Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports (2010) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 113-284
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 113... ...
113 A P P E N D I X A Proactive Environmental Stewardship Practices
|
From page 114... ...
The proactive environmental stewardship practices identified in this Appendix are applicable to small airports and are grouped by the following common topics (with the practice identifiers listed in parenthesis)
|
From page 115... ...
The following are descriptions of the symbols used in the practice implementation consideration summaries. Level of Staff Effort = 1 staff person with part-time environmental responsibilities = 1 staff person with full-time environmental responsibilities Staff Knowledge = minimal environmental regulatory knowledge = moderate environmental regulatory knowledge = detailed environmental regulatory knowledge Suggested Frequency Daily = Completed on an approximate daily basis Weekly = Completed approximately once per week Monthly = Completed approximately once per month Annually = Completed on an approximate annual basis Once = One time installation As Needed = Completed when needed Project Planning = Completed as part of planning for development projects Seasonal = Completed during specific seasons Deicing Season = Completed during winter events or throughout the deicing season Costs NC = No Cost = <$10,000 = $10,001 - $100,000 = >$100,000 Cost Savings = No anticipated cost savings and/or payback = Anticipated cost savings and/or payback Appendix A 115
|
From page 116... ...
APPENDIX A-1 Mobile Air Emissions Source Practices Practices discussed in this section aim to reduce air emissions from mobile sources commonly in operation at a small airport. Mobile sources of air emissions typically comprise aircraft, APU, GSE, and ground access vehicles.
|
From page 117... ...
Mobile Air-1: Schedule Deliveries Efficiently Making deliveries to airport facilities more efficient is an easy way to defray delivery truck vehicle miles travelled and reduce engine usage on airport property, thus reducing overall motor vehicle air emissions. Namely, airport owners and tenants can establish volume restrictions with delivery couriers such that the courier shall only make a delivery to the airport if the amount to be delivered is above a certain quantity.
|
From page 118... ...
Additional Resources • St. Augustine Airport http://www.staugustineairport.com/ • Airports Council International-North America Small Airports Conference: "Improving Airport Environmental Performance" http://www.aci-na.org/static/entransit/Small%20Airports%20Conference%20Cavender2.pdf Mobile Air-3: Implement Terminal Area Congestion Reduction and Anti-idling Measures Mobile source air emissions are of particular concern in areas of the airport where high traffic volumes and prolonged vehicle idle times intersect.
|
From page 119... ...
Mobile Air-4: Provide Commercial Vehicle Holding Area Creating a holding area where commercial vehicles can park and turn off their engines while waiting for a drop-off (rather than leave engines idling while inside delivering, waiting for a signature, etc) or pick-up can help other traffic move more freely on the airport roadways.
|
From page 120... ...
Mobile Air-7: Encourage Rental Car Facility Use of "Ready and Return" Systems This practice mainly involves the installation of a dedicated area within rental car facilities for customers to pick up vehicles that are ready to be rented, or park vehicles that they are in the process of returning. Having a dedicated area relieves congestion in the rental car area and eliminates unnecessary vehicle idling.
|
From page 121... ...
Mobile Air-9: Use a Single Engine During Aircraft Taxi Where safety allows, and with cooperation from airlines, Mobile Air-10: Conduct Routine Maintenance of Equipment and Facilities airport operators can request that aircraft use a reduced number of engines while moving across the airfield. This process is called "single-engine taxiing." It minimizes the aircraft's engine usage during this mode of operation, lowering overall fuel burn and reducing air emissions.
|
From page 122... ...
Mobile Air-11: Encourage Airlines and Pilots to De-rate Aircraft Take-offs De-rating is the process whereby engine power is only applied to the extent necessary during aircraft take-off, rather than applying maximum thrust throughout the entire process. This practice is effective in minimizing fuel burn while the aircraft is on airport property.
|
From page 123... ...
Other potential practices could involve Mobile Air-4 and Mobile Air-5, which encourage low or zero emitting vehicles and provide the necessary infrastructure to reward or facilitate their use. Refer to descriptions of these individual practices for more details.
|
From page 124... ...
Mobile Air-14: Limit Power-back and/or Reverse Thrust During Flight Procedures During landing, pilots can opt to use reverse thrust to slow the aircraft down and ensure a safe speed is attained before reaching the end of the runway. Reverse thrust entails engaging the aircraft's engines, often at their maximum power, to slow forward momentum as the aircraft touches down on the runway at high speed.
|
From page 125... ...
This measure largely involves improving, expanding or re-aligning surface roadways to improve traffic flow, thus eliminating stop-and-go traffic that can contribute significantly to overall levels of motor vehicle emissions. Usually, a detailed traffic analysis is conducted to determine the roadway segments of most frequent use, the times of peak traffic, and whether the network directs patrons to their destinations efficiently.
|
From page 126... ...
Mobile Air-18: Reduce Auxiliary Power Units Usage Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) are commonly operated to provide power and climate control to an aircraft while its main engines are powered down (i.e., when gated at a terminal or taxiing to and from the runway)
|
From page 127... ...
Benefits • Can potentially divert aircraft emissions away from nearby sensitive areas • Demonstrates to surrounding communities that the airport is concerned about its potential air quality impacts Additional Resources • FAA Guidance on Airport Marking Aids and Signs http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim/Chap2/aim0203.html Appendix A 127
|
From page 128... ...
APPENDIX A-2 Stationary Air Emissions Source Practices Stationary emissions occur from fixed sources on airport property and are comprised of point sources (i.e., boiler stacks and fuel storage tanks) and area sources (i.e., solvent use or open burning)
|
From page 129... ...
Additional Resources • Naples Airport http://www.flynaples.com/images/docs/general/final%20sustainability%20plan%205-14-09.pdf Stationary Air-2: Replace High Emitting Heating/Ventilation/Air Conditioning and Other Operating Plant Devices with Environmentally Friendly Alternatives Replacing existing heating/ventilation/air conditioning components with newer, lower emitting technology is an effective way to reduce airside operation and maintenance costs. To a lesser degree, retrofitting existing equipment can produce similar overall results.
|
From page 130... ...
Benefits • Facilitates compliance with Title V and other federal and state-level requirements • Prevents vapor from escaping and reduces overall fuel loss and lower operational costs Stationary Air-4: Implement Low-smoke Fire Training Conducting fire training for the benefit of airport rescue and firefighting staff can significantly improve emergency preparedness. However, this practice typically involves the open burning of an aircraft fuselage mock-up with fuel commonly in use by aircraft operating at the airport.
|
From page 131... ...
Stationary Air-6: Enhance the Controllability of Systems (Also applies to: Indoor Air Quality, Air Emissions Evaluation, and Reporting) This practice mainly involves ensuring that emissions sources operating at the airport possess the best available emissions control technologies, as well as remaining aware of new technologies that can further reduce the source emissions.
|
From page 132... ...
APPENDIX A-3 Construction Air Emissions Source Practices Construction-related emissions typically represent a vast array of sources and magnitudes, most of which are dictated by project design parameters and duration of the construction schedule. These emissions include exhaust from equipment and vehicle operation; evaporation from solvent use or asphalt placement; and generation of dust from site clearing, preparation, and demolition activities.
|
From page 133... ...
Benefits • Fewer haul truck trips means significant fuel and transport cost savings • Lessens impact on surrounding roadways and traffic • Promotes project efficiency Additional Resources • Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport http://www.atlanta-airport.com • Fresno Yosemite International Airport http://www.fresno.gov/DiscoverFresno/Airports/default.htm Construction Air-2: Provide Alternative Transportation During Construction Such incentives might include providing preferential parking for employees electing to carpool, fare discounts on public transportation, and consolidated parking facilities with free shuttle service. Bike racks could also easily be incorporated into employee parking or staging areas.
|
From page 134... ...
Low-emitting materials can also offer significant emissions savings and tend to be more affordable. For instance, engineers have recently refined a lower temperature asphalt, called warm-mix, for use in paving operations.
|
From page 135... ...
Benefits • Limits the size of the airport's "construction footprint" on surrounding areas • Improves local air quality and visibility during construction Additional Resources • Fresno Yosemite International Airport http://www.fresno.gov/DiscoverFresno/Airports/default.htm Appendix A 135
|
From page 136... ...
