Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals (2017) / Chapter Skim
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8 Approaches to Assess Cumulative Impacts
8 Approaches to Assess Cumulative Impacts
Pages 85-98
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From page 85... ...
tiple stressors on marine mammal populations that, in turn, have direct and indirect effects on vital rates and population health" as stipulated in the statement of task (see Chapter 1)
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From page 86... ...
These considerations suggest that view, however. For example, pilot whales in most other study wild marine mammals may be more appropriate subjects for sites range so widely that there are relatively low rates of studies of cumulative effects than captive animals.
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From page 87... ...
It is lative effects of stressors on marine mammals. Here we difficult to develop longitudinal studies that involve resight- describe approaches to assess cumulative effects organized ing individuals over such large areas, and it is more difficult by the different components of this framework.
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From page 88... ...
In some cases, it is possible to examine directly from the subjects to measure contaminants or their environmental samples from water, sediment, or prey to prebiomarkers. This subject-oriented approach suggests the dict exposure for marine mammals, but, for toxins that can be utility of sampling blood or other tissues in order to estimate detected directly in marine mammal tissues or fluids, direct the dosage of stressors at the animal to evaluate their impact collection and measurement in marine mammal samples is a on health and vital rates (Rappaport, 2011)
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From page 89... ...
However, there are considerable obstacles Animal-Oriented Approaches to Measuring Extrinsic and to measuring prey fields in a way that accurately estimates Intrinsic Stressors prey limitation for marine mammals. Well-funded long-term censuses of commercially important fish have not solved the Mapping of stressors allows one to estimate exposure at challenge of mapping their distribution, even for informing specific locations.
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From page 90... ...
In addition, been to coordinate analytical quality assurance of data from understanding patterns of dosage and exposure for multiple chemical analyses of marine mammal tissues. The quality stressors could help to inform future study designs to eluci- assurance program for analysis of POPs, fatty acids, and trace date potential cumulative effects.
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From page 91... ...
Because changes The levels of exposure for an individual marine mammal in health can be measured more rapidly than changes in vital to stressors such as noise, prey limitation, perceived threats, rates, health may help provide an early warning indicator for and disease may vary considerably as the animal moves over individual animals. If enough individuals in a population are time periods of minutes to days.
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From page 92... ...
Comprehensive health assessments have been observed indicators for body condition, or remote sampling developed for pinnipeds and some cetacean species, such for stress hormones, they can be collected for many marine as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
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From page 93... ...
wild marine mammals, they integrate effects of repeated exposures to multiple stressors, they change over shorter time scales than vital rates, and yet they can influence the Remote Assessment of Health vital rates of each individual. The committee has argued that Pettis et al.
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From page 94... ...
This approach assumes that the values of stressors observed are Mark–Recapture Methods close to those that led to the health value measured at the same time. The cross-sectional approach may be less able As Chapter 7 notes, vital rates have been estimated for to detect adverse outcome pathways that involve sequential wild marine mammal populations where the same individuexposures to stressors over longer time periods.
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From page 95... ...
Some compounds and rates in marine mammal populations. Given the low probother stressors, such as sound, can be detected actively by ability that long-term studies of vital rates and spatiotemposensors on an electronic tag, but development of active sens- ral mapping of exposure to stressors will provide sufficient ing in lifetime tags will face considerable obstacles in terms data over long enough time intervals for marine mammal of power requirements and space limitations.
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From page 96... ...
If large enough samples of earplugs can be recovered marine mammal populations using cross-sectional studies and analyzed for health and vital rates, this could enable a supplemented by individuals sampled throughout their new way to evaluate the relationship between these critical lifespan could help to define combinations of stressors that parameters. This is the only shortcut found by the committee cause adverse cumulative effects.
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From page 97... ...
ing and managing the effects of human activities on Artificial matrices should be studied for their potential to marine mammals should identify baselines and docu- absorb materials (hormones or chemical stressors) and ment exposures to stressors for high-priority populations.
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