Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research Reducing Global Carbon Emissions (2016) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 5-14
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From page 5... ...
Agencies and organizations in government, industry, and academia with an interest in developing propulsion and energy system technologies that could reduce CO2 emissions from global civil aviation and that could be introduced into service during the next 10 to 30 years should execute a national research agenda that places the highest priority on four approaches: • Advances in aircraft–propulsion integration, • Improvements in gas turbine engines, • Development of turboelectric propulsion systems,1 and 1 Turboelectric propulsion systems use gas turbines to drive electrical generators that power electric motors that drive propulsors (fans or propellers)
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From page 6... ...
System studies indicate that turboelectric propulsion systems, in concert with distributed propulsion and boundary layer ingestion, have the potential to ultimately reduce fuel burn up to 20 percent or more compared to the current state of the art for large commercial aircraft. • Sustainable alternative jet fuels research.
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HIGH-PRIORITY RESEARCH PROJECTS The committee identified 12 high-priority research projects that it recommended for consideration by agencies and organizations in government, industry, and academia with an interest in developing propulsion and energy system technologies that could reduce CO2 emissions from global civil aviation and could be introduced into service during the next 10 to 30 years. As indicated below, two of the high-priority research projects address aircraft–propulsion integration, three address gas turbine engines, three address turboelectric propulsion, and four address SAJF.
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From page 8... ...
Advanced materials for combustors and turbines can also improve engine power-to-weight ratios and can improve part durability to keep fuel burn from increasing as an engine ages. Key research topics for this project include advanced materials that provide viable approaches to greatly reducing or eliminating turbine film cooling as well as compatible coatings for environmental protection, erosion prevention, ice rejection, and thermal barriers.
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Historically, engines with cores having a small physical size are less efficient than large engines, and new technologies are needed to overcome this disparity. Key research topics for this project include improvements in turbomachinery aerodynamic performance, manufacturing, tip clearance control, secondary flow losses, combustion, and the operational life of turbine airfoils.3 Turboelectric Propulsion Turboelectric Aircraft System Studies This project would conduct more encompassing studies of aircraft powered by turboelectric systems in order to better understand the benefits, component performance sensitivities, certification issues, and trade-offs related to key aircraft systems, such as thermal management and energy storage.
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This 50 percent minimum reduction disincentivizes the potential of some synthetic fuel production pathways that could produce lesser but still substantial life-cycle reductions in carbon emissions. Key research topics for this project include conducting comprehensive comparative technoeconomic assessments of potential SAJF feedstocks and conversion processes; enhancing system modeling and analysis capabilities for micro (individual project)
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From page 11... ...
Key research topics for this project include creating additional process development facilities to enhance the ability of SAJF conversion technology developers to move expeditiously from benchtop to pilot scale with minimal capital and operating expenses; developing fuel conversion and finishing processes and equipment, focusing first on processes common to multiple conversion processes; and fostering the development of lower-cost hydrogen production to deal with the fundamental hydrogen deficit in converting many biofeedstocks to finished fuels. SAJF Fuel Testing, Evaluation, and Qualification This project would improve fuel testing, evaluation, and qualification efforts to lower testing costs, increase throughput, and enhance understanding of fuel properties.
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Enabling higher operating temperatures is a prerequisite to achieving significant improvement in gas turbine engine thermodynamic efficiency, and a major impediment to achieving higher operating temperatures is the difficulty of developing advanced materials and coatings that can withstand higher engine operating temperatures. • Boundary layer ingestion.
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There is no well-defined, internationally adopted framework for sustainability analysis of alternative jet fuels. COORDINATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT It will not be possible to execute the recommended research agenda without commitment, resources, leadership, and focus from relevant agencies and organizations in government, industry, and academia.
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From page 14... ...
It is not clear when turboelectric propulsion technology will advance to the point that it provides the performance needed for practical application in commercial aircraft. It is also uncertain when SAJF will be able to compete economically with petroleum-based fuels, especially considering the capital costs of founding a new industry and the fluctuating prices of conventional jet fuel.
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