Genetically Engineered Crops Experiences and Prospects (2016) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix G: Glossary
Appendix G: Glossary
Pages 577-584
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messenger RNA molecule Biotechnology A number of methods other than selective breed ing and sexually crossing plants to endow new characteristics in organisms 577
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of an organism Deskilling The appropriation of labor whereby industry ef fectively eliminates skilled workers by introduc ing new technologies that defray labor costs and increase profits Doubled-stranded Two RNA molecules that are bound to each other RNA (dsRNA) by complementary base pairing Endogenous A naturally occurring substance or feature
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, from one generation to the next, and potentially throughout the population Genetic engineering The introduction or change of DNA, RNA, or pro teins by human manipulation to effect a change in an organism's genome or epigenome Genetic modification The process used to modify the genome of an organism Genetically modified Refers to an organism whose genotype has been altered and includes alteration by genetic engi neering and nongenetic engineering methods Genome The complete sequence of the DNA in an organism Genome editing Specific modification of the DNA of an organism to create mutations or introduce new alleles or new genes
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, and investment gains Integrated pest A pest control strategy based on the determination management of an economic threshold that indicates when a pest population is approaching the level at which control measures are necessary to prevent a decline in net returns. In principle, IPM is an ecologically based strategy that relies on natural mortality fac tors, such as natural enemies, weather, and crop management, and seeks control tactics that disrupt these factors as little as possible
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DNA and provides instructions to the cell's trans lational machinery to produce specific proteins Metabolomics Systematic global analysis of nonpeptide small molecules, such as vitamins, sugars, hormones, fatty acids, and other metabolites. It is distinct from traditional analyses that target only indi vidual metabolites or pathways Net farm income The difference between total revenue and total ex penses, including gain or loss on the sale of capital assets Net return Gross income minus a set of expenses.
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as opposed to its genotype, or genetic characteristics Plasmid vector A circular DNA molecule endogenous to bacteria that is used to replicate and transfer DNA to new cells Plastome The genome of plastids such as the chloroplasts Post-transcriptional Modification of a mRNA after it is synthesized modification Profit Gross income less expenses Prokaryote An organism that lacks membrane bound organelles Proteomics The analysis of the complete complements of pro teins. Proteomics includes not only the identifica tion and quantification of proteins, but also the determination of their localization, modifications, interactions, and activities Quantitative trait A region of the genome that contributes to a locus (QTL)
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a specific position in the genome Small interfering RNA molecules that function in RNA interference RNA (siRNA) Somaclonal variation Epigenetic or genetic changes, sometimes expressed as a new trait, resulting from in vitro culture of higher plants Synthetic biology The ability to generate novel traits or organisms using synthetic genes or by bringing together genes from multiple organisms.
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Yield drag can be overcome by increased effort in conventional breeding to increase yield of the cultivar to balance out effects of yield drag Yield lag A cultivar with a transgene has a tendency to initially yield lower than elite cultivars without the novel traits because of yield-reducing genes that have accompanied the transgene due to ge netic linkage. Over time, the yield lag usually dis appears as the transgene is genetically separated from the yield reducing genes
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Key Terms
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