U.S. and International Approaches to Performance Measurement for Transportation Systems (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 107-144
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109 RESOURCE PAPER Multimodal Trade- Off Analysis for Planning and Programming Kimberly Spence, Commonwealth of Virginia Mary Lynn Tischer, Commonwealth of Virginia This paper reviews existing methodologies and the state of the practice in multimodal trade- off analysis. Barriers to multimodal trade- off analysis are discussed, the types of methodologies that could be used to make trade- offs are reviewed, the means by which states and regional planning bodies are applying performance measures within the transportation planning process are presented, and finally, the activities performed in Virginia to quantify and compare projects that span transportation modes are discussed.
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110 U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (Jim Lambert, personal communication)
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there is often a different geographic scale to the modal analysis. The ability to take transit decreases as one goes from the local to the regional to the state levels.
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ability of one solution over another rather than identifying the single best solution. Like benefit–cost analysis, the complex impacts of transportation improvements are reduced to monetary values; however, rather than addressing benefits, cost- effectiveness analysis compares the degree to which goals and objectives are met relative to the cost required to do so.
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of motorized and nonmotorized traffic, most examples are highway oriented. The Real Accessibility Index is another tool used to measure multimodal accessibility at the community level, but it requires the collection of significant amounts of data.
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available to commuters in the region. The survey also helps examine how other commute alternative programs and marketing efforts are influencing commuting behavior in the region.
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gramming Process (called P3) , individual projects are nominated for funding by the districts and must support the overall vision and performance goals established in the STP.
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to score several projects in New York City and ranked them by using a goal– achievement matrix. When a large number of alternatives need to be analyzed, it makes sense to use some process to reduce the number of projects to be evaluated.
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THE VIRGINIA APPROACH A major element of Virginia's long- range transportation plan, known as VTran2025, is the concept of the statewide multimodal corridor. Like Florida, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania, multimodal corridors of statewide interest are identified.
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some cases, the relative importance of the goals defined by stakeholder feedback was different from that defined by an expert panel. Equal weighting and an average were also evaluated.
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modal elements were included in the evaluation; for example, improved access to ports, airports, transit, park and- ride lots, or other intermodal facilities was one of the measures. The evaluation also included truck volumes; consideration of whether accommodations for HOV lanes, bicycles, pedestrians, and other modes were included; and whether the project improved a component of an identified statewide multimodal corridor.
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE LITERATURE AND THE VIRGINIA EXPERIENCE • Get buy- in up front -- and again and again. The long- range planning effort took 3 years and involved a substantial public involvement process, a staff- level Technical Committee, as well as a Policy Committee that included members of the Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB)
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Hill, M
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Lewis, D
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123 RESOURCE PAPER Measuring the Value and Impact of Agency Communication with the Public David Kuehn, Federal Highway Administration At the conclusion of the Second TRB Conference on Performance Measurement in 2004, Lance Neumann, the conference cochair, observed how performance measurement could serve as a communication tool. At that time, however, research gaps included an understanding of how performance measurement influences behavior, methods for the reporting of performance measurements, and difficulties with the communication of risk (Turnbull, 2005)
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ment. (In reality, the communication of performance measurement is done for a mix of one or more of the indicated reasons.)
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THE PUBLIC, CUSTOMERS, AND MARKET SEGMENTATION As noted in the section above, agencies reference a variety of audiences when describing the purpose of the communication of performance. In this regard, customers may include any external audience: decision makers, partner agencies, commuters, residents, and visitors.
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(NCHRP, 2004) discussed the collaborative aspect of performance measurement, as performance measurements may be linked to local land use and community needs.
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partnership to increase the dissemination and discussion of regional performance measures. The Smart Commute Initiative included demand strategies that were measurable and that were developed and implemented across multiple jurisdictions and by both public and private partners.
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assessment tool for the tracking of stakeholder and public engagement with the initiative. The initiative considered benchmarking, regular monitoring, and public reporting as important methods for sustaining program goals.
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COMMUNICATION METHODS: THE NUTS AND BOLTS Communication methods are described in this final section not as an afterthought but to reinforce the importance of public communication in implementing performance measures. When one is considering how to communicate, it is important to return to the idea of audience segmentation.
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related is dashboards. Padgette (2006)
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City of Baltimore.
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Systems, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. vii–viii.
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133 RESOURCE PAPER Performance- Based Contracting A Viable Contract Option? Sidney Scott III, Trauner Consulting Services, Inc.
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and other forms of integrated contracts have taken contracting full circle. Performance contracting is a common thread.
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process so that the contractor may share in the savings achieved and participate in any losses realized when the actual costs are compared with the target price. This scheme is intended to encourage additional innovation and continual improvement throughout the development of the project by the designer–builder.
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Tour Report, NNPWD planned to pilot a number of integrated contracts containing design, construction, maintenance planning, and maintenance tasks (7)
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That report indicated that FHWA had approved more than 400 design–build projects nationwide under Special Experimental Project No.
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be growing. The warranted components identified by various NCHRP synthesis studies include (11)
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1995. More recent examples include the Port of Miami, Florida, Tunnel and the Trans- Texas Corridor (12)
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various performance criteria on a monthly and an annual basis, as illustrated in Table 4 (14)
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Testing and Confirmation of Performance Requirements Loading conditions will need to be monitored to determine if the actual loadings are consistent with the design loadings. This can be performed through the use of monitoring devices embedded within the structure.
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Strategic Highway Research Program Project R-07 Performance Specifications for Rapid Highway Renewal The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP II) contains four target areas: safety, reliability, renewal, and capacity.
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SUMMARY: WHERE TO FROM HERE? Despite the impediments, the use of performance- based contracting is advancing on several fronts in the United States, including design–build, warranties, PPPs, performance- based maintenance contracting, and various performance specification initiatives.
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14. Robinson, M., E
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