Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:

9 State and Local Fiscal Effects of Immigration
Pages 495-566

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 495...
... Consequently, any examination of the fiscal effects of immigration at the state and local levels and the extent to which immigrants are a net fiscal burden or benefit must consider the individual circumstances of each jurisdiction. The 1997 National Research Council report, The New Americans, estimated the net state and local government fiscal effects of immigration for only two states: California and New Jersey (National Research Council, 1997)
From page 496...
... By state, as of 2000, the foreign-born accounted for 14 percent or more of the population in only seven states, while by 2011-2013 the foreign-born accounted for 14 percent or more of the population in 12 states; see further discussion in Section 9.3 below. This chapter examines the state and local government fiscal effects of immigration for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia for the 3-year period 2011-2013.
From page 497...
... The sample also repre 1  The second generation also includes those born abroad to an American parent with their other parent foreign-born, and the third-plus generation also includes those who are born abroad to two American parents. 2  Were the ACS to include a question on place of birth of parents, it would be possible to carry out an analysis of state-level fiscal effects of immigration, by immigrant generation, with a much larger sample and correspondingly greater reliability than is possible with the CPS ASEC, even pooling over 3 years (see Chapter 10)
From page 498...
... There are as many second generation dependents as independent adults; their costs in part explain why first generation independent persons are more costly. 4  Available: https://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data.html [November 2016]
From page 499...
... Box 9-1 repeats the definitions of independent persons and dependent children given in Box 8-2 and also defines "independent person unit." Having classified each individual in the sample as independent or dependent, we then constructed independent person units for analysis. The assignment of dependent children in a household to independent
From page 500...
... Independent person unit: Comprises the independent person plus assigned dependent children (which typically is half of any child assigned to two parents)
From page 501...
... Thus, first generation independent person units with children may include children born abroad, those who in their own right would be classified as second generation, or both. Similarly, second generation independent person units with children may include children who are second or third generation when considered in their own right.
From page 502...
... . Table 9-11, in the Technical Annex to this chapter, provides detailed information on each revenue type and how the revenues for each type were allocated to independent person units.
From page 503...
... . Table 9-12 in the Technical Annex provides additional information on each expenditure type and how the expenditures for each type were allocated to independent person units.
From page 504...
... (Dependent children were assigned to one or two parents or another independent person in their household regardless of their own immigrant generation.) This grouping permitted us to ascer tain the contribution of second generation independent persons, which in many states provide a return on the investment made in their education as children through taxes paid when they become working-age adults.
From page 505...
... Six states gained between 300 and 500 thousand, five states gained between 200 and 300 thousand, and seven states gained between 100 and 200 thousand immigrants. Of the 22 states that experienced increases in numbers of immigrants of 100 thousand or more, 12 had populations with 8  Our analysis in this chapter is subject to the same caveats about the difficulties of identifying immigrants with existing data that are outlined in the Technical Annex to Chapter 2 above.
From page 506...
... 506 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 9-1  Percentage Foreign-born Population by State, 2011-2013 and 2000, Ordered from Highest to Lowest Percentage Foreign-born in 2011-2013 Number Foreign-born Percentage Foreign-born (in thousands) Percentage 2011- Point Change 2011- Change Since State 2013 2000 Since 2000 2013 2000 California 27 26 +1 10,262 1,397 New York 22 20 +2 4,376 508 New Jersey 21 18 +3 1,902 425 Florida 19 17 +2 3,760 1,089 Nevada 19 16 +3 528 211 Hawaii 18 18  0 249 37 Texas 16 14 +2 4,273 1,373 Massachusetts 15 12 +3 1,010 237 Connecticut 14 11 +3 491 121 District of Columbia 14 13 +1 90 16 Illinois 14 12 +2 1,801 272 Maryland 14 10 +4 835 317 Arizona 13 13  0 880 224 Rhode Island 13 11 +2 138 19 Washington 13 10 +3 922 308 Virginia 11 8 +3 937 367 Georgia 10 7 +3 955 378 Colorado 10 9 +1 502 132 New Mexico 10 8 +2 204 55 Oregon 10 8 +1 384 94 Delaware 9 6 +3 78 33 North Carolina 8 5 +3 738 308 Utah 8 7 +1 240 82 Alaska 7 6 +1 52 15 Kansas 7 5 +2 195 60 Minnesota 7 5 +2 400 140 Idaho 6 5 +1 94 30 Michigan 6 5 +1 610 87 Nebraska 6 4 +2 120 45 New Hampshire 6 4 +2 74 20 Oklahoma 6 4 +2 214 83 Pennsylvania 6 4 +2 778 270 Arkansas 5 3 +2 135 61 Indiana 5 3 +2 310 123 Iowa 5 3 +2 142 50 South Carolina 5 3 +2 227 111 Tennessee 5 3 +2 302 143 Wisconsin 5 4 +1 273 79
From page 507...
