Recommendations for the Disposal of Chemical Agents and Munitions (1994) / Chapter Skim
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References and Bibliography
References and Bibliography
Pages 189-204
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Office of the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD.
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1987. Program Manager for Chemical Munitions, Interim Report on the Risk Analysis of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System.
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1993a. Evaluation of the HD Ton Container Test: Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System: Operational Verification Testing (ApnI)
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National Research Council (NRC)
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Washington, D.C.: Board on Army Science and Technology. National Research Council (NRC)
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1993a. M55 Rocket Surveillance Funding Risk Assessment.
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Harold Oliver, Tooele Army Depot EOC, DSN 790-3686, 1410 hours, 9 Sep 93. Office of Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization.
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, 8, 93 B Baseline system agent destruction in, 88 curtest status, 7 development of, 1, 23 24
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, 18, 19, 68, 119, 128 Chemical and munitions stockpile condition of, 1, 2-3 contents of, 2, 21, 3~35 current status of, 4345 degradation risks, 2-3, 19, 128-129 evolution of disposal methods for, 1 legislative history, 22-23 locations of, 2, 24, 35, 42 in National Research Council research, 22-25 non-agent materials in, 56-58 storage risk vs. disposal risk 5-6, 10, 11, 12, 32, 83, 121, 130 Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program monitoring program, 59 60 origins of, 1, 22 recommendations for, 12-20, 120131 staffing needs, 19-20, 129 Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, 10, 52, 56, 110-111, 161, 162 Chlorine oxide, 105 Clean Air Act, 3, 59 Clean Water Act, 3, 59 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 59 Corrosion in high-pressure oxidation, 107 as obstacle to &a~cembly, 45 In o=dation-neutrali7ation approach, 112 of stored munitions, 45 In supercritical water oxidation, 157, 158 Cryofracture process, 87 D Decontamination fluids, S7 Decontamination levels in baseline system, 89 3X, 53, 56 5X 53, 54, 58, 89
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It 199 Defense, Department of, 58 Depot Area Air Monitoring System (DAAMS) , 8, 93 Diodes, 11, 69, 71 Disassembly in baseline system, 85, 87 corrosion as obstacle to, 45 cryofracture process for, 87 mechanized, 1~15, 124 for neutralization processes, 163-164 recommendations for system design, 1~15, 124 Disposal of Chemical Munitions and Arena 41 Disposal processes design recommendations, 1~16, 12~126 evaluation criteria, 3-7 feed streams, 5~57 goals for, 3, 9, 52 historical approaches to, 1 in National Research Cocci} research, 22-25 non-agent materials in, 58 regulatory environment, 3, 25 residual matenals in, 52-56 risks in, 67~8, 72-77, 78-80 as systems approach, 4 waste streams in, 57 Dunnage, 3 alternative technologies for, 115-116 in baseline system, 8, 56, 57, 85, 92-93 decontamination of, 58 in recommendations for system design, 14, 124 types of materials in, 57, 58 o , E Economic considerations, 4 In delay of implementation, 32 as evaluation criterion, 82-83, 130 Electrical incinerators, 115, 116 Electrochemical oxidation, 106 Electroencephalograph monitoring, 68 Energetics, 2 alternative technologies for treatment of, 10, 11~115 in baseline system, 7, 87, 8$-89 decontamination of, 58 materials classified as, 35, 57 in neutralization processes, 164 on-site disposal, recommendations for, 18,127 propellant removal from, 35, 114 propellant stabilizer degradation in, 2-3, 19, 24, 4~51, 128-129 in recommendations for system design, 14, 15, 12~5 in slurry form, 15, 58, 125 in waste stream separation, 3, 5~57 Energy, Department of, 70 Environmental Protection Agency, 5, 58, 59, 66, 70 