APPENDIX A-4 Air Emission Evaluation and Reporting Practices Practices outlined in this appendix largely comprise good faith measures intended to establish rapport with those involved in air quality issues, including environmental regulatory agencies, non-governmental organizations, neighboring communities, and others. By taking a proactive stance on quantifying and reporting emissions associated with airport operation and development, and by establishing voluntary policies to track and manage them, airports can preempt potential air quality problems or issues before they reach the level where they can incite regulatory action or a negative public response.
|
From page 137... ...
and calculate the amounts of GHG to helping an airport assign ownership of the emissions between themselves, their tenants and other parties responsible for their generation. The ACRP has recently published a comprehensive guidebook to address many of these issues, and its use is highly recommended if an airport chooses to conduct an inventory of GHG (6)
|
From page 138... ...
Benefits • Provides enforceable commitments to air quality improvement • Provides the airport with foresight, tangible options, and concrete timelines with which to address problems • Increased participation in regulatory issues is good public relations, and can assist in conflict resolution Additional Resources • ACRP Synthesis 10: Airport Sustainability Practices http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_syn_010.pdf Air Evaluation-3: Establish Emissions Limits or Ceilings This practice is entirely proactive, encourages improvement of air quality around the airport, and can be an effective regulatory agency and public relations tool. The establishment of an emissions limit, either airport-wide or from a specific source, represents a strong and enforceable Benefits • Improves regulatory agency and general public relations • Effective in constraining future airport environmental impacts • Fiscally-directed penalties against tenants or users for exceeding the limits might generate additional revenue for the airport Additional Resources • Massport Air Quality Initiative http://www.massport.com/default.aspx Staffing Cost Effort Capital Knowledge Operational Frequency Savings Once Air Evaluation-4: Coordinate with Air Agencies on Plans and Timelines Affecting the Airport The benefit of this measure is relatively simple and straightforward.
|
From page 139... ...
APPENDIX A-5 Indoor Air Quality Practices Practices discussed in this section mainly involve the elimination of indoor air quality problems before they begin, via inspection and maintenance and the creation of preemptive strategies. If left unchecked, indoor air quality problems (e.g., those associated with mold or asbestos)
|
From page 140... ...
It is important to understand that both of these materials, especially mold, can typically persist in an indoor environment unless remediated by a trained professional. Benefits • Prevention saves the airport costly remediation • Provides a better environment for staff and patrons Indoor Air-2: Evaluate the Effectiveness of Building Ventilation Systems (Also applies to: Stationary Air Emissions Sources)
|
From page 141... ...
Provides a better environment for staff and patrons Indoor Air-4: Review Maintenance and Janitorial Programs to Eliminate Toxic Agents in Favor of More Environmentally Friendly Choices Many solvents and other cleaning agents contain potentially toxic chemicals that can accumulate in the indoor air. The market availability of more environmentally friendly alternatives is increasing.
|
From page 142... ...
Indoor Air-6: Develop an Indoor Air Quality Management Plan (Also applies to: Air Emissions Evaluation and Reporting) An indoor air quality management plan is effective in identifying and preempting existing and future indoor air quality issues.
|
From page 143... ...
APPENDIX A-6 Spill Prevention, Response, and Notification Practices Airport operators, fixed-base operators, and tenants may manage large quantities of fuel, oils, and other chemicals. Spills or releases may occur, but airports can help to minimize the potential for occurrences by proper planning and implementation of spill prevention practices.
|
From page 144... ...
Spill-1: Develop a Database of Bulk Storage Containers Airports typically maintain and/or manage a number of bulk storage containers (defined for the purposes of this guidebook as storage containers with a capacity of 55 gallons or greater)
|
From page 145... ...
Benefits • Establishes responsibilities to ensure containers are in compliance with regulatory requirements • Helps ensure that inspections are performed on a regular schedule • Allows for repairs or retrofits to be made before a spill or discharge occurs • Minimizes the potential for containers to be overlooked during inspections • Increases potential for a spill to be identified • Increases understanding of airport chemical and oil storage capacity Additional Resources • EPA Operating and Maintaining Underground Storage Tank Systems, Practical Help and Checklists http://www.epa.gov/swerust1/pubs/O&M_Manual_Nov07.pdf Spill-3: Develop an Airport Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Policy It is common at small airports to have multiple owners, tenants, or operators that each has their own SPCC plan. Development of an SPCC plan may be a regulatory requirement for some small airports.
|
From page 146... ...
Spill-4: Establish a Spill Reduction Training Program Environmental training sessions are critical for new and existing airport staff to learn new skills or reconnect with airport polices for which they are responsible. Specifically, establishing a spill reduction training program helps personnel identify and incorporate methods to reduce or prevent chemical spills during day-to-day operations.
|
From page 147... ...
should be noted that most states and local municipalities post their spill notification requirements on an internet website. Once the spill response and notification procedures are developed, the airport should communicate the information to the various stakeholders involved so that each is aware of its particular responsibilities.
|
From page 148... ...
Additional Resources • EPA Preventing Underground Storage Tank Releases http://www.epa.gov/OUST/fsprevnt.htm Spill-7: Isolate Oil Storage Areas In the event a spill reaches a storm or sewer drain, it may be too late to prevent a discharge of oil offsite. Staffing Cost Effort Capital Knowledge Operational Frequency Savings Monthly Benefits • Minimizes spills from leaving the facility • Minimizes containers located in remote locations to be overlooked during inspections • Increases potential for spill identification • Confines spills to a localized area • Minimizes areas requiring cleanup or remediation Additional Resources • EPA BMP Manual http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm Therefore, isolating oil storage areas from storm and sanitary Spill-8: Maintain Spill Control Kits Airport activities involving chemicals or oil can result in small spills, drips, and leaks.
|
From page 149... ...
Spill control kits should be placed near all oil storage areas and other strategic areas where spills could occur, such as fuel farms and maintenance areas. The kits should also contain enough material to contain a spill from a typical spill source.
|
From page 150... ...
Benefits • Reduces tenant concerns about the potential inability to effectively provide adequate containment • Reduces potential concerns about the airport's containment capabilities • Confines spills and discharges to a localized area • Minimizes spills from leaving the facility • Minimizes cleanup and remediation Additional Resources • Airport Business, Storm water Management http://www.airportbusiness.com/print/Airport-Business-Magazine/Stormwater-Management/1$12984 Spill-10: Install Spill Protection in Storm Drains Prevention of discharging polluted runoff into local waterways can be accomplished by installing catch basin inserts in critical storm drains. Typical catch basin inserts are designed to restrict drainage from an area by impeding flow.
|
From page 151... ...
APPENDIX A-7 Chemical/Hazardous Material Storage Practices The implementation of hazardous material and chemical management practices at small airports not only reduces the risk of releases of chemicals and hazardous materials to the environment, but can also mitigate the risk for unintentional harmful exposure to personnel. Chemicals and hazardous materials are used in many areas at an airport, including fueling, building construction, landscaping, and maintenance.
|
From page 152... ...
Benefits • Increases employee knowledge of chemical storage requirements • Reduces leaks and spills from chemicals stored in inappropriate containers or without secondary containment • Reduces risk of spills reaching the storm water system by storing chemicals indoors away from floor drains, when possible • Reduces amount of chemicals and hazardous materials purchased and stored on site • Reduces the likelihood of inappropriate disposal of chemicals • Reduces the risk of reactions between incompatible chemicals stored in close proximity Additional Resources • National Laboratory Chemical Hygiene and Safety Plan http://www.lbl.gov/ehs/chsp/html/storage.shtml • Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection EMS BMPs http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/pollprev/Iso14001/BPManual/manual.htm CHM-2: Maintain a Chemicals Database Maintaining a chemicals database keeps employees informed of the chemicals stored on site, encourages proper storage of chemicals, and provides information for the appropriate response in case of a spill. The database should include information about the storage container type (e.g., drums, totes, bags, etc.)
|
From page 153... ...
Additional Resources • OSHA/EPA Occupational Chemical Database http://www.osha.gov/web/dep/chemicaldata/ CHM-3: Isolate Chemical/Hazardous Material Storage Isolating chemical and hazardous material storage areas not only promotes organization of these chemicals, but also facilitates spill response. Use MSDS to determine the appropriate containers for storage of chemicals and hazardous materials to ensure the container is compatible with the chemical stored.
|
From page 154... ...