... We use this ordering for subsequent tables as well, to help readers focus on the states with the largest percentages of first generation independent persons, which are also the states
From page 508...
... 508 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 9-2  Percentage Independent Persons by Immigrant Generation, by State, 2011-2013, in Order from Highest to Lowest Percentage (first generation independent persons) Immigrant Generation (% of total independent persons in state)
From page 509...
... with the largest sample sizes for the first generation. (Tables 9-13 and 9-14 in the Technical Annex provide, respectively, annualized weighted sample counts and total 3-year unweighted counts of first, second, and third-plus generation independent persons by state in the pooled CPS ASEC data for 2011-2013.)
From page 510...
... Demographic Distributions of Independent Persons, 2011-2013 The three immigrant generations of independent persons that we define differ among themselves within and among states on characteristics that affect the net fiscal benefit or burden they entail for their state (and its localities)
From page 511...
... The general patterns evident for the nation hold for states, but there are some significant exceptions. For example, among the seven states with the highest percentages of first generation independent persons, the average age of this generation varies from 44 years in Texas to 51 years in Hawaii.
From page 512...
... TABLE 9-3  Average Age and Percentage, Ages 65 and Older, Independent Persons by Immigrant Generation by State, 512 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation First Second Third+ All State Avg.
From page 513...
... Idaho 43 11 43 17 49 21 48 20 North Carolina 42 6 44 20 49 21 48 19 Utah 42 7 43 15 45 16 44 15 Michigan 46 17 55 39 49 19 49 20 Minnesota 42 11 52 34 48 18 48 18 Kansas 43 10 47 26 48 21 48 20 Pennsylvania 44 13 58 45 49 20 49 21 Iowa 41 6 51 36 48 18 48 18 New Hampshire 46 13 57 42 48 17 49 18 Wisconsin 44 10 57 41 49 19 49 20 Tennessee 40 8 46 18 49 20 48 19 Arkansas 39 8 42 14 49 22 48 21 Kentucky 41 9 44 18 48 19 48 18 South Carolina 43 10 49 20 49 20 49 20 Oklahoma 42 7 40 15 48 20 48 19 Vermont 50 22 56 35 49 18 49 20 Indiana 43 10 47 24 49 20 49 20 Ohio 44 16 54 32 49 20 49 20 Louisiana 45 13 44 14 48 19 48 19 Missouri 44 12 52 32 48 19 48 20 South Dakota 41 8 59 49 48 18 48 19 Alabama 42 9 48 19 49 19 48 19 Maine 47 16 59 44 49 19 50 21 North Dakota 41 7 62 58 46 15 47 17 Wyoming 43 11 54 35 47 16 47 17 Montana 45 15 61 52 49 22 49 23 Mississippi 43 9 44 14 49 20 49 20 West Virginia 48 17 52 31 50 19 50 19 continued 513
From page 514...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 515...
... is lowest among first generation independent person units at about $29,450 per unit, considerably higher among second generation independent person units at $34,900 per unit, and higher still among third-plus generation units at $35,900 per unit. Among the seven states with the highest percentages of first generation independent person units, average AGI for the first generation varies from $26,100 per unit in Texas to $35,700 per unit in New Jersey.
From page 516...
... , Arizona has the lowest average income for first generation independent person units ($25,100)
From page 517...
... Table 9-4 provides population-based revenue estimates by state for all independent person units and those in each generation with per-unit amounts derived using the allocation process described in Table 9-11 in the Technical Annex to this chapter. For the United States as a whole, 20112013 annualized state and local government revenue averaged $14,700 per independent person unit.
From page 518...
