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From page 21... ... V-1 SECTION V Strategies for Addressing the Problem Objectives of the Emphasis Area Deciding on the set of treatments that will provide the greatest safety benefits for pedestrians requires transportation and land-use planners, engineers, and community leaders to engage in problem-solving. The problem-solving effort will often require application of engineering judgment, as well as judgments based upon understanding of the character and needs of the particular community. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-2 In some cases, there may be a tradeoff between pedestrian and vehicular crashes, i.e., a particular strategy, implemented in a particular location, may succeed in reducing pedestrian crashes but contribute to an increase in vehicular crashes. In general, all types of road users must be considered when selecting a strategy to implement. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM • http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/saferjourney/index2.htm • http://www.cwdnet.com/qlc/tc_pedestrians.htm • http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/ped/index.html A program titled "PED SAFE" provides additional resources. See Appendix 2 for further details. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... Experimental (E) : Those strategies that are ideas that have been suggested and that at least one agency has considered sufficiently promising to try on a small scale in at least one location. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Related Strategies for Creating a Truly Comprehensive Approach The strategies listed above, and described in detail below, are those considered unique to this emphasis area. However, to create a truly comprehensive approach to the highway safety problems associated with this emphasis area, there are related strategies recommended as candidates in any program planning process. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... completed for the AASHTO Plan, they may address the details regarding the design and implementation of enforcement strategies. When that occurs, the appropriate links will be added from this emphasis area guide. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM pedestrians and provide access for all types of pedestrian travel to and from home, work, parks, schools, shopping areas, transit stops, etc. Walkways should be part of every new and renovated roadway, and every effort should be made to retrofit streets that currently do not have sidewalks or walkways (Exhibit V-2) Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... Additional information on curb ramps can be found at the following Web sites: • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Pedestrian Facility Design -- Curb Ramps, http://www.walkinginfo.org/de/ curb1_print.cfm? codename=2a&CM_ maingroup=PedestrianFacilityDesign • United Nations, Accessibility Design Manual, Urban Design, http://www.un. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-9 EXHIBIT V-5 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Providing Sidewalks/Walkways and Curb Ramps Attribute Description Keys to Success Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures and Data Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational, Institutional, and Policy Issues than a site without a sidewalk. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... Strategy 9.1 A2: Install or Upgrade Traffic and Pedestrian Signals This strategy includes six countermeasures: traffic signals, pedestrian signals, pedestrian signal timing, accessible pedestrian signals, signal enhancements, and right-turn-on-red restrictions. Further detailed information is available in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (2000 MUTCD) Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM decrease in angle collisions and also a decrease in overall crash severity. Traffic signals can also create overall lower level of service for vehicles and pedestrians. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... Additional information on pedestrian signals can be found at the following Web sites: • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Signals and Sign Treatments -- Pedestrian Signals http:// www.walkinginfo.org/de/curb1.cfm? codename= 38f&CM_maingroup=Signals%20and%20Signs • City of Fremont, Calif., http://www.ci.fremont.ca.us/ Community/Traffic/PedestrianSignals.htm • Washington State Department of Transportation, Pedestrian Signals, http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/biz/ trafficoperations/traffic/pedsignals.htm • FHWA, Office of Safety, Pedestrian Signals Q & A, http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/fourthlevel/pdf/ planning2.pdf Pedestrian Signal Timing At wide intersections, pedestrian crossing times often dictate vehicle green splits and cycle lengths. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM "releasing" them, so that turning vehicles will presumably be gone by the time that the WALK signal appears; late release is only effective if there is not a constant stream of turning vehicles. At intersections where there is a very high volume of turning traffic, early-release signals are generally more appropriate. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS) At signalized intersections, pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired typically start to cross the street when they hear a surge of traffic parallel to their direction of travel. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Push button locator tones are also recommended to inform the visually impaired that a pedestrian push button exists and to locate the position of the push button. If the tone for the walk interval is similar to the push button locator tone, the walk interval tone should have a faster repetition rate than the push button locator tone (Federal Highway Administration, 2000a) Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Signals and Sign Treatments -- Signal Enhancements, http://www.walkinginfo. org/de/curb1.cfm? Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM with constant pedestrian activity; where sight distance is limited; where the intersection has more than four approach legs, or has a complex signal timing pattern; as well as where there are high concentrations of seniors and persons with disabilities. Prohibiting RTOR is a simple, low-cost countermeasure to implement. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-18 EXHIBIT V-13 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Installing or Upgrading Traffic and Pedestrian Signals Attribute Description Keys to Success crashes at signalized intersections (Van Houten et al., 1997) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-19 EXHIBIT V-13 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Installing or Upgrading Traffic and Pedestrian Signals Attribute Description Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures and Data Furthermore, it is desirable for the user to receive an audible feedback that the "call" has been registered. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... Strategy 9.1 A3: Construct Pedestrian Refuge Islands and Raised Medians Raised pedestrian refuge islands, or medians at crossing locations along roadways, provide another strategy to reduce exposure between pedestrians and motor vehicles. Refuge islands and medians that are raised (i.e., not just painted) Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Raised Medians "A median is defined as the portion of a divided highway separating the traveled way for traffic in opposing directions" (AASHTO, 1994) Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... Crossing Islands Crossing islands, which are also known as center islands, refuge islands, pedestrian islands, or median slow points, are raised islands placed in the street at intersection or midblock locations to help protect crossing pedestrians from motor vehicles (Exhibit V-15) Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-23 EXHIBIT V-16 Strategy Attributes for Constructing Pedestrian Refuge Islands and Raised Medians Attribute Description Technical Attributes Target(s) Expected Effectiveness Keys to Success Potential Difficulties This strategy targets pedestrians who attempt to cross multilane arterial or collector streets. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... Strategy 9.1 A4 Provide Vehicle Restriction/Diversion Measures This strategy involves the installation of physical features in the roadway to force or prohibit specific motorist actions such as turns or through movements. These physical features create a visual impression that the street is not intended for through traffic. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM thoughtfully, since they can cause the vehicular problem to simply shift to another street. For most problem situations, traffic calming is the appropriate solution. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... Additional information on the use of diverters can be found at the following Web sites: • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Traffic Management -- Diverters, http:// www.walkinginfo.org/de/curb1_print.cfm? codename=33e&CM_maingroup= TrafficManagement • Fehr and Peers Transportation Consultants, Traffic Calming.Org, http://www. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Full Street Closure With a full street closure, a physical barrier is installed to block a street to motor-vehicle traffic and provide some means for vehicles to turn around (Exhibit V-19) Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... Additional information on the use of pedestrian streets can be found at the following Web sites: • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Traffic Management -- Full street closure, http://www.walkinginfo.org/de/curb1_print.cfm? codename=36e&CM_maingroup= Traffic+Management&1.x=15&1.y=2 • Project for Public Spaces (PPS) Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-29 EXHIBIT V-20 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Providing Vehicle Restriction/Diversion Measures Attribute Description Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures and Data Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational, Institutional, and Policy Issues Issues Affecting Implementation Time General The disadvantages of these countermeasures are their potential high cost, negative impact on emergency-vehicle response times, loss of convenient motor-vehicle access to some parts of a neighborhood, and diversion of traffic onto nearby streets. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... Strategy 9.1 A5: Install Overpasses/Underpasses Pedestrian Overpasses and Underpasses Pedestrian overpasses and underpasses (i.e., bridges and tunnels) allow for the uninterrupted flow of pedestrians separate from vehicular traffic (Exhibit V-21) Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-31 Attribute Description Technical Attributes Targets This strategy principally targets pedestrians who are faced with crossing a freeway or other high-speed, high-volume arterial street and is especially relevant at locations with high pedestrian volumes. Railroad tracks are also sometimes targeted for overpasses or underpasses. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-32 Attribute Description Keys to Success As depicted above, studies have shown that many pedestrians will not use an overpass or underpass if they can cross at street level in about the same amount of time. Overpasses work best when the topography allows for a structure without ramps (e.g., overpass over a below-grade freeway) Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Objective 9.1 B -- Improve Sight Distance and/or Visibility Between Motor Vehicles and Pedestrians Strategy 9.1 B1: Provide Crosswalk Enhancements The intent of marked crosswalks is to indicate the optimal or preferred locations for pedestrians to cross. They also help designate right-of-way and may encourage motorists to yield to pedestrians. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... using a push button or through detection from an automated device, the lights begin to flash at a constant rate, warning the motorist that a pedestrian is in the vicinity of the crosswalk ahead. There have been several municipalities that have implemented in-pavement lights, including the city of Kirkland, Washington, which successfully installed lights in 17 locations in 1997. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-35 Attribute Description Technical Attributes Target(s) This strategy is directed at pedestrians, to guide them to the best location to cross a high-volume, or wide, street when a signal is not present. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-36 Potential Difficulties Inconsistent or excessive use of marked crosswalks can result in confusion to both pedestrians and drivers, violate driver expectancies, and lead to disrespect for the control devices being used. It may also pose liability risks for the public agency. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Strategy 9.1 B2: Implement Lighting/Crosswalk Illumination Measures Good placement of lighting and adequate lighting levels can enhance an environment for walking, as well as increase pedestrian safety and security. Pedestrians often assume that motorists can see them at night, since the pedestrian can see the oncoming headlights. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-38 EXHIBIT V-27 Strategy Attributes for Implementing Lighting/Crosswalk Illumination Measures Attribute Description Technical Attributes Target Expected Effectiveness Keys to Success Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures and Data Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational, Institutional, and Policy Issues Issues Affecting Implementation Time Costs Involved Training and Other Personnel Needs Legislative Needs Other Key Attributes Legislative Needs This strategy is directed at motorists who are driving at night in areas with pedestrian activity. In Perth, Australia, there were 62 percent fewer pedestrian crashes at night after crosswalks were floodlighted than before (Pegrum, 1972) Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM 9.1 B3: Eliminate Screening by Physical Objects Sight Distance. Crosswalks should not be placed close to horizontal or crest vertical curves to avoid inadequate sight distance to crossing pedestrians. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... Vehicles Yielding Too Close to Crosswalk. This is documented to be the most dangerous type of screening situation involving crosswalks. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-41 EXHIBIT V-30 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Reducing Screening by Physical Objects at Crosswalks Attribute Description Keys to Success Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational Issues Cost Involved crosswalks (Van Houten et al., 2003, 2001c) Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... Strategy 9.1 B4: Signals to Alert Motorists That Pedestrians Are Crossing Pedestrian-Activated Yellow Beacons. Research has demonstrated that the use of overhead pedestrian signs, with flashing beacons, increases driver yielding to pedestrians (Federal Highway Administration, 2000b, 2001; Van Houten et al., 1999b) Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM direction the pedestrian is crossing, were more effective than the flashing beacon. First, this type of sign is associated with pedestrians because it uses the pedestrian symbol to signal when a pedestrian is in the crosswalk. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-44 EXHIBIT V-33 Crosswalk on a multilane road at a T-Intersection. EXHIBIT V-34 Strategy Attributes for Signals to Alert Motorists that Pedestrians Are Crossing Attribute Description Technical Target Expected Effectiveness Keys to Success This strategy is directed at drivers who are approaching a crosswalk where pedestrians are crossing. Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-45 EXHIBIT V-34 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Signals to Alert Motorists That Pedestrians Are Crossing Attribute Description Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational Issues Cost Involved Training and Other Personnel Needs Legislative Needs Where a new control, such as this, is to be employed, it will be important to educate the public on its meaning and appropriate behaviors toward it. Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... Strategy 9.1 B5: Improve Reflectorization/Conspicuity of Pedestrians Retroreflective materials are required for roadway markings such as crosswalks, stop lines, and lane markings. These materials reflect light from vehicle headlights and from roadway illumination using specially designed glass beads. Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-47 Retroreflective Materials Used by Pedestrians 224 532 1379 744 760 105 144 316 322 436 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Base Ped Dangle Tags Flashlight Jogging Vest Rings Target Fe et Detection Recognition Attribute Description Pedestrians' awareness that they are not always visible to motorists at night and that factors such as sun glare can interfere with their being detected during the daytime. An accompanying educational/awareness campaign on high risks for pedestrians at night and the need for providing retroreflective materials for pedestrians. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... Objective 9.1 C -- Reduce Vehicle Speed As noted in Section III in the general description of the pedestrian crash problem, motorvehicle speed is an important factor both in the occurrence of pedestrian crashes and the severity of injury sustained by the pedestrian. A later strategy (Strategy 9.1 D2) Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Reducing the number of lanes may result in lower vehicle capacity and increased delay. However, the existence of significant levels of left-turn traffic can prevent a four-lane street from realizing considerably lower delay, than for a three-lane section (two through lanes plus a center turn lane) Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Roadway Design -- Road/Lane Narrowing, http://www.walkinginfo.org/de/curb1.cfm? codename=9b&CM_maingroup= Roadway%20Design • Project for Public Spaces (PPS) Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Strategy 9.1 C2: Install Traffic-Calming -- Road Sections Continued growth and decentralization throughout the United States have increased the volume of vehicles on streets and highways. Many neighborhood residents and local officials have expressed interest in undertaking traffic calming to reduce the speed and number of cars on their streets. Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... Traffic Calming: State of the Practice (1999) (available online at http://www.ite.org/traffic/ tcstate.htm#tcsop) Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM visibility can be maintained by planting only low shrubs or trees with high canopies. The design of a chicane needs to ensure that bicyclist safety and mobility are not diminished. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... • Project for Public Spaces (PPS) , Traffic Calming 101, http://www.pps.org/buildings/ info/how_to/livememtraffic • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Traffic Calming -- Choker, http:// www.walkinginfo.org/de/curb1_print.cfm? Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM social and possibly commercial activities, as well as a play area for children (Exhibit V-43) Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-56 EXHIBIT V-44 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Installing Traffic Calming -- Road Sections Attribute Description Keys to Success In De Meern, Netherlands, two bulbouts were placed opposite one another to narrow the width of the traveled way. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-57 EXHIBIT V-44 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Installing Traffic Calming -- Road Sections Attribute Description Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures and Data Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational, Institutional, and Policy Issues businesses informed of what is being proposed, how it can benefit them, and what the likely tradeoffs are. Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... Strategy 9.1 C3: Install Traffic-Calming -- Intersections Continued growth throughout the United States has increased the number of cars on streets and highways. Many neighborhood residents and local officials have expressed interest in traffic-calming projects to reduce the number and speed of cars on their streets. Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Curb Radius Reduction One of the common pedestrian crash types involves a pedestrian who is struck by a right-turning vehicle at an intersection. Large curb radii encourage motorists to make right turns at higher speeds. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... should accompany mini-circles, to discourage motorists from making high-speed right turns. Mini-circles with cuts in splitter islands make crossing easier for pedestrians, especially those in wheelchairs. Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM • Portland Department of Transportation, Traffic Calming, http:// www.trans.ci.portland.or.us/trafficcalming/devices/Peds/CURBEXT.HTM • City of Austin, Texas, http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/roadworks/curb.htm Raised Intersection Raised intersections are intended to slow all vehicular movements through the intersection. It is built by raising the entire intersection to the level of the sidewalk (Exhibit V-48) Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... Additional information on the use of raised intersections can be found at the following Web sites: • PBIC, Walking Design and Engineering: Traffic Calming -- Raised Intersection, http:// www.walkinginfo.org/de/curb1_print.cfm? codename=26d&CM_maingroup= Traffic+Calming&1.x=7&1.y=13 • ITE -- Traffic Calming Measures: Raised Intersection, http://www.ite.org/traffic/ raised.htm • Fehr and Peers Transportation Consultants, Traffic Calming.Org, http:// www.trafficcalming.org/toolbox/raisedint.html • City of Edgewood, Wash., http://www.ci.edgewood.wa.us/Cops/Safe%20Journey/ Library/countermeasures/29-30.htm Modern Roundabout A modern roundabout is built with a large, often circular, raised island located in the center of the intersection of a street with one or more crossing roadways (Exhibit V-49) Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Design guidelines for pedestrian crossings at roundabouts are provided at the following Web site: • FHWA, Office of Safety, http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roundaboutsummit/rndabtatt7.ppt Modern roundabouts can be relatively friendly to pedestrians if they have "splitter" islands on each approach to the roundabout and are designed to slow traffic prior to entering the roundabout. The splitter islands can serve as a refuge for pedestrians and make crossing safer. Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-64 EXHIBIT V-50 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Installing Traffic Calming -- Intersections Attribute Description Keys to Success Potential Difficulties by 73 percent (Jacquemart, 1998) Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-65 EXHIBIT V-50 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Installing Traffic Calming -- Intersections Attribute Description Appropriate Measures and Data Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational, Institutional, and Policy Issues Issues Affecting Implementation Time Larger vehicles, such as fire trucks and school buses, may need to make left turns in front of the circle. Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... Strategy 9.1 C4: Provide School Route Improvements A variety of roadway improvements are available to increase the safe travel of children in school zones. Sidewalks or separated walkways are essential for a safe trip from home to school on foot or by bike. Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM One of the most frequently experienced operational problems in the vicinity of schools involves parents dropping off and picking up their children. There are two immediate solutions to this problem: (1) Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-68 EXHIBIT V-52 Strategy Attributes for Providing School Route Improvements Attribute Description Technical Attributes Target(s) Expected Effectiveness Keys to Success Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures and Data Associated Needs This strategy is targeted toward motorists who drive through school zones (including parents who drop their children off at school) Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Objective 9.1 D -- Improve Pedestrian and Motorist Safety Awareness and Behavior Strategy 9.1 D1: Provide Education, Outreach, and Training An educational strategy should do much more than provide information -- the goal is to motivate a change in specific behaviors to reduce the risk of pedestrian injuries. The most successful educational messages encourage people to think about their own travel attitudes and behaviors and help them to make informed (i.e., better) Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... in which travel attitudes and behavior are influenced are now being referred to as "soft" policies, in contrast to "hard" policies that force change (e.g., changes in infrastructure or traffic laws) Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM • Incorporate pedestrian safety messages into public relations efforts -- Draft news releases, disseminate fact sheets for local elected officials, incorporate pedestrian issues into reports or policy documents, or launch new grant programs with a press event that highlights the importance of pedestrians as part of the road-user mix. • Develop relationships with sister state agencies and statewide consumer groups -- Provide leadership by convening a task force or conducting an ad hoc meeting to discuss issues in common and to share current and potential activities that merit collaboration. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... Pedestrian Safety Campaign Toolkit containing a planning guide, TV and radio public service announcements, posters, brochures, cinema slides, press releases, and newspaper articles is being made available to safety practitioners and pedestrian advocates who have the resources to implement a campaign. For further information, see the campaign Web site at http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/pedcampaign. Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-73 Attribute Description Expected Effectiveness Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate efforts of educational programs on pedestrian behavior. For example, the NHTSA film on WILLIE WHISTLE (Blomberg et al., 1983) Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-74 EXHIBIT V-54 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Providing Education, Outreach, and Training Attribute Description Keys to Success The keys to success are to make pedestrian education an ongoing component of traffic safety education activities; to implement comprehensive, long-term programs; and to use appropriate, well-designed, educational programs and materials for pedestrians and motorists in conjunction with engineering and enforcement programs. Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM Useful Web Sites The Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC) , a national clearinghouse for information about health and safety, engineering, advocacy, education, enforcement, and access and mobility -- http://www.walkinginfo.org/. Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... purposes. This may not be the case when it comes to the enforcement of crosswalk laws. Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-77 EXHIBIT V-56 Strategy Attributes for Implementing Enforcement Campaigns Attribute Description Technical Attributes Target Expected Effectiveness Keys to Success This strategy is primarily directed at motorists who fail to give pedestrians proper rightof-way at crosswalks. It also targets some of the most serious risk-taking traffic violations by pedestrians. Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-78 EXHIBIT V-56 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Implementing Enforcement Campaigns Attribute Description Potential Difficulties Appropriate Measures and Data Associated Needs Organizational and Institutional Attributes Organizational, Institutional, and Policy Issues Issues Affecting Implementation Time Cost Involved driver behavior. Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... SECTION V -- STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM V-79 EXHIBIT V-56 (Continued) Strategy Attributes for Implementing Enforcement Campaigns Attribute Description Training and Other Personnel Needs Other Key Attributes Police training is needed regarding the proper procedures to carry out the enforcement campaign. Read the entire page →

From page 21...

... V-1 SECTION V Strategies for Addressing the Problem Objectives of the Emphasis Area Deciding on the set of treatments that will provide the greatest safety benefits for pedestrians requires transportation and land-use planners, engineers, and community leaders to engage in problem-solving. The problem-solving effort will often require application of engineering judgment, as well as judgments based upon understanding of the character and needs of the particular community.