Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations (2009) / Chapter Skim
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 56 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Park-and-Ride/Kiss-and-Ride Park‐and‐ride facilities provide a large portion of ridership for many high‐capacity transit systems, and will likely continue to play a large role for the foreseeable future to maximize transit ridership and availability. The success of park & ride is determined by many factors, including parking availability and ease of other access modes. Where parking demand exceeds capacity, research shows that parking pricing and TDM measures can encourage auto drivers to switch to other access modes, but can run the risk of reducing ridership if not priced appropriately. While advanced parking management has not been shown to increase ridership significantly in the short‐term, it does benefit customer satisfaction, which may have long‐term benefits. Compared to park‐and‐ride, there is a smaller focus on kiss‐and‐ride service. However, the available research indicates that this may be a relatively untapped market for transit agencies with potentially high benefits at low costs. RESEARCH Turnbull, Pratt, Evans, and Levinson, TCRP Report 95: Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, Chapter 3 – Park & Ride/Pool, 2004 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Description of access alternatives and access issues • Factors that affect access decisions Line‐Haul Mode(s)
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 57 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Transit mode−specific assessments are included in the report. These assessments address parking space utilization and turnover, driving distance to park‐and‐ride/pools, parking costs, characteristics of park‐and‐ride/pool users and their trips, characteristics of the transit services that serve park‐and‐rides, and other factors that contribute to use of park‐and‐ride/pools. Other assessments relevant to TCRP B‐38 address the following: • Park‐and‐ride/pool access distance and location • Park‐and‐ride/pool environment (e.g., congestion, visibility, lot spacing, surrounding density, and ease of access)
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 58 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon The authors employed direct ridership models to assess the effects of TOD on ridership and access mode share. The models forecast the individual effects of TOD, parking supply, and bus service on BART boardings and modes of access and egress. These were based on statistical analyses of existing BART ridership to correlate station‐by‐station ridership with station‐area parking, bus service, TOD households and employment, and other factors. To evaluate the ridership effects of replacing parking spaces with TOD, the model identified a "balance‐point" which represents the parking replacement rate required to maintain the existing number of boardings when adding TOD at the station. On average, this rate was found to be 80 percent parking replacement. Ultimately, the study determined that Direct Ridership Models can quantify the relationship between ridership and station area land use, parking, and levels of feeder transit service. They can also be used to predict ridership and levels of access and egress. Lastly, in the case of BART's A‐Line, the models indicated that intensification of land use can increase ridership even without any expansion to station parking, but that parking increases are needed in order to keep pace with population growth beyond the immediate station vicinity. Dueker, et.
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 59 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon 3. Expanding meters and accompanying residential permit programs 4. Parking impact fees 5. Changes in zoning ordinances to restrict parking supply (through various mechanisms)
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 60 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guide to Park-and-Ride Facilities, 2004 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Access issues and agencies • Guidelines for transit access • Factors that affect access decisions Line‐Haul Mode(s)
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 61 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Weant and Levinson, Parking, 1999 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Park‐and‐ride Line‐Haul Mode(s)
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 62 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon CASE STUDIES Rephlo, Haas, Feast, and Newton, Evaluation of Transit Applications of Advanced Parking Management Systems Final Evaluation Report, 2008 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Description of access alternatives and access issues • Factors that affect access decisions • Case study Line‐Haul Mode(s)
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From page 67... ...
TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 63 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Description of access alternatives and access issues • Factors that affect access decisions • Case study Line‐Haul Mode(s)
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From page 68... ...
TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 64 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon As a result, all of the conclusions are of a qualitative nature; additional research into these stations would be required to draw definitive conclusions. Levinson, Planning Transit Facility Parking for the Boston Metropolitan Area, 1976 Applicable Guidebook Sections: • Description of access alternatives and access issues • Evaluation tools • Case study Line‐Haul Mode(s)
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