APPENDIX A-8 Pesticide Application, Certification, and Disposal Practices The amount of pesticides and herbicides used by small airports and the areas where they are applied may rival larger airports due to the amount of grassy areas at small airports. Implementing smart pesticide and herbicide application practices will increase the effectiveness of the chemicals, reduce the likelihood that the chemicals will be washed into nearby receiving waters during rain events, and reduce the amount of pesticides and herbicides used, saving the airport money.
|
From page 155... ...
Benefits • Reduces the amount of herbicides and pesticides used • Reduces the chance of herbicides and pesticides contaminating surface water and ground water Additional Resources • EPA regulations on pesticides http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws.htm • City of Knoxville BMPs on Pesticides Herbicides and Fertilizers http://www.cityofknoxville.org/engineering/bmp_manual/AM-13.pdf • Michigan Department of Environmental Quality -- Pesticide Management for Turfgrass and Ornamentals http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-wb-nps-pm_250893_7.pdf Pesticides-2: Utilize Low-toxicity Pesticides/Herbicides Utilizing pesticides and herbicides that have lowtoxicity to animals and aquatic life will reduce the unintended effects pesticides and herbicides have on receiving waters and local wildlife. Staff or contractors responsible for grounds maintenance should review the pesticides and herbicides used on site annually to determine if a better low-toxicity product is available.
|
From page 156... ...
APPENDIX A-9 Underground Storage Tank Practices Unlike aboveground storage systems (AST) where visual inspections are possible and spills and leaks are easy to identify, underground storage tank (UST)
|
From page 157... ...
UST-2: Upgrade Underground Storage Tanks Airports should consider upgrading aging single-wall USTs with double-wall USTs accompanied by automated monitoring. This will enable a monthly leak detection monitoring program consisting of monitoring the interstitial space between the inner and outer wall of the tank, automatic gauging of the tank, and reconciliation of tank content inventory.
|
From page 158... ...
Fuel hydrant systems constructed of double-wall piping will contain leaks between the inner and outer walls and will not contaminate soil or ground water. Fuel hydrant systems should also undergo annual line tightness testing to determine if there are any cracks or leaks in the piping.
|
From page 159... ...
The plan should also include a schedule for conducting monthly monitoring and annual testing, as applicable. Records of monthly monitoring and tank inspections should be kept with the plan, as reviews of past monitoring records can reveal UST system leaks over time.
|
From page 160... ...
APPENDIX A-10 Noise Practices Noise is typically a sensitive issue for small airports when it comes to the surrounding local community. Therefore, to maintain valuable airport and community relations, airport operators should have an understanding of the types and levels of noise generated from their airports.
|
From page 161... ...
Noise-1: Conduct an Aircraft Noise Study Aircraft noise studies are voluntarily conducted by airports to define the aircraft noise environment surrounding the airport. An aircraft noise study conducted outside the formal requirements of a Part 150 Study provides an airport some leeway with regard to the scope and detail of the plan.
|
From page 162... ...
• Establishes areas of predicted aircraft noise exposure levels for existing and future conditions • Identifies non-compatible land uses • Federal funding may be available to conduct a Part 150 Study and for implementing FAA-approved mitigation measures Additional Resources • Title 14 CFR Part 150, Noise Control and Compatibility http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx? c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14cfr150_main_02.tpl • FAA AC 150/5020, Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/0/F4FAE43A 49D9F2FE86256C720077AD35?
|
From page 163... ...
problem can exist even at small airports where technically there are no incompatible land uses (according to 14 CFR 150) if area residents are annoyed by aircraft noise and are compelled to complain to the airport operator.
|
From page 164... ...
Additional Resources • FAA AC 150/5020, Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/0/F4FAE43A 49D9F2FE86256C720077AD35? OpenDocument • ACRP Synthesis 16: Compilation of Noise Programs in Areas Outside DNL 65 http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_syn_016.pdf Noise-6: Establish a Community Noise "Roundtable" A community noise roundtable is an ongoing coordination effort with the community to help respond to noise issues.
|
From page 165... ...
Additional Resources • FAA AC 150/5020, Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/0/F4FAE43A 49D9F2FE86256C720077AD35? OpenDocument • ACRP Synthesis 16: Compilation of Noise Programs in Areas Outside DNL 65 http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_syn_016.pdf Noise-8: Track Noise Complaints through a Geographic Information System Through use of a Geographic Information System, an airport may better identify where sensitive noise areas are located around the airport.
|
From page 166... ...
A ground run-up enclosure can help attenuate noise from engine run-up activity. Engine run-up operations are typically performed after aircraft maintenance is performed.
|
From page 167... ...
Benefits • Shifts aircraft noise from non-compatible land-use areas to areas with compatible land uses Additional Resources • FAA AC 150/5020, Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/0/F4FAE43A 49D9F2FE86256C720077AD35? OpenDocument • ACRP Synthesis 16: Compilation of Noise Programs in Areas Outside DNL 65 http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_syn_016.pdf Noise-12: Construct Noise Walls Near runway ends where takeoff roll is started and preflight engine run-ups occur, install noise walls using fabricated acoustical barriers or engineered earthen berms to mitigate noise for sensitive areas close to the airport property line.
|
From page 168... ...
Noise-14: Implement a Voluntary Curfew or Voluntary Restraint from Flying The implementation of a voluntary restraint from flying program to limit loud noise events during late nighttime and/or early morning time can reduce noise exposure and community annoyance. Coordination and communication with aircraft users is necessary to ensure effective participation.
|
From page 169... ...
Noise-16: Establish Real Estate Disclosures The addition of language in real estate closing documents that discloses the location of the airport to the home buyer can enhance the understanding of new residents to the area. This type of notification requires a clear definition of the area in which disclosures are required and coordination with the local governments to ensure proper compliance.
|
From page 170... ...
APPENDIX A-11 Planning Practices Implementing planning practices can be a challenge for small airports due to limited resources. However, proactive planning practices should be considered to assist with effective airport project implementation.
|
From page 171... ...
General Planning Practices Planning-1: Maximize Light-colored or Vegetated Surfaces on Roof and Non-roof Areas Heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas) are caused in large part by materials commonly used in urban areas, such as concrete and asphalt, which due to their unique thermal properties tend to absorb heat instead of reflecting it back into the atmosphere.
|
From page 172... ...
Planning-2: Implement Green Buildings Construction and Design/Leadership in Energy and Environmental DesignTM Standards Greening buildings and supporting infrastructure minimizes use of resources, reduces harmful effects on the environment, and creates healthier environments for people. Green buildings are facilities designed, constructed, renovated, and operated in an environmentally responsible and energy-efficient manner, making use of sustainable materials where possible.
|
From page 173... ...
Additional Resources • Eco-friendly Terminal Opens at Greenville-Spartanburg Airport http://www.modernecohomes.com/blog/eco-friendly/eco-friendly-terminal-opens-at-greenvillespartanburg-airport/ • Information about the LEEDTM Certification process and the various Green Building Rating Systems is available on the U.S. Green Building Council's website www.usgbc.org Planning-3: Redevelop Previously Developed Sites When developing new facilities, build on a previously developed site or close to existing infrastructure to preserve undeveloped land and minimize impacts to the natural and cultural environments.
|
From page 174... ...
Incorporating environmental considerations into the planning process reduces the time and cost that would go into minimization or mitigation efforts, were the environmental issues to arise after the project has been developed. If possible, the airport should include the data gathered in a GIS database.
|
From page 175... ...
Additional Resources • ACRP Synthesis 10: Airport Sustainability Practices http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_syn_010.pdf Planning-6: Partner with Municipalities to Develop Compatible Land Uses Airports typically do not have control over land outside the airport boundary. Local zoning and land use policies are typically within the authority of the adjacent jurisdictions.
|
From page 176... ...
An airport may want to consider building in a compact space and developing vertically rather than horizontally in order to minimize building footprint(s)
|
From page 177... ...