... 518 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 9-4  State and Local Revenues per Independent Person Unit (rounded to nearest $50) , by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation Difference: First less State First Second Third+ All Third+ California $15,600 $18,450 $19,150 $17,800 −$3,550 New Jersey 14,350 15,050 16,700 15,850 −2,350 New York 20,200 22,200 23,450 22,400 −3,250 Nevada 11,500 12,350 13,100 12,650 −1,600 Florida 11,050 11,550 12,050 11,800 −1,000 Texas 11,950 12,950 12,850 12,650 −900 Hawaii 14,200 14,850 16,400 15,700 −2,200 Maryland 13,900 13,850 14,350 14,250 −500 Arizona 11,000 12,000 12,150 11,900 −1,150 District of Columbia 24,700 28,400 28,200 27,600 −3,500 Massachusetts 14,900 15,300 16,600 16,150 −1,700 Illinois 12,450 13,850 14,750 14,300 −2,250 Washington 14,650 14,900 15,250 15,100 −600 Connecticut 14,800 15,900 17,050 16,550 −2,250 Rhode Island 14,300 13,950 15,900 15,350 −1,600 Virginia 12,500 13,500 12,800 12,800 −300 Delaware 16,050 15,300 16,150 16,100 −100 Georgia 10,850 12,200 12,050 11,900 −1,200 New Mexico 17,450 15,400 14,850 15,200 2,600 Oregon 16,050 15,500 15,150 15,250 950 Colorado 12,950 14,200 14,250 14,100 −1,250 Alaska 37,250 38,700 36,100 36,400 1,150 Nebraska 15,700 15,550 16,400 16,300 −700 Idaho 10,400 11,600 11,800 11,650 −1,400 North Carolina 12,800 13,500 13,250 13,200 −450 Utah 13,650 13,650 13,900 13,850 −250 Michigan 12,300 12,450 13,250 13,100 −950 Minnesota 14,550 14,400 16,150 15,900 −1,600 Kansas 13,750 13,200 13,800 13,750 0 Pennsylvania 14,050 12,050 13,550 13,500 500 Iowa 15,750 15,000 15,150 15,200 600 New Hampshire 11,500 11,600 11,900 11,850 −400 Wisconsin 13,850 13,450 14,550 14,450 −700 Tennessee 12,000 11,750 12,250 12,250 −250 Arkansas 11,950 12,800 12,200 12,200 −300 Kentucky 12,200 13,750 12,050 12,100 150 South Carolina 13,150 14,550 12,900 12,950 300 Oklahoma 12,100 14,300 12,800 12,850 −700 Vermont 15,650 14,950 15,650 15,550 0 Indiana 12,400 12,350 12,250 12,250 150
From page 519...
... Table 9-5 provides population-based expenditure estimates by state for all independent person units and by generation with per-unit amounts derived using the allocation process documented in Table 9-12 in the Technical Annex to this chapter. For the United States as a whole, 2011-2013 annualized state and local government expenditures averaged $13,850 per independent person unit, or about $900 less than was raised in revenue.
From page 520...
... and ranges from $10,850 in Florida to $28,500 in the District of Columbia: the same two lowest and highest jurisdictions among these 15 for average revenue per independent person unit. TABLE 9-5 State and Local Expenditures per Independent Person Unit (rounded to nearest $50)
From page 521...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 522...
... California, the state with the largest population and the largest number and percentage of first generation independent person immigrants, had the largest positive net difference in dollars between total average annual state and local revenue and expenditure flows in 2011-2013 ($22.9 billion) out of all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
From page 523...
... . With net differences in revenues and expenditures ranging from positive to negative across states, when comparing net differences per independent person unit for different immigrant generations, it can be difficult to disentangle how much variation is from across-generation cost differences versus net cost differences among states.
From page 524...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 525...
... because we have reached the primary question of interest: How much do first and second generation units cost their states and localities? Also, the net differences are the result of balancing revenue and expenditure assignments, thereby magnifying the errors in each.15 As seen in Table 9-6, for the United States as a whole, first generation independent person units (which include first and second generation children assigned to independent first generation persons)
From page 526...
... The demographic differences between the first, second, and third-plus generation independent person units serve as the drivers of the differences 16  The finding here, that the first generation generates higher net fiscal costs at the state and local level, is consistent with that from the parallel analysis in Chapter 8 (Table 8-1)
From page 527...
