Continuing Innovation in Information Technology Workshop Report (2016) / Chapter Skim
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4 Developing Smart Machines
4 Developing Smart Machines
Pages 41-53
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From page 41... ...
These robots now provide a variety of valuable services and perform activities that it would be impossible or dangerous for humans to attempt. This chapter presents an introduction to key concepts in machine learning by Jaime Carbonell of Carnegie Mellon University; a history of artificial intelligence achievements by Eric Horvitz of Microsoft; and an exploration of robotics by Rodney Brooks of ReThink Robotics.
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From page 42... ...
Machine learning is a field that combines artificial intelligence, which is the ability of machines to make intelligent decisions, with data analysis, which allows machines to gain knowledge. There is a great deal of crossover between machine learning and artifi cial intelligence, and some see machine learning as a subfield within the broader scope of artificial intelligence.
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From page 43... ...
Along with related theories such as deep neural networks and proactive learning, transfer learning is seen as an important driver for future machine learning advances. Tapping Big Data Recent years have seen a surge of progress in machine learning thanks in large part to the rapid growth of big data, the enormous data sets now being generated by thousands of information-sensing devices in both the scientific world and the everyday world.
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And, the combination of structural learning and deep neural networks prom ises further improvements. One particularly complex problem facing machine translation today, according to Carbonell, is dealing with rare languages.
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With the advent of the era of big data, today is an exciting time for machine learning. By taking advantage of new, vast data sets and new modeling techniques, machine Developing Smart Machines 45
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The idea that machines could be built to think like humans is as old as computers themselves. Eric Horvitz, managing director of Microsoft Research's main Redmond labo ratory and an expert in artificial intelligence, presented an overview of the history and primary achievements of artificial intelligence research and development.
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From page 47... ...
greatly advanced the field in its early days, in Horvitz's view, through targeted funding of early artificial intelligence and machine learning research. FIGURE 4.1 AI-enabled devices used in a medical crisis.
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From page 48... ...
Although this modeling approach emerged in the late 1980s, there were not enough data available at the time for neural networks to make accurate predictions. With the rise of big data and today's data-intensive scientific meth ods, together with conceptual advances in how to structure the networks, neural networks have reemerged as a useful way to improve accuracy in artificial intelligence models.
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Horvitz identified augmented cognition, where machine learning complements human cognition in areas such as memory, attention, or judgment, as another exciting Developing Smart Machines 49
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Integrative artificial intelligence, said Horvitz, could be the key to transforming computers, which currently have deep but very narrow intelligence, into broader, more humanlike thinking machines. It is clear from Horvitz's many examples that government-funded artificial intel ligence research has reaped many benefits for the technology sector, the economy as a whole, and our everyday technologies.
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From page 51... ...
Federal Grand Challenge and Urban Challenge grant programs were specifically launched to drive innovation and progress on functional autonomous vehicles; industry then took SLAM out of the labs and put it on real roads. "There's a long history, from the late 1970s to now, of an idea that wasn't about self-driving cars when it started -- it was about navigation on other planets," reflected Brooks.
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From page 52... ...
ing to begin developing robots to support operations in Japanese nuclear power plants. The project was later aborted after the Japanese government decided the robots would not be needed.
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From page 53... ...
SOURCE: Courtesy of Rethink Robotics, Inc. Developing Smart Machines 53
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