Benefits • Provides easier access to the airport • Encourages use of public transportation • Reduces traffic around the airport • Improves airport/community relations by working closely with local and regional agencies Additional Resources • Multi-modal Coordination -- Transit Schedule Coordination http://www.consystec.com/florida/integrated/web/files/mppdfs/mpSH_452.pdf Planning-9: Develop a Noise and Land Use Compatibility Policy Airports can determine non-compatible land use by comparing airport noise contours with underlying land uses. Residential land and similar land uses are typically incompatible with aircraft noise levels of DNL 65 dB or greater.
|
From page 178... ...
Cultural Resources Practices Planning-10: Develop an On-site Cultural Resources Management Plan Both development and routine operations at an airport can have an impact on archaeological, historical, and ethnographic sites and places. Of most concern are cultural resources listed or eligible (or potentially eligible)
|
From page 179... ...
Planning-11: Develop an On-site Unanticipated Discovery Plan The unanticipated discovery of cultural resources during construction or routine maintenance actions can cause significant construction or schedule delays to a project. An Unanticipated Discovery Plan, which is usually an appendix to the Cultural Resources Management Plan (see Planning10)
|
From page 180... ...
To efficiently comply with AC 105/5070-6B, airports should develop a comprehensive public involvement program that can be implemented as needed during the master planning process. The plan should include guides for keeping the public up to date periodically during the master planning process (annually or whatever is most appropriate based on the scale of development)
|
From page 181... ...
involvement in the form of scoping can be a helpful tool for identifying public concerns about the project, addressing questions, identifying potential alternatives, and, as a result, improving public relations. Scoping is designed to facilitate early and open communications between the public and the agency responsible for development (i.e., the airport or FAA)
|
From page 182... ...
and/or workshops serve as excellent forums to: • Update the community on project status • Identify issues of concern (and identify issues of concern) • Identify next steps • Ensure the public is aware of any documents available for public review • Discuss other opportunities for public involvement related to the project Although each project will be different, having a plan in place will allow for consistent levels of public involvement during planning activities and can serve as a valuable reference.
|
From page 183... ...
APPENDIX A-12 Public Relations Practices The public relations practices summarized below do not have federal regulatory requirements, but guidance is included in FAA regulatory programs. For example, AC 150/5070-7 provides practical guidelines for involving the community in a variety of aviation planning situations.
|
From page 184... ...
PR-2: Establish a Recycling Education Program Airports can educate airport staff on everyday ways to reduce waste and save energy while at work by distributing informational signs and flyers that contain details on the types of materials that can be recycled at work and providing strategies for saving energy on a daily basis. For example, an energy-savings measure may be as simple as turning off lights when leaving a conference room or office, and turning computers off at night.
|
From page 185... ...
PR-4: Report Annual Energy Consumption After implementing energy reduction strategies at an airport, the public can be informed about annual energy consumption and cost saving through an annual report or brochure. The report/brochure should provide information on existing energy consumption and cost reduction measures and compare energy consumption and costs before and after implementation of energy reduction strategies, as well as project future savings.
|
From page 186... ...
PR-6: Construct an Observation Area Constructing an observation area can showcase an airport as a location of interest where the public can come observe airplane departures, landings, and other operations. To attract the public, create a recreational area close enough to the airfield so the public can observe airport operations, but not within any protected airfield surfaces.
|
From page 187... ...
APPENDIX A-13 Vegetation and Wildlife Management Practices • Threatened and Endangered Species/Biodiversity Practices Develop an On-site Conservation Area for Species of Concern Establish a Tree Bank • Vegetation and Wildlife Management Practices Develop a Wildlife Hazard Management Plan Choose Non-wildlife Attractant Plants Conduct Long-term Vegetation Management Avoid the Creation of Natural Open Water Features on or Near Airfield Sites that Attract Wildlife Install Perforated Underground Drains or Dry Wells Manage Vegetation to Maintain Rare and Non-hazardous Wildlife Habitat Develop and Implement an Integrated Pest Management Plan Plant Nitrogen-fixing Vegetation • Biodiversity Practices Replace Vegetation with Native Species During Construction or Mitigation Projects Join in Partnerships with Environmental Nonprofit Organizations Threatened and Endangered Species/Biodiversity Practices Wildlife-1: Develop an On-site Conservation Area for Species of Concern Staffing Cost Effort Capital Knowledge Operational Frequency Savings Once Applicable Federal Regulatory Programs • Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Chapter 6) • Magnuson-Stevens Act of 1976, as amended (Chapter 6)
|
From page 188... ...
Airports should coordinate with a wildlife biologist as well as officials at local parks, preserves, and forests to design the conservation area and ensure continued safe operations. For example, the airport could develop a habitat in a portion of airport property for tortoises with barriers to prevent access to the airfield.
|
From page 189... ...
Vegetation and Wildlife Management Practices Wildlife-3: Develop a Wildlife Hazard Management Plan Benefits • Reduces wildlife hazards to aircraft, such as bird strikes (increase safety) • Complies with 14 CFR Part 139 and FAA AC 150/5200-33 Additional Resources • 14 CFR Part 139 Section 139.337, Certification of Airports, Wildlife Hazard Management http://rgl.faa.gov/REGULATORY_AND_GUIDANCE_LIBRARY/RGFAR.NSF/0/d7aff358f3b62a9 486256ebb005c3c40!
|
From page 190... ...
• Wildlife Hazard Management, The Wisconsin Airport Owner's Perspective http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/library/publications/topic/air/wildlife-owners.pdf Wildlife-4: Choose Non-wildlife Attractant Plants When selecting plants for the airport, airports should choose vegetation that does not attract wildlife to avoid hazards to aircraft. If applicable, plant selection protocols could be included in a Wildlife Hazard Management Plan developed for the airport.
|
From page 191... ...
Vegetation maintenance techniques include alternating mechanical mowing, hand cutting, and herbicide treatments. Mechanical mowing is used to control the plant community height to promote a safe, navigable airport protection zone.
|
From page 192... ...
Wildlife-8: Manage Vegetation to Maintain Rare and Non-hazardous Wildlife Habitat Where rare non-hazardous wildlife habitat is present on an airfield, such as butterflies, manage vegetation to maintain its habitat. While it is important to limit vegetation that attracts hazardous wildlife to the airport, it is also essential to maintain the habitats of non-hazardous wildlife, particularly rare species.
|
From page 193... ...
Benefits • Reduces use of pesticides or other chemical pest control measures Additional Resources • EPA, Integrated Pest Management for Schools (See Chapter 2, What is Pest Management) http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ipm/schoolipm/ • U.S.
|
From page 194... ...
Because vegetation has the potential to attract wildlife that can pose a threat to aviation safety, airports should consult Table 1 of FAA AC 150/5200-33B, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants on or Near Airports, which details wildlife threats and associated hazard score. Not all airports are required to comply with the requirements; however the AC is a valuable tool when addressing wildlife attractants.
|
From page 195... ...
APPENDIX A-14 Property Transfer Practices Property transfer practices are intended to help airport operators identify past or existing environmental issues at a site and the potential effect these issues can have before, during, and after a property is transferred to an airport. If these issues are not investigated by the airport before a property is purchased, the property may be devalued and the airport may become liable for cleanup or remediation needs at the site.
|
From page 196... ...
Additional Resources • Former Fort Ord Environmental Cleanup -- Reports Under Review http://www.fortordcleanup.com/docreview/docreview.asp • ASTM E1527-05, Standard Practice for ESAs: Phase I ESA Process • ASTM E2247-08, Standard Practice for ESAs: Phase I ESA Process for Forestland or Rural Property • ASTM E1903-97, Standard Guide for ESAs: Phase II ESA Process • FAA Order 1050.19B, Environmental Due Diligence Audits in the Conduct of FAA Real Property Transactions Property-2: Perform Environmental Property Assessments Environmental property assessments, such as Phase I or Phase II ESAs, should be performed prior to property transfers to help protect an airport from buying property that may have existing environmental contamination. A Phase I or Phase II ESA may be required for NEPA compliance with some projects.
|
From page 197... ...
Property-3: Perform Detailed Review of Property Transfer Deed as it Pertains to Remediation for Environmental Contamination Prior to deciding to purchase a property, airports should negotiate with property owners and environmental resource agencies to identify the responsible parties in cases where future environmental remediation activities are anticipated. After negotiations have taken place and property deeds are drafted, a detailed review of the deed should be conducted by the airport prior to closing.
|
From page 198... ...
