Continuing Innovation in Information Technology Workshop Report (2016) / Chapter Skim
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2 Building a Connected World
2 Building a Connected World
Pages 20-32
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EVOLVING THE INTERNET Vint Cerf, vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, focused his presentation on the government's central role in collaborations that led to the creation of the Internet.
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-- a technology company in Cambridge, Massachusetts -- won the contract. As a result, BBN contributed a key industry component to ARPANET's evolution: Bob Kahn at BBN wrote Host to IMP Specification 1822, describing how to implement an interface that lets host computers connect to the IMP; this specification was subsequently made available to the academic participants in the ARPANET project.
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From page 22... ...
Nearly all of the foundational technologies underlying The Internet Takes Shape ARPANET were developed From 1973 to 1974, the initial network design for the Internet began as a collaboration between Bob Kahn, who was then not by one person or at ARPA, and Cerf, then a professor at Stanford University. organization but by an Together they designed the TCP protocol (later, the TCP/IP Internet network protocols)
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In an important shift toward the late 1980s, companies began to move past the physical equipment and began offering Internet services. One step toward commercialization resulted from a collaboration between MCI, which was participating in the NSFNET backbone, and Bob Kahn's nonprofit organization, Corporation for National Research Initiatives The MCI commercial mail service was connected to the NSFNET backbone (with permission from the Federal Networking Council)
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In 1991, the passage of the High Performance Computing Act essentially established a broad ini tiative to create a national information infrastructure. The next crucial milestone came in 1992, when the Boucher bill formally permit ted commercial traffic on the NSFNET backbone.
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"When we run into an issue that requires attention that seems to require institutional ization, the Internet community simply invents these things," said Cerf. All the collaborators played key roles in the development and spread of the Inter net.
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DARPA's Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) program, for example, was created to develop software for networks of distributed mi crosensors for military purposes; the program led to ad hoc deployable microsensors and distributed computing methods to accurately extract timely information for detecting, classifying, and tracking a target from a sensor field.3 Later, the DARPA Network Embed ded Systems Technology (NEST)
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From page 27... ...
Program, a grant program soliciting proposals in four research areas: programmable wireless networks, networking of sensors, broadly defined networking, and future Internet design.5 These developments have paved the way for a burst of new devices and applications. A Tipping Point By 2008, technology had converged to a point where many of the challenges of connecting small, diverse devices to the Internet had been addressed.
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THE WIRELESS FUTURE The advent of wireless technologies has been crucial to our transition toward the Internet of Everything, and these technologies will undoubtedly grow more crucial as the trend continues. A presentation by Andrea Goldsmith of Stanford University examined techni cal challenges facing wireless networks and the key role of government-funded research in advancing solutions.
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From page 29... ...
Despite the allure of next-generation wireless technologies and the Internet of Things, however, Goldsmith described significant challenges on the horizon and the need for innovative solutions to enable the wireless future. Confronting Our Bandwidth Shortage One big challenge facing wireless technology is the inherent limits of the radio frequency spectrum -- the medium through which all wireless signals are transmitted, along with signals from television, radio, GPS, and other data.
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From page 30... ...
For this reason, she said the prediction of 50 billion connected devices is not unreason able, and even if it turns out to be only 10 billion or 20 billion, that is still much more than today's wireless communication infrastructure can handle. Goldsmith said there is still an open question whether the deficit in bandwidth is a result of poorly designed systems, or because the systems have reached their physical capacity (also referred to as the Shannon limit of the physical layer, or the maximum rate at which data can be sent over a particular bandwidth with zero error)
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From page 31... ...
However, wireless networks are fragmented, so switching from cellular to Wi-Fi typically requires closing a session on one network and opening another. Goldsmith envisions a potential software-defined networking design for wireless devices that uses a unified control plane to match the wireless network to the application being used.
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Quantenna makes Wi-Fi chips with the goal of achieving the best performance on the market, based on Goldsmith's research in communications theory, and the company recently announced a 10 gigabytes per second Wi-Fi system that uses the most sophisticated physical layer in existence. Goldsmith cites this achievement as an example of applying deep theoretical research to build better systems.
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