Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy, and Practice (2016) / Chapter Skim
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2 The Scope of the Problem
2 The Scope of the Problem
Pages 31-68
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From page 31... ...
The committee also draws upon other large-scale studies to provide insight into various demographic factors -- such as gender, age, and ethnicity -- as potential risk or protective factors for youth involvement in bullying. Although perceptions and interpretations of communications may be different in digital communities, the committee decided to address cyberbullying within a shared bullying framework rather than treating cyberbullying and traditional bullying as separate entities because there are shared risk factors, shared negative consequences, and interventions that work on both cyberbullying and traditional bullying.
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of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) , the National School-Based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)
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From page 33... ...
recent report Estimate of 06.9% 14.8% 14.8% 06.0% (for electronic Internet / bullying from cell phone most recent harassment) report Past years of 2013, 2011, 2015 will be 2009-2010 2011 survey that 2009, 2007, released 6/2016 2005-2006 2008 included bullying 2005, 2003, 2013 2001-2002 2001, 1999 2011 1997-1998 2009 Purpose of study To show the To monitor To increase To support a relationship priority health- understanding of more regular between risk behaviors health behavior, and systematic bullying and that contribute lifestyles, and national cyber-bullying to the leading their context in assessment victimization and causes of young people.
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From page 34... ...
School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey The SCS is a national survey of 4,942 students ages 12 through 18 in U.S. public and private elementary, middle, and high schools as well as home-schooled youth (U.S.
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From page 35... ...
The SCS asked students a number of key questions about their experiences with and perceptions of crime and violence that occurred inside their school, on school grounds, on a school bus, or on the way to or from school.3 Additional questions not included in the NCVS were added to the SCS, such as students' self-reports of being bullied and perceived rejection at school. This survey's approach to bullying and cyberbullying is far more intensive than the other national surveys; however, it is limited by its focus exclusively on reports of being bullied (being a target of bullying behavior)
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From page 36... ...
that result in the most significant mortality, morbidity, disability, and social problems during both youth and adulthood.6 State and local education and health agencies are permitted to supplement the national survey to meet their individual needs. National YRBS Bullying and cyberbullying estimates include responses by student characteristics, such as gender, race and ethnicity, grade level, and urbanicity of the school.7,8 The data showed that 19.6 percent of children ages 14-18 were bullied on school property and 14.8 percent of children ages 14-18 were electronically bullied (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014b; see Appendix C, Table C-4)
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From page 37... ...
The HBSC survey collects data on a wide range of health behaviors, health indicators, and factors that may influence them. These factors are primarily characteristics of the children themselves, such as their psychological attributes and personal circumstances, and characteristics of their perceived social environment, including their family relationships, peer-group associations, school climate, and perceived socioeconomic status (Iannotti, 2013)
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From page 38... ...
.11,12 Regarding bullying and cyberbullying, the HBSC asked questions only about the frequency with which children were bullied in the "past couple of months," with follow-up questions about the frequency of a certain type of bullying a student experienced (called names or teased, left out of things, kicked or pushed, etc.)
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From page 39... ...
.15 While the HBSC survey and the YRBS also showed a decline in the percentage of students who have been cyberbullied, the NatSCEV showed an increase in the percentage of students who experienced Internet and/or cell phone harassment (see Figure 2-2)
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From page 40... ...
NOTES: HBSC = Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children; NatSCEV = National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence, NCVS = National Crime Victimization Survey; SCS = School Crime Supplement of the NCVS, YRBS = National School-Based Youth Risk Behavior Survey. SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010, 2012, 2014b)
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From page 41... ...
Although these studies are limited by inconsistent definitions, survey data based on self-reports, differing age ranges, and a lack of questions seeking responses from children who have bullied or have witnessed bullying incidents, they do provide valuable insight into particular risk factors or protective factors for involvement in bullying, insights that are generally not available from the surveys of nationally representative samples. The committee expands on risk and protective factors in Chapter 3.
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From page 42... ...
. Today's youth are often referred to as "digital natives" due to their upbringing immersed in technological tools including smartphones and social media, while adults are often referred to as "digital immigrants." This report found that approximately threefourths of teens ages 13-17 reported access to a cell phone and 94 percent of teens reported going online daily, including 24 percent who said they go online "almost constantly" (Lenhart et al., 2015)
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From page 43... ...
found rates of cyberbullying to be lower than rates of traditional bullying, but appreciable, and reported higher cyberbullying prevalence outside of school than inside. It is possible that reported cyberbullying rates are lower than traditional bullying rates because Percentage of all teens 13 to 17 who use … Facebook 71% Instagram 52% Snapchat 41% Twitter 33% Google+ 33% Vine 24% Tumblr 14% Different 11% social media site FIGURE 2-4 Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat top social media platforms for teens (n = 1,060 teens ages, 13-17)
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. All three of these national surveys found that girls were more likely to report being bullied than were boys (see Figure 2-5 for SCS data)
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. 18 17.0 14.7 Percentage of Students Bullied 16 13.6 13.2 14 12.6 12 9.6 10 7.4 8 6.0 5.5 6 3.9 4.1 3.7 4.6 4.5 3.5 4 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.3 2 0 Made fun of, Subject of Threatened Pushed, Tried to make Excluded from Property called names, Rumors with harm shoved, do things they activities on destroyed on or insulted tripped, or didn't want purpose purpose spit on to do Total Boys Girls FIGURE 2-6 Prevalence of different types of bullying among students, ages 12-18, bullied in a school year, as reported by the 2013 School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey.