Additional Resources • Selection Of Carcinogenic Target Risk Levels For Soil And Groundwater Remediation by Mark Malander, Mobil Oil Corporation http://www.epa.gov/oust/rbdm/sctrlsgw.htm • Superfund Remediation Technologies http://www.epa.gov/superfund/remedytech/remed.htm • Superfund Characterization and Monitoring http://www.epa.gov/superfund/remedytech/char.htm Property-5: Implement Procedures and Practices to Prevent Environmental Contamination, Prevent Contamination from Spreading, or Remediate Site Airports must implement procedures to prevent environmental contamination from occurring. Daily procedures, such as monitoring usage from USTs, can be relatively easy to implement and help prevent costly soil or groundwater remediation.
|
From page 199... ...
APPENDIX A-15 Waste Minimization Practices Airport operations generate many different types of waste streams. As airport operators develop their understanding of how wastes are managed, there are opportunities to reduce the amount of wastes generated and increase recycling.
|
From page 200... ...
Waste-1: Understand the Airport's Waste Streams and Use Information to Facilitate Waste Reduction and Recycling Benefits • Increases understanding of airport operations • Increases opportunity for recycling • Simplifies waste collection • Reduces cost and better contract terms for waste hauling and disposal • Reduces volume of materials diverted to landfills Additional Resources • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Waste Inventory Sheet http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/permitprimer/solidwaste/waste_inventory_sheets.pdf Staffing Cost Effort Capital Knowledge Operational NC Frequency Savings Annually Waste-2: Conduct an Audit for Recyclable Materials and Establish an Airport-wide Recycling Program Airport departments, fixed-base operators, or tenants may have individual established recycling programs. However, consideration should be given to establishing an airport-wide recycling program that targets passengers, tenants, and airport-wide operations.
|
From page 201... ...
Once the airport identifies the most beneficial and cost-effective recycling options, the airport can negotiate hauling fees with a collection hauler. Generally, once the centralized waste and recycling management program is established, airport staffing needs are decreased.
|
From page 202... ...
Waste-4: Increase the Number of Recycling Containers and Locate Strategically Around Airport Airports can improve the collection of recyclables by increasing the number of available recycling containers for passengers, fixed-base operators, tenants, and airport employees. Before additional containers are purchased, airports should identify the types and volume of recyclable waste that is generated.
|
From page 203... ...
Waste-6: Establish a Centralized Waste and Recycling Management Program Airport operators, airport tenants, fixed-base operators, and their customers generate substantial volumes of waste and recyclable materials. Airport operators, airport tenants, and fixed-base operators may separately contract with waste hauling and disposal companies to manage waste from their respective facilities.
|
From page 204... ...
Benefits • Reduces cost for waste hauling and disposal • Reduces amount of materials diverted to landfills • Relatively easy to implement Additional Resources • EPA Developing and Implementing an Airport Recycling Program http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/rogo/documents/airport-recycling-guide.pdf • EPA How to Start a Recycling Program at your Airport http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/rrr/rogo/documents/airports.htm Waste-8: Utilize Waste Reducing Innovative Building Materials and Techniques There are a number of innovative building materials and techniques available to airports that can offer waste reducing benefits. For example, structural insulated panels are building materials that combine structural and insulating requirements into one.
|
From page 205... ...
• Potential LEED™ credit Additional Resources • EPA Green Building, Reducing Energy Use http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/ReduceEnergy.htm Waste-9: Establish a Food Waste Diversion Program Food waste may contribute significantly to an airport's waste generation. Examples of food waste include food scraps, cooking oil, and coffee grounds.
|
From page 206... ...
Waste-10: Establish a Food Donation Program Establishing an airport food donation program can help contribute leftover consumable food from airport restaurants or concessionaires to local food banks and the associated community. Some airports have developed a food donation program where pre-packaged and unused food from food and beverage vendors or airport employees can be donated.
|
From page 207... ...
Additional Resources • EPA Food Waste http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/materials/organics/food/index.htm Active Practices Active practices for waste minimization include those activities that, if implemented, could potentially result in direct reductions of airport wastes that are disposed of in a landfill. These practices may require the use of different types of materials, practices, or procedures compared to those being used at the airport today.
|
From page 208... ...
Waste-13: Implement Incentives to Minimize Plastics Airport concessionaires, restaurants, and businesses within terminal areas typically provide customers with packaging or bags that are made from plastic. Airport operators can reduce the amount of waste plastic generated by establishing a policy that provides minor economic incentives for plastic waste reduction.
|
From page 209... ...
Additional Resources • Recyclemania Competition http://www.recyclemaniacs.org/overview.htm Waste-15: Segregate and Recycle or Reuse Construction/Demolition Debris Construction and demolition debris consumes a major portion of landfill space due to the size and volumes of materials generated. Removal by waste haulers and disposal of these materials can also be extremely costly.
|
From page 210... ...
Benefits • Contributes to aesthetics of airport landscape • Beneficial reuse of materials • Benefits local community • Reduces amount of materials diverted to landfills Additional Resources • Value of Trees http://www.louisvilleky.gov/GoGreen/CommunityofTrees/ValueofTrees/ • King County, Washington Native Plant Salvage Program http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/stewardship/volunteer/plant-salvage-program.aspx Waste-17: Recycle Hot-drained or Crushed Non-terne Plated Used Oil Filters Used oil filters may be generated from airport vehicle and equipment maintenance activities. Oil filters are either terne plated or non-terne plated.
|
From page 211... ...
APPENDIX A-16 Hazardous/Universal Wastes, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Used Oil Practices Certain wastes generated from airports may require special handling and disposal based on waste type, disposal method, and associated regulatory requirements. These wastes include hazardous wastes, universal wastes, and used oil.
|
From page 212... ...
• EPA EPP Program http://www.epa.gov/epp/ Haz Waste-2: Utilize Vendors that Reclaim Products If a hazardous waste is generated and disposed, it must be disposed of in accordance with the hazardous waste regulatory requirements. However, there are opportunities for airports to minimize the volume of hazardous wastes that are generated by contracting with vendors that collect and reclaim/recycle these types of materials.
|
From page 213... ...
Benefits • Documents information available during airport planning • Identifies locations of PCB-containing equipment Additional Resources • EPA PCBs http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/index.htm Haz Waste-4: Institute a Universal Waste Handling and Disposal Policy Wastes that are regulated under the Universal Waste Rule include batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (including thermostats) , and lamps, all of which may be found at airports.
|
From page 214... ...
Haz Waste-5: Recycle Used Oil Used oil is often generated from aircraft, vehicle, and equipment maintenance activities. The used oils (e.g., engine oil, brake fluid, transmission fluid, hydraulic fluid, insulating oils, etc.)
|
From page 215... ...
Benefits • Beneficial reuse of materials • Energy cost savings Additional Resources • EPA Used Oil Management Program http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/usedoil/index.htm • American Petroleum Institute Used Motor Oil Collection and Recycling http://www.recycleoil.org/ Appendix A 215
|
From page 216... ...
APPENDIX A-17 Deicer Runoff Management Practices Aircraft and pavement deicer application can be widespread at an airport affecting most drainage areas. Deicing chemicals may be discharged into streams, coastal waters, rivers, and lakes when snow melts or rain washes them into the storm water drainage system.
|
From page 217... ...
Source Reduction Deicer-1: Encourage Tenant Proactive Anti-icing to Reduce Aircraft Deicing Fluid Usage Post Winter Weather Event Utilizing anti-icer prior to or during a winter event can prevent the buildup of ice and snow on an aircraft, reducing the amount of deicer needed to remove snow and ice prior to departure. Annual winter operations meetings with tenants provide good opportunities to encourage them to utilize antiicer to reduce deicer usage after a winter event.
|
From page 218... ...
can be mixed on the trucks. Annual winter operations meetings with tenants provide good opportunities to provide information about high efficiency deicing trucks and efficient mixing opportunities.
|
From page 219... ...
