is considered its primary character-defining feature.
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18 • Retain a minimum of three architectural elements, including, but not limited to: – Wide or prominent chimney; – Combination of siding materials or accent siding materials, such as brick or stone veneer or textured brickwork; – Large expanses of windows, corner windows, bands of windows (ribbon windows) , or clerestory windows; – Integrated planters; – Wrought iron integrated into the entrance or facade ornamentation (a simple railing near the entrance is not considered an architectural feature)
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19 – Colonnaded porch along the facade that recalls the "corredors" of nineteenth-century Californian and Mexican Ranch house antecedents; – Integrated wingwalls; and – Original applied stylistic features (i.e., Colonial Revival or Contemporary details)
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20 – Decorative porch/entry supports; – Exaggerated eave overhang or prominent roofline with "prowed" eaves, eave cutouts, or exposed beams; – Prominent front entrance that could include twin doors, transoms, decorative lighting, or an exaggerated height to depict multiple stories; and – Original applied stylistic features (i.e., Colonial Revival or Contemporary details)
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21 • Have minimal alterations to the garage or carport, if attached; • Retain a minimum of three architectural elements, including, but not limited to: – Overhanging second story (referred to as a jetty or garrison) ; – Frieze or cornice boards; – Decorative door and window surrounds; – Pedimented or projecting front gable; – Compass (round)
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22 i. Storybook Style The Storybook style is most commonly applied to the Ranch form but may also be applied to other forms from the period.
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23 of historic integrity, to merit individual documentation. Figures 35 and 36 show examples of the Contemporary style.
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24 3. Recording Field Survey Data To support documentation efforts, surveyors will collect data for individual properties in the field that meet the survey criteria.
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25 similar in size and scale but do not meet the selective survey criteria due to alterations or lack of character-defining features or architectural elements, they may be documented with a single record that includes a narrative statement regarding the overall number of resources, styles and forms represented, and alterations or lack of character-defining features and/or architectural elements. The record may be supplemented with representative photos or streetscapes.
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26 • Promotional materials for real estate developers and builders; • Promotional materials for prefabricated home manufacturers, especially to identify building types, forms, models, original materials and character-defining features, and construction dates; • Oral interviews with residents, if applicable; and • National Register Nominations, especially historic district nominations and MPDs for the subject period. Where available, GIS maps and data are informative tools that can facilitate development of the historic context.
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27 a level typically expected for a DOT-sponsored compliance survey. The context should identify postwar residential development trends in the region and allow for them to be placed within the broader context of postwar development.
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28 important events, activities, or person, or attained the characteristics which qualify it for National Register listing."12 The period of significance is called out as a "benchmark" against which resources should be compared to determine whether or not they contribute to a neighborhood's history and, thus, its integrity.
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29 and development, that may relate to the development of a neighborhood, subdivision, or individual property during the postwar period. In accordance with the Historic Residential Suburbs in the United States, 1830-1960 Multiple Property Document (Historic Residential Suburbs MPD)
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30 in the Historic Residential Suburbs MPD as an area of significance that: .
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31 featuring the new-to-Savannah curvilinear street layout with cul-de-sacs and irregularly shaped wooded lots."21 Virginia Heights Historic District in Arlington County, Virginia. The Virginia Heights Historic District (see Figure 44)
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32 of the FHA standards, the exclusion of amenities, such as shopping centers and schools, demonstrates the housing shortage following World War II and efforts to keep up with demand. Indian Village Historic District in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
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33 • Does the subdivision have a model or housing type considered to be locally, regionally, or nationally innovative in improving living conditions? • Was the neighborhood associated with important local events that have an important role in suburban growth and development?
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34 neighborhood was the second of a regional developer's integrated housing developments. It was one of a few successful housing developments to integrate working and middle classes and one of only eight mentioned in a 1960 national study on privately developed interracial housing.35 Fairway Oaks-Greenview Historic District in Savannah, Georgia.
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35 nomination recognizes the uniqueness of the development of this residential subdivision. Bennett Avenue Historic District in Richmond Heights, Missouri.
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36 postwar properties may be eligible as intact examples of postwar architectural styles and forms if they meet the criteria and integrity requirements. Criterion C is the most likely criterion to be applied to individual postwar residential resources and subdivisions.
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37 period of residential development may also meet Criterion C: Architecture. To convey that a specific property influenced postwar residential architecture or represents an innovation in design or materials, a historic context should be developed and used to clearly link the property to such influences or innovations.
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38 The following sections discuss National Register-listed, -eligible, and -evaluated districts and individual properties that demonstrate the application of Criterion C: Architecture. Lustron House in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
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39 North Fellows Historic District in Ottumwa, Iowa. The North Fellows Historic District (see Figures 42 and 60)
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40 • Does the subdivision or neighborhood plan reflect important advances, established principles, or popular trends in community planning? • Did the subdivision, neighborhood, or residence win an award or receive recognition from professional, trade, architectural, or housing research organizations?
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41 who is significant or influential in the community or region. The property should reflect a particular phase or aspect of a landscape architect's work or a particular idea in their theme or craft.
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42 of a historic subdivision or neighborhood. The extent of such changes, and their cumulative effects in the case of a district, needs to be weighed.
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43 event or activity to an observer. Continued residential use can contribute to integrity of association.
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44 footprints diminish historic integrity. Additions that are modest in size have less effect on integrity, especially if the alteration is not visible from the primary elevation or is made to a house that contributes to a historic district rather than one considered for individual significance.73 For properties within potential historic districts, the Historic Residential Suburbs Bulletin recommends the following: When evaluating the extent to which the addition changes the dwelling's individual character and the character of the streetscape of which it is a part, it is important to consider the size, scale, and design of the addition as well as its placement on the house lot.
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45 ing in the National Register as an individual property (see Figure 67)
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46 A historic district should retain "the spatial organization, physical components, aspects of design, and historic associations that it acquired during its period of significance."77 The period of significance is called out as a "benchmark" against which resources should be compared to determine whether or not they contribute to a neighborhood's history and, thus, its integrity. Alterations introduced after the period of significance are generally considered to negatively impact historic integrity.
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47 • Redesign of park landscape and circulation features; and • Widespread changes to land use.
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48 • Map(s) of surveyed properties showing relation to project activities.
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