Environmental risk In citizen concerns, 30 31 in evaluation of disposal technologies, 25 In neutralization processes, 171 persistence of mustard agents, 35 regulatory protection, 58-60 Ethanolam~ne, 10, 105 Evaluation criteria, ~7 cost considerations in, 82-83, t30 definition of end products in, 52 nontechnical factors in, 25-26, 62 public opinion as, 83 risk minimization as, ~7, 61-62, 66 67, 130 safety as, 99-100 for selecting alternative technologies, 98-101 socioeconomic factors as, 81-82 technology readiness as, 98, 100 Evaluation of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Disposal System Operational Venfication Testing, 9~96 Explosives, in chemical munitions, 35 Exposure assessment, 66 F Fluidized-bed combustion, 108 Fuses, 35 G Gas wastes, 52, 57 activated carbon filter beds for, 16, 125-126, 148-153 in baseline system, 8, 89-90, 92 in dunnage decontamination, 92 emission standards, 53, 59 in enhanced baseline system, 11, 116-118 exposure standards, 53 health nsks, 70
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See also Neutralization Of GB, 359 See also Neutralization I Implementation of alternative technologies, procedure for, 18-19, 128 cost of delay in, 4 of liquid incinerator pilot testing, 10 pace of, 11, 121 in Public Law 102484, 136137 recommendations for, 16, 20, 125 risk of delay in, 6-7, 11, 13, 75, W schedule for, 25, 32, 82, 119 site-specific considerations, 4, 13, 18, 122-123, 128 Incineration technologies in alternative disposal technologies, 9 areas for improvement in, 8 in baseline system, 1, 7-8, 11, 88 89, 90 92, 95 baseline system dunnage furnace, 92-93 electrical power in, 115, 116 energetics destruction in, 15, 113 114, 125 health concerns, 5 integrated with neutralization processes, 11~111 iquiid incinerator, 9,10, 85, 88 for metal parts decontamination, 115 risk of long-term, low-level exposure, 70-72 See also Afterburner processing Ionizing radiation, 106 J Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) , 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 15, 24, 35, 45, 49, 59, 68, 85, 92, 97, 117, 151 performance evaluation, 9~96 risk assessment of, 77
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See also Blister agents adverse effects of, 68, 69 biological treatments for, 106, 107, 177, 179 carcinogenicity, 69 gelled, 15, 45, 113, 124 low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification of, 105 neutralization of, 16, 126, 160, 161, 168,169, 172, 173 physical properties of, 21, 34 35 pressurized In stored projectiles, 44, AS, 67 N National Research Council, 1, 2, 43 in chemical agent and munitions disposal research, 22-25
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202 Recommendations for Disposal Natural disasters, 80 Nerve agents, 2 health mon~tonug in storage areas, 68 See also GB; VX Nutrition advantages of, 159 in alternative disposal technologies, 9-10, 130 developmental status, 17~175 disposal of gelled materials in, 16, 17, 126 of GB via NaOH, 56 In integrated systems, 109-113, 179-180 limitations of, 162-164 in low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification, 105 potential applications for, 164165 recommendations for research, 1~18, 20, 109-113, 126 128 research needs for, 172-174 risks in, 170-171 system design, 165-170 technical description, 159-162 waste streams in, 161, 163, 165, 168-170 Newport Army Ammunition Plant, 18, 24, 42, 127, 164, 165 Nitrocellulose, 46, 49 2-Nitr~iphenylamine, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 Nitrogen oxides, 69, 96 in baseline system, 8 regulation of, 59 Nitroglycerin, 46 o Ocean dumping, 1, 23 Office of Technology Assessment, 2, 49 Oblation processes in alternative disposal technologies, 9, 10 biological treatments, 106-107 electrochemical, 106 for energetic destruction, 58, 114 higb-temperature, low-pressure, 108, 114 integrated with neutralization process, 110, 111-113, 166 168, 169 low-temperature, low-pressure, 105-107 moderate-temperature high-pressure, 107 safety concerns in, 10 supercr~tical water oxidation, 9, 10, 5S, 107, 110, 114, 154 158 ultraviolet Piglet in, 106 wet air oxidation, 9, 10, 107, 110, 114 ~158 Oxone, 105 p Plasma arc furnace, IDS, 