Deicer-4: Utilize Low Toxicity/Low Biochemical Oxygen Demand Deicing Materials There are many products available for aircraft and pavement deicing. Some products are more environmentally friendly than others.
|
From page 220... ...
from the pavement could be sufficient to satisfy NPDES permit requirements without investing in complex and expensive infrastructure improvements. Collecting the spent deicer close to the application source minimizes the amount of deicer that reaches storm drains and mixes with storm water from other areas.
|
From page 221... ...
Benefits • Reduces the amount of snow contaminated with deicer • Improves water quality in receiving streams • Facilitates compliance with a NPDES System permit Additional Resources • ACRP Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Deicer-7: Construct Innovative Deicing Facilities During winter events aircraft deicer may be applied in many areas around an airport including on ramps, around the terminal, and at the hold pads. Providing centralized deicing locations minimizes the areas impacted by deicing activities, thereby minimizing the storm water impacted by deicing activities.
|
From page 222... ...
Treatment and Disposal Deicer-8: Process Spent Deicer on Site Requirements in NPDES permits necessitate collection of storm water runoff contaminated with aircraft deicers at many airports. Typically this collected runoff is discharged to the local municipal sanitary sewer system, and discharge fees are often dependent on the amount of biochemical oxygen demand load in the runoff.
|
From page 223... ...
APPENDIX A-18 Water Conservation Practices By investing in controls to reduce water use and recycle water, airports not only reduce consumption of a limited resource but also save money. The following water conservation practices will assist with reducing water usage and increase the reuse of water at airports: • Use Reduction Install Automatic Sensors on Faucets to Conserve Water Install Waterless Urinals Install Pressure-assisted Toilets to Conserve Water Usage Install Low-flow Plumbing Fixtures in Facilities Reduce Potable Water Used in Irrigation Systems by Limiting Irrigation Frequency and Duration Use High Pressure Nozzles in Car Washes and for Aircraft Washing Use Synthetic Grass in Landscaping • Potable Water Recycling Implement a Water Reclamation System in Airport Car/Aircraft Wash Area Recycle Used Non-Potable Water • Other Conservation Practices Install Metering Networks to Facilitate Accurate Measurement of Water Use Protect Drinking Water Supply Develop a Water Management Plan Use Reduction Water Conservation-1: Install Automatic Sensors on Faucets to Conserve Water Installing automatic sensors on faucets is a relatively easy way to save water.
|
From page 224... ...
• New Mexico's Water Conservation Guide http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/DEPUTATE/POLLPREV/Iso14001/Tools/Facility%20Environmental %20Issues%20Toolbox/WU%20Water%20Use/WU2,%20WU5,%20WU9%20Water%20Conservati on%20Guide.pdf Water Conservation-2: Install Waterless Urinals Instead of flushing waste with potable water in a traditional urinal, waterless urinals allow waste to pass through a filter that collects solids and lets liquids pass through to the sanitary sewer. The filter, changed monthly, contains an odor barrier to prevent sewer gas from backing up through the urinal.
|
From page 225... ...
Additional Resources • New Mexico's Water Conservation Guide http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/DEPUTATE/POLLPREV/Iso14001/Tools/Facility%20Environmental %20Issues%20Toolbox/WU%20Water%20Use/WU2,%20WU5,%20WU9%20Water%20Conservati on%20Guide.pdf • EPA WaterSense http://www.epa.gov/watersense/ Water Conservation-4: Install Low-flow Plumbing Fixtures in Facilities Faucets, toilets, and showerheads can be replaced or retrofitted to facilitate water reductions. Existing faucets can be retrofitted with low flow faucet aerators.
|
From page 226... ...
Limiting irrigation can save money and water without sacrificing the look of the landscaping, grass or infield areas. Most grasses only require a small amount of water per week.
|
From page 227... ...
Water Conservation-7: Use Synthetic Grass in Landscaping Benefits • Eliminates air and noise emissions associated with grass mowing • Increases water quality from reduced lawn care chemicals in runoff • Reduces water usage for irrigation Additional Resources • Fresno Yosemite International Airport http://www.fresno.gov/DiscoverFresno/Airports/default.htm Potable Water Recycling Water Conservation-8: Implement a Water Reclamation System in Airport Car/Aircraft Wash Area Some systems utilize filters that may need to be cleaned, inspected or replaced, and other systems utilize mechanical means of removing solids that do not require maintenance. Car/aircraft wash reclamation systems reduce the amount of potable water used by the system, and the volume of water discharged to the sanitary system.
|
From page 228... ...
• New Mexico's Water Conservation Guide http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/DEPUTATE/POLLPREV/Iso14001/Tools/Facility%20Environmental %20Issues%20Toolbox/WU%20Water%20Use/WU2,%20WU5,%20WU9%20Water%20Conservati on%20Guide.pdf Water Conservation-9: Recycle Used Non-Potable Water Used potable water, or grey water, can be reused for purposes where non-potable water is acceptable. Gray water refers to water that is not clean enough to be considered potable water, and is not dirty enough to be considered sewage.
|
From page 229... ...
opportunities for water use reduction. Metering networks can also help an airport appropriately allocate the cost of potable water.
|
From page 230... ...
Water Conservation-12: Develop a Water Management Plan A water management plan can be used to track water management goals (e.g., protection of drinking water supply, reducing water use by 15%, or increasing recycled potable water use by 50%) , educate staff on initiatives, and provide a framework for implementing initiatives.
|
From page 231... ...
APPENDIX A-19 Construction Storm Water Discharge Practices Construction projects at airports often disturb large areas, involve the use of equipment that may leak fuels and oils, and, if not properly managed, can result in significant erosion and sediment problems. Additionally, construction is often conducted by contractors and not airport employees, making it all the more difficult to enforce good storm water practices.
|
From page 232... ...
Additional Resources • EPA Storm Water BMPs http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm • Naples Airport Authority www.flynaples.com Construction SW-2: Strategically Locate Construction Traffic Areas, Construction Lay-down Areas, and Stockpiles Airports should consider the following general practices to reduce the impact of construction on receiving waters. Limit construction traffic as well as construction laydown areas and stockpiles to locations that will be paved as part of the construction.
|
From page 233... ...
Construction SW-3: Control Erosion and Sedimentation Through the Use of Earth Dikes, Silt Fences, Sediment Traps, and/or Sediment Basins Earth dikes, silt fences, sediment traps, and/or sediment basins can be used on airport construction projects to control soil erosion and sedimentation. Earth dikes are used to direct runoff on a construction site.
|
From page 234... ...
and the overall quality of storm water from the site. If a significant amount of impervious surface will be added as part of a project, or if storm water drainage will be changed that would cause faster movement of storm water from the site, studies may need to be conducted to assure that these changes will not result in flooding downstream, and storm water detention areas may need to be added to prevent downstream flooding.
|
From page 235... ...
Airports should conduct independent inspections of their contractor's construction storm water BMPs to ensure the BMPs are functioning as required. Inspections should be conducted during wet weather events to identify repairs or maintenance needs.
|
From page 236... ...
APPENDIX A-20 Industrial Storm Water Discharge Practices Airports and their tenants engage in a number of industrial activities that have the potential to adversely affect storm water, including vehicle and aircraft fueling, maintenance, deicing, and washing. Implementing practices and procedures to minimize the risk of leaks and spills from reaching the storm water system will reduce the likelihood of costly spill response and remediation.
|
From page 237... ...
Industrial SW-2: Provide General Aviation Tenants with Sump Fuel Disposal Containers Benefits • Prevents sump fuel discharges to storm water • Educates tenants on pollution prevention Additional Resources • • Naples Airport Authority http://www.flynaples.com/images/docs/general/final%20sustainability%20plan%205-14-09.pdf • Scottsdale Airport http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/Assets/Public+Website/airport/AirportNewsletterApr-Jun2002.pdf Industrial SW-3: Store Materials and Waste in Areas Sheltered from Rain and Runoff Airports should consider implementing the following practices to reduce the potential for materials stored outside without cover or containment to be washed into storm water inlets during storm events. When possible, materials and storage containers should be moved indoors, away from doors and storm drains.
|
From page 238... ...
Industrial SW-4: Perform Outdoor Maintenance and Store Equipment in a Designated Paved Area An airport's maintenance and storage of equipment should be conducted outdoors only when indoor maintenance is infeasible, and it should be conducted in such a way as to minimize the potential impact on storm water. Maintenance activities should be conducted on impervious pavement, and should not be conducted during storm events whenever possible to prevent leaks and spills from being washed into storm drains.
|
From page 239... ...