... Although per unit spending on the second generation independent person units is slightly more than it is on the third-plus generation units, the per unit net difference between revenues and expenditures is the most positive for second generation independent person units. With a positive net difference of $1,700, second generation independent person units contribute $400 more on average than third-plus generation units.
From page 528...
... For the second generation independent person units, while on average across states more revenues are raised than money spent on them, the differences vary from a net cost of about $400 per second generation independent person unit in Texas to a net contribution of $7,100 per such unit to the District of Columbia's budget. Similarly, whether an average third-plus generation independent person unit costs or contributes to a state (and local)
From page 529...
... STATE AND LOCAL FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 529 TABLE 9-7  Net Difference between State and Local Revenues and Expenditures per Household Unit (rounded to nearest $50) , by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation (household units)
From page 530...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 531...
... For brevity, we only report the regression coefficients for immigrant generation, which represent, in dollars, the net fiscal impacts associated with being a first or second generation independent person unit, compared to third-plus generation independent person units. In almost all cases, the regression coefficients for immigration generation are statistically significant, with first generation independent person units having a net fiscal cost relative to the third-plus generation, while the opposite is true for second generation independent person units.
From page 532...
... demographic and economic differences; an additional model directly controls for income so that the importance of that factor can be discussed. Note that the order in which the control variables are added matters, so decreases in the difference from the comparison group (third-plus generation independent person units)
From page 533...
... Model 1, which does not include any control variables, reports the difference in net fiscal impacts of the first and second generation independent person units relative to the third-plus generation units. Controlling for no other factors, a first generation independent person unit on average costs state and local governments $2,913 more than an additional third-plus generation independent person unit, while an additional second generation independent person unit contributes $384 more than an additional third-plus generation unit.
From page 534...
... becomes less negative relative to the third-plus generation independent person units by about $500. The second generation units have the highest share of elderly independent persons in them (age 65 and older)
From page 535...
... . In contrast, due to having fewer dependent children as compared to third-plus generation independent individuals, the fiscal benefit of second generation units relative to third-plus generation independent person units declines by about half (to +$258)
From page 536...
... These characteristics also account for all of the positive contribution of second generation independent person units relative to the third-plus generation units. When the regression analysis sample is limited to independent person units living in the 14 states and the District of Columbia in which at least one-quarter of all independent persons belong to the first or second generation, the results for the first generation are similar to those in the sample that includes all states.
From page 537...
... If we instead allocate half of the K-12 expenditures to just the independent persons, rather than to all persons, and the remaining half to students, the net fiscal impact of first generation units becomes −$1,250 and the second and third-plus generations have small increases in the costs they bear. This reduces the difference in net costs between first and thirdplus generation independent person units from $2,900 to $2,500.
From page 538...
... 538 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 9-9  Net Difference between State and Local Revenues and Expenditures per Independent Person Unit with Alternative Assignment of Education Expenditures (rounded to nearest $50) , by Immigrant Generation, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation State First Second Third+ All 51 States Education expenditures to students −$1,600 $1,700 $1,300 Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −1,350 1,550 1,300 half to all as public good Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −1,250 1,450 1,250 half to all independents as public good Half of K-12 and higher education −1,250 1,650 1,250 expenditures to students, half to all independents as public good Top 15 States by % in First Generation Education expenditures to students −$1,700 $1,650 $1,650 Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −1,500 1,450 1,600 half to all as public good Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −1,400 1,400 1,550 half to all independents as public good Half of K-12 and higher education −1,400 1,600 1,550 expenditures to students, half to all independents as public good California Education expenditures to students −$2,050 $1,550 $3,100 Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −1,850 1,450 2,950 half to all as public good Half of K-12 expenditures to students, 1,750 1,400 2,900 half to all independents as public good Half of K-12 and higher education 1,850 1,700 2,900 expenditures to students, half to all independents as public good Florida Education expenditures to students −$350 $1,200 $1,350 Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −300 1,150 1,300 half to all as public good Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −250 1,100 1,300 half to all independents as public good Half of K-12 and higher education −200 1,250 1,250 expenditures to students, half to all independents as public good New Jersey Education expenditures to students −$1,850 $2,300 $700 Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −1,550 1,800 700 half to all as public good Half of K-12 expenditures to students, −1,450 1,600 700 half to all independents as public good
From page 539...
