Effective Monitoring to Evaluate Ecological Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico (2017) / Chapter Skim
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3 Restoration Project Monitoring
3 Restoration Project Monitoring
Pages 29-50
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methods" as well as "approaches for determining Construction monitoring, performance baseline data needs." To address this task, this monitoring, and monitoring to support adaptive chapter presents general principles for developing management are not specific types of monitoring, a project-level monitoring design. Chapter 4 as much as the purposes behind the development discusses needs for monitoring beyond the project of specific monitoring designs.
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and/or species involved in the funding agencies of benefits realized from the restoration effort needs to be analyzed in a timely restoration investments and provide fashion to be able to inform early on project accountability. As such, performance monitoring design choices (e.g., Mitsch, 2014)
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can inform project managers about the progress Matched reference sites are sites or areas that are toward the restoration objectives. Baseline and physically and biologically similar to the area being existing and new historical information are restored (according to pre-determined characteristics)
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In well-defined restoration management questions contrast, performance monitoring aims to and uncertainties (see the Glossary for definition understand only what the restoration outcomes of uncertainty)
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performance thereby improving ongoing as well as future restoration planning and decision making. How such monitoring improves Conceptual Models restoration effectiveness through the adaptive management process is discussed in Chapter 7.
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. Based on the pu g m B urpose of the mo onitoring effort and a range of f vailable baselin e information, and various co considerations about potential metrics, project scale, av p onstraints, the monitoring plan can be deeveloped and decisions about statistical desig and required metrics, for ex d gn d xample, can bee made.
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uncertaint ties that inform monito oring design n C Conceptual s systems mod dels develope for ed choices an adaptive management planning, and nd m p d ecolo ogical restora ation commo only focus o the on linkages with weak evidence can be probed e n d biopphysical and e ecological eleements of a s system through experimental implementatio (Schreiber e on r witho including connections to specific social out g s et al., 200 Ogden et al., 2005; see also Chapter 04; e r and economic sys stems beyond immediate d d drivers 7)
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Generally, suc conceptual models start G ch l t com mon way to identify risks Considerati s. ion of with a de escription of an undesirab state and ble d these drivers is especially im e mportant in larger detail the causal path e hway by whic a specific ch c scale restoration projects whe the resto e ere oration restoration action is expected to lead to a desired n d d actio is likely to be only on of many forces on o ne restoration objective.
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. Therefore, reference sites restoration objective ought to be set.
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See Part II Project-Related Inputs to Monitoring Design for further discussion of metrics for different habitats and species restoration efforts. When moving from the broad conceptual model and restoration objectives to a projectlevel monitoring design, specific project-related Temporal and Spatial Scales Necessary to Address factors need to be explicitly defined.
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Restoration objectives would example, with subtidal oyster reef restoration in ideally include measuring ecosystem attributes the Chesapeake Bay (or elsewhere) , all similar that respond within short to moderate time scales habitats to the restoration site are significantly to provide near-term indications of restoration degraded and no suitable reference sites exist performance and to reduce long-term monitoring (Coen and Luckenbach, 2000)
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. Restoration performance indices are adaptive management, questions may focus on sometimes used to integrate a number of hypothesis evaluation or involve testing of structural and functional metrics into one predictive models.
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For example, in the case of the consistent, scientifically sound approaches to Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan,1 the metric selection. Although it is best to connect number of "performance measures" was metrics with conceptual models and restoration originally about 150 and was eventually reduced objectives, a variety of sources provide lists of to 53 (NRC, 2012)
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. for assessing the progress of restoration actions When determining the sampling locations relative to natural variation, as reference sites within a restored site, probabilistic selection of provide the target from which performance sampling sites is often recommended as part of criteria can be derived and control sites provide the design because it has the potential to reduce the comparison against which progress towards bias from site selection (Gilbert, 1987; Baggett et targets can be measured (Underwood, 1991, al., 2014)
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For some Gulf example, in evaluating coastal wetland restoration projects, short-term monitoring (over restoration, it is common to assess whether a the duration of a particular project) may be performance metric is "approach[ing]
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design, where data are collected data to help refine a model, better understand the before and after restoration (Figure 3.1) at the effects of various factors and provide data to restoration site and at a matched reference site (or compare actual measurements against model multiple reference sites)
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Given that restoration projects and The second assessment approach is based on monitoring will be implemented by multiple trend or changes in parameter estimates through agencies, it is important that some standardization time. While not ideal, such approaches often of protocols be considered, developed in a occur when there are not matched reference sites coordinated fashion, and documented.
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statement about restoration progress, regardless of It is important to note that restoration projects the inference method, depends on the quality of usually fall into a statistical category called the data from the monitoring design, the certainty in the underlying statistical or computational 4 Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration model, and the connections among the design, Authority Future Without Action: http://coastal. model, and cause and effect.
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performed during the period of construction shall When formulating a restoration monitoring be included in project construction costs and any plan it is important to consider all constraints that limit the ability of carrying out the restoration monitoring plan over the duration specified in the monitoring plan. As discussed in Box 1.2, constraints are usually associated with cost, societal, political, organizational, monitoring design, or ecosystem complexity.
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. Here, the incremental monitoring are often allocated to data collection, improvement in information gain relative to while critical aspects such as scientific oversight, questions central to the monitoring program can training, data management, quality assurance and be weighed against cost.
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restoration programs might consider providing guidance, training, and/or expertise to the Hence, the elements included in the grantees with regard to developing the monitoring program are best assessed against appropriate monitoring plan including a review these requirements by: (1) prioritizing these team with expertise in monitoring, formal requirements; (2)
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As Careful planning of a monitoring design is much as is feasible, restoration funding agencies needed to ensure that monitoring addresses key should also strive to create standardized metrics management questions with sufficient statistical and protocols across all restoration types to rigor. A monitoring design should be informed by facilitate the aggregation and synthesis of overarching program-level input from the restoration data collected from distinct but conceptual socio-ecological model, restoration interconnected restoration projects across Gulf objectives, and management questions and by site-level considerations including project scales, ecosystems (see additional guidance in Chapters available baseline and reference sites, and 4 and 6)
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