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From page 14... ... 14 Canadian Influence During the 1980s, several Canadian studies showed significant increases in observed usage associated with enforcement. Some of these programs were conducted locally, such as in Ottawa, Ontario (Jonah, Dawson, and Smith, 1982; Jonah and Grant, 1985; and Grant, 1991) Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... enforcement action was a verbal warning. Thus, in spite of the use of checkpoints, this was not a "zero tolerance" enforcement effort. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... shorter periods;40 and c) nighttime enforcement impacted usage among late-night road users, including bar patrons. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... efforts. Because of increasing difficulty involved in implementing enforcement and publicity programs in larger and more complex jurisdictions, state and national programs were nearly always implemented with less intensity than local programs. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... 6–month project period. Baselines: 49%–52%; peak increases: 13 points in Albany (blitz) Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... 19 Location Year (Prog. Length ) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... Findings Regarding Various Program Characteristics47 Peak Increases. The median peak increase of the 27 outcomes provided by the above studies was about 13 points (range: −7 points to +41 points) Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... from several locations, including Albany and Greece, New York, six cities of varying size in Texas, and small-to-modest size cities in Illinois. Following their evaluations in Albany and Greece, New York, Rood et al. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... Greensboro, the larger city, where usage increased from 80% to 86% (+6 points) Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... ranging from zero (Elmira II -- with warnings only) to 79 (Elizabeth City, North Carolina) Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... were introduced to Operation ABC mobilization efforts, there were a number of demonstrations funded to emulate the North Carolina program. These efforts, called Occupant Protection Special Traffic Enforcement Programs (OP-sTEP) Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... approximately $6 million in private sector funds.64 Section 402 funding provided by states may have approximated the Section 403 funds. As with the initial OP-sTEPs, states were required to conduct waves of intensified enforcement, accompanied by earned and public service media. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... within the deployment area of the air bag. As part of the response to this problem, a national "Call to Action" in early 1996 resulted in the formation of a public-private partnership involving NHTSA, the National Safety Council (NSC) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... Two weeks of enforcement yielded 3,300 checkpoints72 and 21,321 citations for safety belt and child restraint violations, more than three times as many citations as in past mobilizations in the state. This level of enforcement translated to 53 citations per 10,000 residents over 2 weeks, compared with 81 citations per 10,000 residents over 7 weeks in the 1993 North Carolina benchmark program. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... Expenditures for paid media averaged about 6¢ per capita for the 2-week effort. This was about half the per capita expenditure in the 2000 South Carolina mobilization (12¢ per capita over 2 weeks) Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... CIOT (2 weeks) , and considerably more than the 6¢ per capita spent during Wave 1 of the 1993 North Carolina benchmark (8 weeks) Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... 30 State and Characteristics Media Costs Enforcement Levels Usage Rates State Law Min. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... and paid media to publicize enforcement activity as in the statewide and regional applications already described. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 32 84 79.4 82.6 75.2 72.8 78.5 75.8 69.2 71 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 2002 (post-CIOT) Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... Paid Media. This program, called "Buckle Up in Your Truck" (BUIYT) Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... c. Great Lakes Regional Effort to Reach Rural Motorists. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... icant overall gains in rural targeted areas (median = 7 points) , as well as statewide (median = 5 points) Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... about 115:1 on the funds expended. Medical and EMS savings alone provided a return of about 23:1.85 Relevance in the Current Environment. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... upgrades. Using data from three recent upgrade states in the Great Lakes region as examples (i.e., Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... usage and usage among fatally injured occupants remains much lower (see "Discussion" section) Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... program; b) paid media appears to greatly facilitate the impact of statewide (or broader-based) Read the entire page →

From page 14...

... 14 Canadian Influence During the 1980s, several Canadian studies showed significant increases in observed usage associated with enforcement. Some of these programs were conducted locally, such as in Ottawa, Ontario (Jonah, Dawson, and Smith, 1982; Jonah and Grant, 1985; and Grant, 1991)