... While the panel did not specify which particular expenditures are public goods, it is important to highlight that some of these fixed costs are not higher due to the presence of immigrants.25 The amounts of these fixed costs assigned to second and third-plus generation persons are lower than they otherwise would be due to the presence of more first generation arrivals as these costs become spread across a larger population. Not surprisingly, the implicit savings to nonimmigrants created by spreading fixed costs across a larger population varies with the population share in the first generation.
From page 540...
... In terms of overall fiscal impact, in California, for example, if these fixed costs (and revenues) were only allocated to second and thirdplus generation independent persons and their dependents, the state's first generation independent person units change from generating a large net negative burden for the state to making a net positive contribution (going from generating a net cost of $2,050 to a net fiscal benefit of $1,050 -- about $400 less than that of third-plus generation independent units under a marginal allocation)
From page 541...
... In many of the states with the fewest first generation independent person units, the difference in relative contribution between units in the first and third-plus generations is negligible, while units in the second generation contribute more to a state's bottom line. The relative contribution or burden of any independent person unit is driven largely by that unit's demographic and economic characteristics -- most notably the number of dependents in the unit and the unit's income levels.
From page 542...
... 542 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 9-10  Net Difference between State and Local Revenues and Expenditures per Independent Person Unit with a Marginal Allocation of Fixed Revenues and Expendituresa (rounded to nearest $50) , by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation Difference: First less State First Second Third+ All Third+ California $1,050 −$150 $1,450 $1,050 −$350 New Jersey 750 1,350 −300 200 1,000 New York 1,750 3,250 1,350 1,700 400 Nevada 1,100 200 1,200 1,050 −100 Florida 850 850 950 950 −100 Texas −1,150 −650 1,150 450 −2,250 Hawaii 2,150 550 950 1,150 1,200 Maryland 2,100 1,550 50 550 2,050 Arizona −450 0 1,550 1,000 −1,950 District of 2,200 6,150 −2,350 −850 4,550 Columbia Massachusetts −100 1,850 50 250 −150 Illinois 300 −50 350 350 −50 Washington −250 100 200 100 −450 Connecticut 2,800 2,950 600 1,250 2,200 Rhode Island −950 2,000 1,500 1,150 −2,450 Virginia 1,200 1,000 500 650 700 Delaware 600 1,900 600 650 0 Georgia −100 500 650 550 −750 New Mexico −3,600 400 1,150 550 −4,700 Oregon −1,200 2,150 1,600 1,300 −2,800 Colorado −550 800 600 500 −1,200 Alaska −5,500 7,000 7,950 6,450 −13,450 Nebraska −950 1,350 1,750 1,450 −2,700 Idaho −800 600 1,500 1,200 −2,300 North Carolina 50 1,650 1,450 1,300 −1,350 Utah −700 −600 400 250 −1,100 Michigan 200 2,500 750 800 −550 Minnesota −3,500 3,150 2,050 1,600 −5,550 Kansas −900 1,050 1,050 850 −1,900 Pennsylvania 250 1,650 150 250 150 Iowa −300 2,500 1,500 1,450 −1,850 New Hampshire 850 1,650 450 600 400 Wisconsin −2,000 1,450 1,450 1,250 −3,450 Tennessee −550 1,250 750 700 −1,300 Arkansas −1,200 1,650 1,450 1,300 −2,650 continued
From page 543...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 544...
... The share of the population that is elderly increases costs and decreases tax revenues to states. While not as costly as dependent children, the smaller share of first generation independent persons who are ages 65 and older offsets some of the costs for states, most notably in the form of Medicaid payments.
From page 545...
... and scaled up to match COG total.b Selective Sales Taxes and Public Assigned to all ages 18 and older: Utilities   § Motor fuels sales taxes (5%)   § Tobacco product sales taxes Assigned to all ages 21 and older:   § Alcoholic beverage sales taxes Assigned to all:   § Public utilities and other selective sales taxes Individual Income Taxes CPS stataxac scaled to match COG amount (split (9%)
From page 546...
... Insurance Trust Revenues Assigned to all people with wage income: (15%)   § Unemployment compensation contributions   § Workers' compensation contributions and other insurance trust revenue Assigned to all state and local government employees:   § State and local employee retirement contributions Other Revenues Assigned to all: (22%)
From page 547...
...   § Unemployment compensation   § Workers' compensation and other insurance trust Assigned to all state and local government employees:   § State and local employee retirement continued
From page 548...