115 Pollution abatement activated carbon filter beds for, 16, 87, 125-126, 148 153 ill baseline system, 7, 8, 89-92 dunnage furnace, 92-93 in enhanced baseline system, 11, 11~118 role of, 53 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 89 Potassium hydroxide, 10 Potassium persulfate, 105-106 Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, 64, 78 Propellants. See Energetics Public concern/opinion, 5, 22 Alternative Technologies Forum for, 138-147 alternative technology research and' 24 in decision-maldng process, 82, 83, 84 demilitarization treaty requirements in, 29 disposal activities after demilitarization in, 29, 81-82 ecological impacts in, 30 31 in evaluation of disposal technologies, 2, 7, 2~27, 31 health nsk in, 27-29 location of final processing vacuity and, 56 management of disposal facilities in, 30 Public Law 102-484, 13~134 recommendations for role of, 14, 123124 site-speci~c impacts in, 30 socioeconomic impacts in, 81, 84 Public Law 99-145, 22 Public Law 102 484, 22, 27, 13~137 Pueblo Depot Activity, 42 Q Quench tower, 90
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See Neutralization Staffing needs, 19-20, 129 Storage in baseline system, 85 current stockpile conditions, 2-3 of gas stream, 116 munitions leakages in, 43 45 programmatic risk assessment of, 72-77 reconfiguration of, pending disposal, 13, 123 relative risk of, 78 risk of disposal vs. degradation in, 5~, 10, 1l, 12, 32, 83, 121, 130 risks of, 67 site-specific risks, 13, 122-123 Sulfuric acid, 105-106 Supercritical water oxidation advantages of, 154 as alternative technology, 9, 10, 107 disadvantages of, 157,158 of energetics, 58, 114 integrated with neutralization process, 111-113, 169 integrated with neutralization processes, 110 technics description, 154 157 See also Oxidation processes T Thermal treatment high-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 108 higl~-temperature, low-pressure pyrolysis, 107-108 of stack gases, 117, L51 for unconditional release of treated material, 53 See also Incineration technologies Tooele Army Depot, 6, 7, 8, 18, 42, 43, 50, 68, 85, 94, 128, 149 recommendations for improving baseline installation at, 95-97
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204 Recommendations for Disposal Toxic Substances Control Act, 3, 59 Transportation in alternative disposal systems, 17-18, 127 in baseline system, 85 in evaluation of disposal technologies, 26 neutralization levels required for, 56 off-site operations in alternative technologies, 10 risk in, 6, 67 Transportation, Department of, 58-59 Treaty requirements, 1, 10, 21, 25, 52, 56, 110-111, 161, 162 citizen concerns about, 29 U Ultraviolet light, 106 V Ventun scrubber, 90 VX2, 34, 96 adverse effects of, 68 baseline system performance in destruction of, 94 caustic neutralization of, 106 en~,rme-catalyzed biologic hydrolysis of, 106 107, 177-179 hydrolytic neutralization of, 10, 16, 160 161, 166 168, 169, 172, 180 low-temperature, low-pressure detoxification of, 105 miner~i~tion of, 55 in neutralization-inc~neration system, 110 physical properties, 21, 34 in supercritical water oxidation, 156-157 W Waste strews in baseline system, 7-8, 57, 92-93 complete decontamination of, SS decontamination fluids in, 57 decontamination levels, 53 in dunnage decontamination, 92-93 in energetics destruction, 114 liquid, 52 in low-temperature, low-pressure oxidation, 105 in nutrition processes, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168 170, 171 non-agent materials in, 58 recommendations for system design, 1~15, ~125 regulation of, 58 60 resource recovery from, 55, 109 salt products, 8, 88, 90, 92-93, 96, 105 separation of, 3 solid matena~ 52-53 types of, 52-53, 57 water discharge standards, 59 water em~ssion/eyposure standards, 53 In wet air oxidation, 10 in wet-air oxidation, 112 See also Gas wastes Wet air oxidation, 9, 10, 107, 110, 114 advantages of, 154 biological treatment after, 106, 180 disadvantages of, 158 integrated with neutralization process, 111-113, 169 technical description, ~157 See also Oxidation processes Workers, chemical disposal, 62-63 World War I, 69 World War II, 69
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