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From page 46... ...
Prevalence rates of cyberbullying among young adults and college students have been estimated to be around 10-15 percent (Kraft and Wang, 2010; Schenk and Fremouw, 2012; Wensley and Campbell, 2012)
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, researchers have identified specific populations that are at increased risk for being bullied. This section reviews the research on groups for which there is consistent epidemiologic evidence of disparities in being the target of bullying, including LGBT youth, overweight/obese youth, and youth with disabilities.
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For example, the 2003 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey found that 42.0 percent of sexualminority youth reported being bullied in the 12 months prior to survey administration (Hanlon, 2004)
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. Adjusted prevalence rates for being bullied on school property were lowest for both heterosexual boys and girls (18.3% and 19.9%, respectively, based on the state dataset; 11.4% and 11.8%, respectively, based on the district dataset)
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From page 50... ...
and determined that 35.3 percent of students with emotional and behavioral disorders, 33.9 percent of students with autism spectrum disorders, 24.3 percent of students with intellectual disabilities, 20.8 percent of students with another health impairment, and 19.0 percent of students with specific learning disabilities experienced high levels of victimization. In addition, 15.3 percent of youth with emotional and behavioral disorders, 19.4 percent of youth with autism spectrum disorders, 24.1 percent of youth with intellectual disabilities, 16.9 percent of youth with other health impairment, and 14.4 percent of youth with specific learning disabilities perpetrated bullying behavior.
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In 2007, Puhl and Latner reviewed the growing literature on social marginalization and stigmatization of obesity in children and adolescents, paying attention to the nature and extent of weight bias toward overweight youth and the primary sources of stigma in their lives, including peers.21 The researchers found that existing studies on weight stigma suggest that experiences with various forms of bullying is a common experience for overweight and obese youth; however, determining specific prevalence rates of bias is difficult because various assessment methods are used across the literature (Puhl and Latner, 2007)
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From page 52... ...
found that among 5,749 children, ages 11-16, girls with a higher BMI were more likely to be targets of bullying behavior than their average-weight peers. They found that the likelihood of these girls being targeted in verbal, physical, and relational bullying incidents only increased as BMI rose.
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From page 53... ...
, nor general socioeconomic status (Magklara et al., 2012) predicted greater risk of being targeted by bullying behavior.
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Minority Religious Affiliations Few studies have specifically investigated the bullying involvement of youth from minority religious groups. However, evidence from other areas of violence suggests that youth from religious minorities may experience higher rates of being bullied than those who identify as Christians.
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found, using 2011 National Center for Education Statistics data, that 25 percent of students in urban schools reported some bullying, compared with 29 percent in suburban schools and 30 percent in rural schools. One reason that has been suggested for this difference is that smaller rural schools, some of which have fewer school transitions (e.g., lacking a separate middle school between elementary and high school grades)
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From page 56... ...
The issues to be addressed are summarized here in terms of definitional issues and issues of measurement and sampling. Definitional Issues As attention to bullying behavior has grown in recent years, concerns have been raised that efforts to characterize bullying vary considerably and that a lack of a consistent definition "hinders our ability to understand the true magnitude, scope, and impact of bullying and track trends over time" (Gladden et al., 2014, p.
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From page 57... ...
Second, research suggests that the approach to measuring bullying does affect the pattern of responses and in turn may influence the prevalence rates. For example, a study of over 24,000 elementary, middle, and high school age youth found significantly higher prevalence rates for bullying when it was assessed using a behavior-based approach (i.e., asking about the experience of specific forms and acts of bullying)
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In some cases, the task is extraordinarily difficult. For example, existing research suggests disparities in rates of bullying by a variety of characteristics, including sexual orientation, disability, and obesity, mostly due to the lack of nationally representative data on these and other vulnerable groups.
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Finding 2.8: Existing research suggests that there are disparities in rates of bullying by a variety of characteristics, including sexual orientation, disability, and obesity. However, there is a lack of nationally repre sentative data on these and other vulnerable groups.
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. National prevalence rates of bully victimization among students with disabilities in the United States.
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Schools: Results from the 2009 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. Washington, DC: U.S.
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. The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents.
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From page 63... ...
. 2003 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey Results.
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. Bullying behaviors among U.S.
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From page 65... ...
. Indicators of victimization and sexual orientation among adolescents: Analyses from Youth Risk Behavior Surveys.
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From page 66... ...
. Student Reports of Bullying and Cyber-Bullying: Results from the 2013 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey.
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From page 67... ...
THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 67 Zimmerman, F.J., Glew, G.M., Christakis, D.A., and Katon, W
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