... 548 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 9-12  Continued Expenditure Flow Type Allocation to Independent Person Units (% of 2011-2013 COG expenditures) (name of CPS ASEC variablea in italics)
From page 549...
... STATE AND LOCAL FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 549 TABLE 9-13  Annualized Weighted Sample Cases of Independent Persons by Immigrant Generation by State, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement for 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation State First Second Third+ Total California 9,250,306 4,136,035 13,307,832 26,694,173 New Jersey 1,751,320 772,147 3,771,057 6,294,524 New York 3,861,185 1,723,287 8,503,595 14,088,067 Nevada 477,237 218,729 1,247,935 1,943,901 Florida 3,258,513 1,312,743 9,763,553 14,334,809 Texas 3,818,671 1,756,376 12,193,672 17,768,719 Hawaii 205,752 150,674 621,632 978,057 Maryland 814,468 307,380 3,159,673 4,281,520 Arizona 865,223 531,020 3,285,407 4,681,650 District of Columbia 85,316 40,448 362,412 488,176 Massachusetts 828,697 577,464 3,447,603 4,853,764 Illinois 1,540,692 718,036 6,908,763 9,167,490 Washington 822,229 482,882 3,655,282 4,960,393 Connecticut 415,692 293,845 1,861,099 2,570,636 Rhode Island 126,085 108,649 545,477 780,212 Virginia 782,112 275,958 4,710,072 5,768,143 Delaware 80,814 29,431 544,748 654,993 Georgia 815,187 235,106 5,750,442 6,800,735 New Mexico 168,429 107,035 1,184,370 1,459,834 Oregon 315,531 231,330 2,288,182 2,835,044 Colorado 398,306 264,829 2,975,143 3,638,278 Alaska 52,703 35,281 405,367 493,351 Nebraska 139,263 51,548 1,124,233 1,315,044 Idaho 107,882 57,765 928,129 1,093,776 North Carolina 652,743 260,141 5,944,608 6,857,492 Utah 173,479 109,824 1,552,991 1,836,295 Michigan 628,807 438,991 6,003,030 7,070,828 Minnesota 328,484 210,376 3,320,867 3,859,727 Kansas 160,448 83,215 1,769,231 2,012,894 Pennsylvania 654,971 542,680 8,283,510 9,481,161 Iowa 141,651 74,120 1,979,890 2,195,661 New Hampshire 62,234 77,990 842,922 983,146 Wisconsin 231,605 196,104 3,723,672 4,151,382 Tennessee 254,822 113,462 4,316,184 4,684,468 Arkansas 111,359 45,188 1,965,865 2,122,411 Kentucky 162,813 63,359 2,932,800 3,158,972 South Carolina 170,719 73,929 3,112,174 3,356,822 Oklahoma 134,805 85,287 2,466,798 2,686,889 Vermont 22,308 38,284 418,140 478,731 continued
From page 550...
... . States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 551...
... STATE AND LOCAL FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 551 TABLE 9-14  Sum of Unweighted Sample Cases of Independent Persons by Immigrant Generation by State, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement for 2011-2013 Total Immigrant Generation State First Second Third+ Total California 15,823 6,653 18,173 40,649 New Jersey 2,706 983 4,899 8,588 New York 5,526 2,132 10,459 18,117 Nevada 1,901 739 3,914 6,554 Florida 4,889 1,580 10,966 17,435 Texas 6,087 2,731 15,425 24,243 Hawaii 1,725 1,216 4,838 7,779 Maryland 2,190 719 7,415 10,324 Arizona 1,232 663 3,485 5,380 District of Columbia 1,209 509 4,656 6,374 Massachusetts 1,185 697 4,338 6,220 Illinois 2,561 1,048 9,102 12,711 Washington 1,366 696 5,054 7,116 Connecticut 1,641 983 6,540 9,164 Rhode Island 1,222 894 4,589 6,705 Virginia 1,411 460 7,100 8,971 Delaware 905 277 5,311 6,493 Georgia 1,267 325 7,294 8,886 New Mexico 518 304 3,218 4,040 Oregon 766 474 4,460 5,700 Colorado 1,209 706 7,257 9,172 Alaska 587 355 3,964 4,906 Nebraska 828 251 5,125 6,204 Idaho 560 261 3,537 4,358 North Carolina 928 311 6,909 8,148 Utah 595 294 4,062 4,951 Michigan 900 550 7,827 9,277 Minnesota 1,019 498 7,927 9,444 Kansas 581 256 4,935 5,772 Pennsylvania 960 657 10,543 12,160 Iowa 618 256 6,535 7,409 New Hampshire 560 616 6,799 7,975 Wisconsin 533 355 6,759 7,647 Tennessee 330 138 4,982 5,450 Arkansas 304 96 3,876 4,276 Kentucky 328 115 5,280 5,723 South Carolina 311 120 4,929 5,360 Oklahoma 302 162 4,603 5,067 Vermont 289 436 4,816 5,541 continued
From page 552...