Alternatively, a sanitary sewer connection could also be constructed in the wash pad area. A valve would be used to direct wash water to the sanitary sewer during washing activities, but allow storm water runoff to the storm system when no washing activities are occurring.
|
From page 240... ...
Industrial SW-7: Provide Training and Access to Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan Airports with a SWPPP should keep updated copies of the plan in aircraft hangars, maintenance areas, materials storage areas, fueling areas, and deicing areas so that it is easily accessible for reference when needed. Conducting annual SWPPP training is a requirement of many NPDES permits.
|
From page 241... ...
APPENDIX A-21 Storm Water Quantity Management Practices Airports encompass large areas, resulting in the generation of large quantities of storm water runoff. For safety reasons, runoff must drain quickly from airport surfaces and, as a result, airports can contribute to downstream flooding.
|
From page 242... ...
• Locating them away from the ends of runways • Sizing the outlet structures such that the ponds drain within 24 to 48 hours • Considering enclosed storage by constructing tanks or covered basins Benefits • Reduces the occurrence of flooding on and downstream of the airport Additional Resources • EPA storm water BMPs http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm • South Bend Regional Airport http://sbnair.com/ SW Quantity-2: Use Other Properties for Regional Storm Water Infiltration When planning new projects, airports should consider the amount of impervious surface to be created as part of the project. Impervious surfaces prevent runoff from infiltrating into the soil and recharging groundwater.
|
From page 243... ...
SW Quantity-3: Utilize Pervious Pavement Parking lots and areas not requiring aircraft-rated concrete can be constructed of pervious pavement. Pervious pavement provides a means for runoff to infiltrate through the concrete and seep into the ground, reducing the runoff into the storm water drainage system and recharging the groundwater.
|
From page 244... ...
Benefits • Decreases impervious surface area at the airport • Reduces volume of storm water runoff • Increases infiltration and recharging of groundwater • Reduces sediment and dissolved and suspended solids in runoff • Increases likelihood of responding to spills and leaks before they reach receiving streams • Reduces flooding Additional Resources • Green Roofs for Healthy Cities www.greenroofs.org • National Ready Mixed Concrete Association www.perviouspavement.org • U.S. Green Building Council www.usgbc.org • Storm water Authority www.stormwaterauthority.org SW Quantity-5: Develop Storm Water Collection and Rain Harvesting Systems for Treatment Prior to Reuse or Discharge Rain harvesting is collecting rain water from roofs, storing it, and then using it in place of potable water.
|
From page 245... ...
SW Quantity-6: Construct Innovative Technologies to Reduce Storm Water Runoff Reducing the amount or rate of storm water runoff from an airport can reduce the chance of downstream flooding, reduce soil erosion, and, consequently, the dissolved and suspended solids in the runoff. Reducing the velocity at which runoff leaves airport property also provides more opportunity to identify and capture spills before they reach receiving streams.
|
From page 246... ...
Additional Resources • Chapter 4, Part 2 (Urban Runoff) , of the EPA's Guidance Specifying Management for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters, January 1993 (Document No.
|
From page 247... ...
SW Quantity-8: Repair Wastewater Conveyance Systems By repairing or replacing old sanitary sewer pipes, an airport can minimize the amount of groundwater that infiltrates into the sewer system. By minimizing groundwater in sanitary or combined sewer lines, an airport can reduce the amount of clean groundwater that is treated by the local POTW.
|
From page 248... ...
APPENDIX A-22 Storm Water Quality Protection Practices In addition to the storm water discharge practices applicable to industrial activities described in Appendix A-20, other airport activities, like construction and landscaping, also have the potential to impact storm water quality. Implementing practices for soil disturbed as part of construction, and efficient landscaping techniques protects storm water quality and may save the airport money.
|
From page 249... ...
SW Quality-2: Protect Topsoil During site disturbance activities, stockpiling topsoil separately from other excavated materials will protect it Applying about four inches of topsoil after final grading provides a better growing media for new vegetation than less fertile materials excavated from below the topsoil. Use of topsoil promotes soil stabilization, which reduces erosion and sedimentation.
|
From page 250... ...
• EPA Storm Water BMPs http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm SW Quality-4: Install Energy-efficient Water Aerators to Maintain Water Quality In ponds where water does not circulate, oxygen concentrations decrease and the water stagnates. Water aerators, like pond fountains, help to infuse oxygen into the water.
|
From page 251... ...
APPENDIX A-23 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Practices Airports can lessen their dependence on energy by considering energy efficient and/or renewable energy practices. These practices encompass a broad array of activities.
|
From page 252... ...
Install On-site Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems Use Snow as an Energy Source Install Small-capacity Solar Power Systems Use Solar Trombe Walls for Passive Solar Heating Alternative Transportation Energy-1: Implement Transit-first Policy for Employees, Passengers and Other Airport Users Airports can adopt a transit-first policy that prioritizes investments, design, and promotion of high-occupancy vehicle lanes and facilities before single-occupancy vehicles. The transit-first policy may encourage smart growth/complete street development.
|
From page 253... ...
Additional Resources • American Public Transportation Association's It Pays To Ride Public Transportation http://www.publictransportation.org/pdf/reports/pays_to_ride.pdf Energy-3: Encourage Bicycle Commuting and Use for On-airport Transportation Benefits • Encourages and improves health and wellness • Reduces air emissions Additional Resources • Bike to Work at O'Hare International Airport http://www.flychicago.com/environment/OhareBiketoWork.shtm • The Baltimore Metropolitan Council and Baltimore Regional Transportation Board's Employer Guide to Bicycle Commuting http://www.baltometro.org/downloadables/bike/BikeCommuterGuide_Employers.pdf Airport Lighting Lighting upgrades are particularly important because the energy consumed by lighting is costly. There have been many recent technological advances with lighting and lighting systems which reduce air emissions as well as energy consumption and costs.
|
From page 254... ...
Benefits • Reduces energy consumption and costs • Reduces light pollution Additional Resources • Misawa Saves Energy at the Flip of a Switch http://www.misawa.af.mil/news/story.asp? id=123174569 Energy-5: Monitor or Inspect Interior and Exterior Lighting System Regularly to Maintain Proper Illumination and Minimize Off-site Impacts Regular monitoring of lighting systems can ensure the lighting systems are operating efficiently.
|
From page 255... ...
Benefits • Reduces energy consumption and costs • Potential for short-term ROI • Improved employee and passenger satisfaction/well-being Additional Resources • Natural Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php Energy-7: Utilize Energy-efficient Lighting Due to the many lighting requirements at airports, from airfields to terminal and administrative spaces, airport lighting is a large source of energy and indirect source of GHG emissions. However, there exist many energy efficient lighting technologies that result in short (one to two year)
|
From page 256... ...
Airfield and Roadway Lighting For roadways, runways, taxiways, apron areas, and obstructions (as applicable) , airports should use energy-efficient lighting and signals (note that only FAA-approved LED or quartz lighting for runways and taxiways are eligible for FAA funding)
|
From page 257... ...
Energy Efficiency Energy-8: Develop and Implement an Energy Conservation/Efficiency Plan Developing an energy conservation/efficiency plan can address many different stages of airport development. For new construction, the plan could establish design standards for energy conservation, which may include purchasing Energy Star products (for additional information, see Energy-15)
|
From page 258... ...
Energy-9: Work with Airlines to Group Flights in a Given Part of a Concourse during Non-peak Hours Consolidating flights in one part of a concourse allows an airport to reduce use of air conditioning and lighting in the unused portion of the concourse. Since non-peak hours traditionally have less passenger traffic, there is likely more flexibility to consolidate the flights during these times.
|
From page 259... ...
Energy-11: Develop an Operation and Maintenance Manual Investments in energy-efficient improvements can be costly. One way for an airport to help reduce energy costs is to develop a comprehensive Operation and Maintenance manual that includes record logs for all systems and operations.
|
From page 260... ...
