Improving the Safety of Marine Pipelines (1994) / Chapter Skim
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2 Safety Experience
2 Safety Experience
Pages 20-32
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From page 20... ...
or gas, which may pollute the ocean and shore. While pipeline oil spills of thousands or even tens of thousands of barrels occur occasionally, between 1967 and 1990 an average of only 10,585 barrels annually of oil pollution from marine pipelines was reported to federal regulatory agencies on the OCS (Woodson, 19911.
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From page 21... ...
This chapter reviews what is known about the safety record. DATA SOURCES Various federal and state agencies independently collect data on pipeline failures: · The Minerals Management Service (MMS)
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From page 22... ...
Some of these techniques are outlined in Chapter 3 of this report, along with the framework of a risk analysis approach of a type that could be applied to the marine pipeline industry. Minerals Management Service The Minerals Management Service has the most comprehensive data-gathering program on pipeline failures on the OCS (Minerals Management Service, 1992; Woodson, 1991~.
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From page 23... ...
Coast Guard's National Response Center (NRC) has collected data on oil spills since 1974, under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1973 and several subsequent laws, including the Comprehensive Environmental Compensation and Liability Act, the Clean Air Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and the Resource Conser
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From page 24... ...
California, with its 300 miles, is an exception; the State Lands Commission of California has recorded offshore pipeline failures since at least 1980 (Woodson, 1991~. PREVIOUS STUDIES Several recent studies have been made of the marine pipeline failure data collected by the various regulatory agencies.
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From page 25... ...
of the Southwest Research Institute analyzed MMS pipeline failure data for the Gulf of Mexico (690 reported failures between 1967 to 1987~. The aim was to relate pipeline failure trends to variables such as pipe size, failure location, nature of repair procedure, and reported failure cause.
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From page 26... ...
This result is intuitively satisfying for all major categories except corrosion; gas lines might be expected to have higher rates of internal corrosion, because the produced brines and other corrosive substances are less easily carried off by the product. It is impossible to draw firm conclusions about the relative roles of internal and external corrosion, because more than one-third of the corrosion failure reports do not specify the location of corrosion.
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From page 27... ...
Natural forces (12%) TABLE 2-2 Reported Failure Causes, by Product Carried Percentage of failures attributed to each category of cause in: Reported cause Oil lines Gas lines Corrosion 48 50 Maritime activities 14 12 Natural forces 14 ~ Other/unknown 24 30 Total 100 100 Deaths and Serious Injuries 27 Maritime activities (14%)
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From page 28... ...
C Sea Chief 1987 2 1 Gas condensate Northumberland 1 989 11 3 Gas Sonat/Arco, South Pass 60 1989 7 10 Gas Sonat Sea Robin 1990 0 2 Gas Source: Data from Minerals Management Service. aNot reported in Woodson data base.
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From page 29... ...
On the Gulf of Mexico OCS, from 1967 to 1987, more than 80 percent of the pipeline spills were of 10 barrels or less, as shown in Figure 2-3 (Mandke, 19904. Only 20 pipeline spills between 1971 and 1990 on the OCS exceeded 50 barrels (Minerals Management Service, 1991, p.
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From page 30... ...
Such disruptions, whether they take place like Andrew's over a few weeks and months or over years of slow deterioration caused by inadequate maintenance, must be avoided. FINDINGS Analysis of incidents involving marine pipelines is extremely difficult, owing to the inconsistency of data collection by the various federal and state agencies with safety jurisdiction, and the lack of a shared focus on safety planning in data collection.
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From page 31... ...
data base does yield some Important patterns: · Corrosion, although it was the reported cause of nearly half of OCS pipeline failures from 1967 to 1990, produced only about 2 percent of the pollution from pipelines and no deaths, injuries, or damage to the property of third parties. · Damage from vessels (and especially from anchors and groundings)
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From page 32... ...
1990. Joint Task Force Report on Offshore Pipelines.
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