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Achieving Science with CubeSats Thinking Inside the Box (2016) / Chapter Skim
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6 Policy Challenges and Solutions
Pages 71-82

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From page 71...
... , and operators performed hundreds of avoidance maneuvers to reduce risk of potential collisions. In addition, during 2014, NASA executed or assisted 1  J.-C.Liou, 2012, "The Near-Earth Orbital Debris Problem and the Challenges for Environment Remediation," presented at the 3rd International Space World Conference, Frankfurt, Germany, http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120012893.pdf.
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From page 72...
... Kelso, CelesTrak, http://celestrak.com/, accessed February 2016. in the execution of more than two dozen collision-avoidance maneuvers by robotic spacecraft.5 Because of the risk of collision, the International Space Station (ISS)
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From page 73...
... , created under the aegis of the United Nations' Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) , adopted a set of space debris mitigation guidelines which includes a 25-year deorbit requirement from low Earth orbit.
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From page 74...
... Dunlop, "Overcoming non-technical challenges to cleaning up orbital debris," The Space Review, release date November 9, 2015, http:// www.thespacereview.com/article/2863/1; G Harris, "Space debris expert warns of increasing CubeSat collision risk," Phys Org, release date September 30, 2014, http://phys.org/news/2014-09-space-debris-expert-cubesat-collision.html.
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From page 75...
... Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, and the UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines. 20  "International coordination would be required for any sustained effort to capture and remove debris because many nations have contributed to the problem and the United Nations 1967 Outer Space Treaty states that space-based objects, including spent rocket boosters and satellite fragments, belong to the nation or nations that launched them." D
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From page 76...
... The filings to obtain satellite and Earth station licenses are not particularly streamlined, and most CubeSat developers will have no prior experience navigating the process. • Every desirable frequency in the radio spectrum is already being used.
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From page 77...
... Therefore, CubeSat teams that include a licensed amateur radio operator can use that operator to communicate with the satellite, with no additional licensing requirements, subject to a significant caveat discussed below. • Thousands of amateur radio operators in the United States, and many more abroad, possess suitable equipment for listening to CubeSat transmissions.
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From page 78...
... have operated under experimental licenses, many of these satellites utilized amateur radio spectrum. This licensing method leveraged the benefits of using amateur radio spectrum while avoiding the limitations on the use of amateur communications for pay.
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From page 79...
... The total lifetime throughput for typical operational CubeSats to date range from a few hundred kilobytes to a few hundred megabytes. In fact, total data throughput depends on signal bandwidth, and wider bandwidths are more challenging to fit within existing spectrum constraints, especially at frequencies below 1 GHz that are favored by CubeSat developers.
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From page 80...
... Because experimental licenses are always issued on a noninterference basis, their use will create an additional element of risk for CubeSat developers. LAUNCH AS A CHOKE POINT As discussed above, since 2000, more than 400 CubeSats have been launched through one of the following four alternatives: obtaining a rideshare or "piggyback" on board a vehicle with an established primary satellite; buying a dedicated small launch vehicle; ridesharing with a group of CubeSats on a "cluster launch"; and being a hosted payload permanently attached to another satellite.
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From page 81...
... Balakrishnan, 2015, The CubeSat ecosystem: Examining the launch niche, Proceedings of 66th Inter national Astronautical Congress, IAC-15,B4,5,3,x31157, October 12-16 2015, Jerusalem, Israel, available at https://www.ida.org/idamedia/ Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2016/D-5678.ashx. 38  NASA Spaceflight.com, "Super Strypi conducts inaugural launch -- Fails during first stage," release date November 3, 2015, http://www.
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From page 82...
... Planetary protection is another policy concern related to CubeSats for deep space or planetary science missions. Planetary protection, a part of NASA exploration since the Apollo Era, deals with the practice of protecting solar system bodies from Earth contaminants (forward contamination)
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Key Terms

  • amateur radio
  • cubesat developers
  • release date
  • experimental licenses
  • space debris

  • policy challenges
  • earth station
  • debris mitigation
  • government satellite
  • earth stations

  • station authorization
  • earth orbit
  • authorization required
  • radio spectrum
  • low earth

  • international space
  • cubesat community
  • outer space
  • radio operators
  • space objects

  • launch services
  • date november
  • launch alliance
  • date september
  • planetary protection

  • mitigation guidelines
  • cubesat launch
  • space station
  • cubesat launches
  • space world


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