Benefits • Optimizes the performance of building systems • Reduces energy consumption and costs • Reduces GHG emissions • Reduces maintenance downtime and repair costs Additional Resources • ACRP Project 11-02, "Model for Improving Energy Use in U.S. Airport Facilities" http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rrd_002.pdf • Evan Mills (2009)
|
From page 261... ...
Energy-14: Utilize Prefabricated Equipment Give preference to off-site, prefabricated assemblies, which avoid the need for on-site fabrication equipment. Purchase precut and prefabricated components when available to reduce waste, noise and air emissions, dust, and other inconveniences resulting from on-site construction.
|
From page 262... ...
Energy-16: Utilize Thermal Energy Storage to Aid with Air Chilling Air conditioning systems are often some of the most significant contributors to high energy loads at airports during warm months of the year. Thermal energy storage systems optimize energy use of air conditioning systems by running the system's chiller during off-peak nighttime hours, when electricity is often cheaper and outdoor temperatures are lower.
|
From page 263... ...
efficient, having the ability to absorb up to 87% of the sun's energy, depending on the type of system used according to Walker (14)
|
From page 264... ...
more energy efficient than conventional heating systems because they are not constantly maintaining a hot water supply. According to manufacturers, these systems can reduce energy costs 20-30% when compared to conventional heating systems.
|
From page 265... ...
Energy-20: Track Energy Use Airports can track energy use as a performance measure, using an initial assessment as an energy baseline. Understanding energy usage can help an airport identify trends and opportunities to reduce energy consumption and associated costs.
|
From page 266... ...
Benefits • Systematic environmental improvements that lead to improved efficiency • Prioritize environmental initiatives • Document and report environmental improvements Additional Resources • Westchester County Airport http://airport.westchestergov.com/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=2564&Itemid=4424 • Peercenter.net Energy-22: Track Sustainability Elements in Construction Projects Airports should consider developing sustainability standards and establishing metrics for construction projects.
|
From page 267... ...
Renewable Energy Energy-24: Install Solar Energy-powered Roadway Signs or Airfield Lighting Solar lighting is energy-efficient and a reliable source for powering roadway signs. When combined with LED lighting, there is a significant savings in energy costs, but also maintenance costs.
|
From page 268... ...
Benefits • Reduces energy consumption and costs • Reduces environmental impacts Additional Resources • Cogeneration and Competitive Power Journal volume 13(1) (April 1, 1998)
|
From page 269... ...
Airports should evaluate existing and emerging regulations to determine if renewable energy systems can be installed as part of the local grid. An energy consultant or utility provider could conduct a feasibility study which would include reviewing the renewable energy sources available to the airport, then would make recommendations based on cost, value, and feasibility.
|
From page 270... ...
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial/onsite_renew_energy.html • Vermont Hosts First On-site Airport Installation of Wind Turbine http://www.ecoseed.org/en/general-green-news/renewable-energy/wind-energy/small-wind/5760• Vermont-hosts-first-on-site-airport-installation-of-wind-turbine Energy-29: Use Snow as an Energy Source A developing technology is snow-based cooling systems. The systems use snow collected during the winter to chill the liquid used for the cooling system in the summer.
|
From page 271... ...
Energy-31: Use Solar Trombe Walls for Passive Solar Heating A trombe wall is a thick wall that faces the sun and acts as a solar thermal collector. The sun heats the wall which helps reduce thermal losses, then during the night when temperatures drop, heat emits from the wall into the building.
|
From page 272... ...
APPENDIX A-24 Administration and Policy Practices The practices described in the following sections will assist airports with common administration and policy activities. The administration and policy practices summarized below do not have regulatory requirements, but there are additional resources available.
|
From page 273... ...
Administration/Policies Admin and Policy-1: Perform Pre- and Post-tenant Facility Environmental Inspections An airport could arrange to perform pre- and post-tenant facility environmental inspections to identify potential environmental impacts, and to facilitate remediation of impacts upon the tenant's departure. These inspections could be performed by an independent environmental professional, in coordination with ASTM, the EPA All Appropriate Inquiries rule (40 CFR Part 312)
|
From page 274... ...
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Admin and Policy-3: Establish an Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program Airports should consider implementing an EPP Program to find and evaluate sustainable products and services. EPP, as defined by the EPA, helps the federal government "buy green", resulting in market demand for green products and services.
|
From page 275... ...
Benefits • Reduces fuel usage and air emissions • Increases community relations • Benefits the local economy Admin and Policy-5: Specify Environmentally Preferable Materials Airports should specify more durable, longer lasting materials and finishes to extend material life and reduce maintenance requirements. Avoid products, materials, and equipment that require frequent replacement or regular maintenance to reduce future waste.
|
From page 276... ...
Admin and Policy-6: Purchase Environmentally Preferable Supplies for Administration Activities According to the EPA, environmentally preferred office supplies should be non-toxic, recyclable, made from recycled content, remanufactured, and/or reusable. Fairtrade imports are also preferred.
|
From page 277... ...
Admin and Policy-8: Purchase and Install Recycled Furniture Office and other furniture typically have a long lifespan and worn furniture can often be refurbished and reused. Purchasing recycled furniture could save airports as much as 50% when compared to purchasing new furniture, even more if the airport restores existing furniture.
|
From page 278... ...
Admin and Policy-10: Reuse Materials or Use Materials with Recycled Content; Sourced Locally/Regionally; and/or Made of Rapidly Renewable Resources, Certified Wood, or Salvaged Materials Establishing project goals for construction sustainability initiatives, such as recycled content goals, will promote sustainable airport activities. Recycled materials, locally produced materials, and renewable resources are sustainable initiatives airports should consider when designing construction projects.
|
From page 279... ...
development, and consultant teams can review the information to help identify the most cost-effective and efficient practices or materials to meet their needs. Benefits • Potential for implementing energy efficient building practices • Potential for reduced energy costs • Potential LEED credit Additional Resources • ASTM E2129-05, Standard Practice of Data Collection for Sustainability Assessment of Building Products • EPA Green Purchasing Guidelines • SAGA, Sustainability Database • Chicago O'Hare International Airport, Modernization Program and Sustainable Airport Manual Climate Change Admin and Policy-12: Evaluate and Prepare for Changing Climate Conditions Such as More Intense Storms, More Frequent Flooding, and Temperature Increase To prepare for the potential impacts of climate change, airports can first seek to understand the effects of climate change in their region.
|
From page 280... ...
• U.S. Global Change Research Program: Global Climate Change Impacts in the U.S.
|
From page 281... ...
Some of the practices listed in Appendix A of this Guidebook present potential elements for an airport to include in its design guidelines. Benefits • Establishes guidelines for planning, design, and construction • Sets minimum requirements for design projects Additional Resources • City of Chicago, O'Hare Modernization Program Sustainable Design Manual http://www.acec.org/advocacy/committees/pdf/eec0808_omp_manual.pdf • Los Angeles World Airports Sustainable Airport Planning, Design and Construction Guidelines http://www.airports.ci.la.ca.us/uploadedFiles/LAWA/pdf/Sustainable%20Airport%20PDC% 20Guidelines%20Jan08.pdf Admin and Policy-15: Establish a Sustainability Team/Committee Airports implementing a sustainability plan should establish a sustainability oversight committee to identify, guide and direct sustainability efforts.
|
From page 282... ...
Additional Resources • The SAGA Sustainable Aviation Resource Guide http://www.airportsustainability.org/sites/default/files/SAGA%20Final2.pdf Admin and Policy-16: Integrate All Airport Departments in Sustainability Planning Integrate sustainability planning into airport departments, including procurement, operations, facilities, ground transportation, real estate/community relations, legal, and other departments the airport may have. The departments may have similar sustainability initiatives, and it is important to make sure all of the departments coordinate their efforts, which may be a role for one of the sustainability teams.
|
From page 283... ...
Additional Resources • N.C. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance, A Checklist for Office Sustainability http://www.p2pays.org/ref/05/04040.pdf Admin and Policy-18: Establish a "Sustainable Meetings" Policy Although this practice could be considered part of a Sustainable Office Program, airports may decide to implement this practice independent from a more comprehensive office-wide program.
|
From page 284... ...
284 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports Benefits • Increases staff knowledge and comprehension of sustainability initiatives Additional Resources • U.S. Green Building Council – LEED Accreditation http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.