... . States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 553...
... STATE AND LOCAL FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 553 TABLE 9-15 Average Number of Children (dependents) per Independent Person Unit, by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation (average number of children per independent person unit)
From page 554...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 555...
... , by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation ($ AGI per independent person unit) State First Second Third+ All California $28,800 $35,950 $42,450 $36,700 New Jersey 35,700 37,900 47,250 42,900 New York 28,650 37,550 39,200 36,100 Nevada 26,650 28,250 34,700 32,000 Florida 26,350 32,050 33,800 31,950 Texas 26,100 29,850 37,550 34,300 Hawaii 28,750 29,000 36,400 33,650 Maryland 38,700 45,450 44,700 43,600 Arizona 25,100 28,500 36,100 33,200 District of Columbia 41,950 74,150 55,750 54,850 Massachusetts 35,850 41,200 43,500 41,950 Illinois 27,650 35,200 39,850 37,450 Washington 33,300 34,800 40,900 39,050 Connecticut 40,350 43,050 47,600 45,900 Rhode Island 29,500 29,100 39,650 36,550 Virginia 42,200 52,750 42,200 42,700 Delaware 33,200 32,800 33,250 33,200 Georgia 28,200 37,450 34,000 33,450 New Mexico 31,300 33,050 34,750 34,200 Oregon 28,650 32,850 32,800 32,350 Colorado 29,550 39,150 41,800 40,250 Alaska 33,800 43,050 39,450 39,100 Nebraska 24,800 31,100 37,250 35,700 Idaho 23,100 28,700 31,350 30,400 North Carolina 29,850 35,800 30,900 31,000 Utah 27,100 31,450 34,900 33,950 Michigan 30,700 31,900 32,650 32,400 Minnesota 28,200 34,050 39,650 38,400 Kansas 24,750 27,550 34,850 33,750 Pennsylvania 33,650 29,200 33,950 33,700 Iowa 26,400 25,050 33,850 33,050 New Hampshire 41,850 35,100 41,100 40,650 Wisconsin 24,200 29,900 34,900 34,100 Tennessee 28,650 27,500 28,500 28,500 Arkansas 23,500 31,550 25,950 25,950 Kentucky 22,550 35,650 27,500 27,450 South Carolina 30,350 37,500 27,550 27,900 continued
From page 556...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 557...
... , Independent Persons by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation (independent persons) First Second Third+ All State BA BA BA BA California 34 8 10 10 7 12 17 11 New Jersey 18 13 9 15 7 12 10 13 New York 22 11 9 16 9 14 13 13 Nevada 26 6 13 6 7 8 12 8 Florida 19 8 6 13 8 10 10 10 Texas 43 7 18 8 10 9 18 8 Hawaii 17 8 8 9 4 10 8 10 Maryland 19 21 4 23 8 15 10 16 Arizona 36 9 12 9 8 11 14 11 District of Columbia 23 27 3 45 8 28 10 29 Massachusetts 19 17 6 22 7 17 9 17 Illinois 26 12 8 13 7 11 10 11 Washington 25 12 7 12 5 11 9 11 Connecticut 17 19 9 16 7 16 9 17 Rhode Island 33 9 13 11 9 13 14 12 Virginia 16 17 4 19 9 13 10 14 Delaware 27 14 5 11 8 9 10 10 Georgia 23 12 6 14 10 9 12 10 New Mexico 40 12 14 17 11 14 15 14 Oregon 25 12 4 16 7 10 9 11 Colorado 37 10 9 14 5 14 9 13 Alaska 18 8 11 7 7 9 8 8 557 continued
From page 558...
