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From page 29... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 25 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Evaluation Tools The literature review identified many evaluation tools applicable to transit access planning. Some of these tools were developed with transit access specifically in mind, while others were developed for other applications but can be applied to specific aspects of transit access. There is considerable research on access mode choice, which shows that individual characteristics as well as built environment characteristics are important. Both aggregate and disaggregate models have been developed, based on data availability. Transit agencies may use these models to estimate access mode shares under proposed development or improvement scenarios. Willson and Menotti (2007) Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 26 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Summary: This guidebook describes evaluation tools (performance measures) Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 27 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Part 3 of the manual discusses station access as part of transit service coverage. It describes walk‐ access distance, street connectivity, bicycle‐access distance, bicycle storage at stations and on‐ board transit vehicles, the roadway environments in which pedestrians and bicyclists must travel to reach transit, characteristics of park‐and‐ride users, types of park‐and‐ride facilities, and market areas for park‐and‐ride lots (i.e., "catchment areas") Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 28 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon generation; 2) Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 29 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Auto Transit Bike Pedestrian Summary: This paper presents a method for testing the impacts of alternative station development scenarios, with an emphasis on assessing the trade‐offs associated with providing commuter parking versus encouraging transit‐oriented development. The model was developed by BART for planning applications, to develop an objective method for considering impact of lost parking capacity through transit‐oriented development in BART station areas. The model assesses both the impact of the development scenario on transit ridership and the financial impact to BART. Ridership impacts include both lost riders from reduced parking and new riders gained through transit‐oriented development. Financial impacts include changes in parking revenue and the ability of new development to pay for itself through rent. Thirteen total model inputs are used, including current access mode shares, parking costs, elasticities, and land values. The model was created as a spreadsheet‐based methodology. The paper concludes with a case study where the model is used to assess the impacts of three alternative development scenarios at the MacArthur BART Station: • Medium‐intensity development with full replacement parking • Medium‐intensity development with partial replacement parking • High‐intensity development with partial replacement parking The results of the case study showed that the high‐intensity development had the largest increase in ridership and the largest increase in net revenues. The increase in revenues occurred despite the need for BART financing of improved non‐auto access (e.g. feeder buses and pedestrian improvements) Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 30 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE Richard Dowling, David Reinke, Aimee Flannery, Paul Ryus, Mark Vandehey, Theo Petritsch, Bruce Landis, Nagui Rouphail, James Bonneson, NCHRP Report 616: Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets, 2008 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Evaluation Tools Line‐Haul Mode(s) Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 31 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon and a landscaped strip between the sidewalk and the street. The method also enables the analyst to compute the before and after levels of service for auto, bus, bicycle, and pedestrians. Comments: This resource can be helpful in transit access planning in a number of ways, by allowing agencies to evaluate existing pedestrian and bicycle facilities, and assess the impacts of proposed changes. It also includes the outcomes of the studies that the researchers reviewed as well as outcomes from their own field data collection. For professionals, the report is detailed and reads almost like a manual. Every step is documented, and the method and intentions are explained. However the technical nature of the report may make it more difficult for transit agencies to apply the methodology. Also, while the report provides some conclusions, it is more focused on the data collection and model calibration than interpreting the results. The report is also unique in that it looks at each mode's different LOS models and makes a recommendation for which one to use. Furthermore Chapter 9 takes each recommended LOS model and combines them to create an integrated model that shows the overlap and conflicts of all of the modes' LOS models. The integrated model compares and contrasts each mode in a matrix showing the overlap in characteristics and data that is necessary. Schwartz, Porter, Payne, Suhrbier, Moe, and Wilkinson, Guidebook on Methods to Estimate Non-motorized Travel, 1999 Applicable Guidebook Sections: Evaluation Tools Case Study Line‐Haul Mode(s) Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 32 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon o Comparison studies o Aggregate behavior studies o Sketch plan methods o Discrete choice methods o Regional travel models • Relative demand potential o Market analysis o Facility demand potential • Supply quality analysis o Bicycle and pedestrian compatibility measures o Environment factors • Supporting Tools and Techniques o Geographic information systems (GIS) Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 33 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon blocks (approximately 900 feet) Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 34 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon The results of the survey are also interesting for the results showing access distance by mode. At distances of less than 0.5 miles, walk trips dominated access. Auto access reached 50% at approximately 0.75 miles and accounted for over 90% of access trips at distances over 2 miles. Bicycle access peaked at distances between 1 and 1.25 miles. Comments: It is unclear why the authors estimated two separate mode choice models (Auto vs. Bike, Auto vs. Walk) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 35 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon walking. Conversely, higher crime levels at the station reducing the likelihood of either walking or taking the bus for females. Comments: Unfortunately, variables reflecting the quality of the pedestrian environment (e.g. sidewalks, traffic volumes, intersection density) Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 36 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon diversity, provision of sidewalks, and intersection density were all correlated with the choice to walk. Shorter walk times were also highly correlated with the decision to walk. In the disaggregate model, density was not a factor in the choice to walk to the station, indicating that in aggregate models density is simply a proxy for the number of people living within easy walking distance. Comments: The findings that urban design is strongly correlated with the decision to access transit by walking indicate that improving station area design to make it more pedestrian friendly has the potential to significantly increase walk access trips. Thus, better pedestrian facilities may provide a relatively cheap method of increasing ridership, compared to increasing parking supply or transit feeder service. Interestingly, results of the BART survey showed that walking was the primary access mode for trips up to 5/8 of a mile, which is somewhat higher than the ½ typically cited in the literature for pedestrian trips. Loutzenheiser, Pedestrian access to transit: model of walk trips and their design and urban form determinants around Bay Area Rapid Transit stations, 1997 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Factors that affect access decisions • Evaluation tools Line‐Haul Mode(s) Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 37 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Finally he created a third model joining the aggregated station area characteristics data with the individual socio‐economic data. He found that disaggregated socio‐economic variables dominantly entered the model, and the aggregated built environment variables were left out. After controlling for the socio‐economic variables, Loutzenheiser's study managed to find that substantial parking space at the station was major deterrents to walking, while retail around the station encouraged walking INTERNATIONAL Moshe and Rietveld, The access journey to the railway station and its role in passengers' satisfaction with rail travel, 2007 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Factors that affect access decisions • Evaluation tools Line‐Haul Mode(s) Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 38 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon agencies to improve passenger satisfaction and ridership. This is important, as access improvements are often less costly than operational improvements. Comments: While there are numerous reasons for the Dutch propensity to cycle that are not directly transferable to the United States, the results of the survey indicate that cycling can be a preferred option for transit access given the right set of policies and facilities (see Pucher 2007) Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 39 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Tsamboulas, Golias and Vlahoyannis, Model development for metro station access mode choice, 1992 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Factors that affect access decisions • Evaluation tools Line‐Haul Mode(s) Read the entire page →

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... TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 25 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Evaluation Tools The literature review identified many evaluation tools applicable to transit access planning. Some of these tools were developed with transit access specifically in mind, while others were developed for other applications but can be applied to specific aspects of transit access. There is considerable research on access mode choice, which shows that individual characteristics as well as built environment characteristics are important. Both aggregate and disaggregate models have been developed, based on data availability. Transit agencies may use these models to estimate access mode shares under proposed development or improvement scenarios. Willson and Menotti (2007)