... TABLE 9-17 Continued 558 Immigrant Generation (independent persons) First Second Third+ All State BA BA BA BA Nebraska 45 9 10 6 5 9 9 9 Idaho 45 6 12 9 6 8 10 8 North Carolina 32 12 13 16 11 9 13 9 Utah 30 9 8 10 6 9 8 9 Michigan 19 19 7 16 8 9 9 10 Minnesota 26 13 8 10 5 9 7 10 Kansas 31 15 14 17 6 11 9 11 Pennsylvania 14 17 10 12 10 9 10 9 Iowa 37 13 13 12 8 7 10 7 New Hampshire 10 19 8 14 6 12 7 12 Wisconsin 31 12 13 12 6 9 8 9 Tennessee 31 8 7 6 12 8 13 8 Arkansas 37 10 9 5 13 6 14 6 Kentucky 24 17 4 13 13 7 13 8 South Carolina 24 16 8 17 13 9 13 9 Oklahoma 31 14 17 13 9 8 10 9 Vermont 12 15 8 16 8 13 8 13 Indiana 32 14 10 6 9 8 10 8 Ohio 22 15 8 12 10 7 11 8 Louisiana 26 7 6 10 14 7 14 7 Missouri 18 21 14 19 11 9 11 10 South Dakota 33 10 17 4 7 7 9 7 Alabama 42 14 9 14 13 9 14 9
From page 559...
... . SOURCE: Panel tabulations of the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement for 2011-2013.
From page 560...
... 560 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 9-18 Net Difference between State and Local Revenues and Expenditures per Independent Person Unit (rounded to nearest $50) , Including Coefficient of Variation Below, by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation State First Second Third+ All California −$2,050 $1,550 $3,100 $1,050 (9%)
From page 561...
... STATE AND LOCAL FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 561 TABLE 9-18 Continued Immigrant Generation State First Second Third+ All New Mexico −2,550 250 1,000 550 (30%)
From page 562...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 563...
... STATE AND LOCAL FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 563 TABLE 9-19 Average Household Size per Household Unit, by Immigrant Generation by State, 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation (household units) State First Second Third+ All 3.35 2.85 2.41 2.77 California New Jersey 3.13 2.17 2.48 2.60 New York 2.77 2.22 2.34 2.43 Nevada 3.19 2.51 2.36 2.55 Florida 2.70 2.25 2.25 2.34 Texas 3.42 2.87 2.46 2.68 Hawaii 3.31 2.55 2.73 2.81 Maryland 3.20 2.37 2.50 2.60 Arizona 3.00 2.68 2.34 2.49 District of Columbia 2.31 1.84 1.99 2.02 Massachusetts 2.83 2.24 2.52 2.53 Illinois 3.20 2.41 2.34 2.47 Washington 3.23 2.39 2.41 2.53 Connecticut 2.93 2.14 2.49 2.51 Rhode Island 2.81 2.07 2.40 2.41 Virginia 3.33 2.33 2.43 2.52 Delaware 3.37 2.16 2.47 2.55 Georgia 3.11 2.90 2.42 2.50 New Mexico 3.20 2.42 2.37 2.47 Oregon 3.26 2.25 2.34 2.43 Colorado 3.20 2.44 2.39 2.47 Alaska 3.07 2.90 2.43 2.52 Nebraska 3.29 2.31 2.37 2.45 Idaho 3.44 2.52 2.62 2.69 North Carolina 3.23 2.61 2.33 2.40 Utah 3.75 2.92 2.97 3.03 Michigan 2.97 2.20 2.45 2.48 Minnesota 3.27 2.05 2.38 2.42 Kansas 3.05 2.35 2.36 2.41 Pennsylvania 2.76 2.01 2.38 2.38 Iowa 3.12 2.15 2.36 2.39 New Hampshire 2.86 2.17 2.49 2.48 Wisconsin 3.30 2.03 2.35 2.38 Tennessee 3.00 2.11 2.36 2.39 Arkansas 3.39 2.73 2.36 2.42 Kentucky 2.54 2.19 2.36 2.37 South Carolina 3.18 2.41 2.33 2.37 Oklahoma 2.96 2.57 2.43 2.46 Vermont 2.55 2.11 2.36 2.34 continued
From page 564...
... States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)
From page 565...
... STATE AND LOCAL FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 565 TABLE 9-20 Annualized Weighted Sample Cases of Households by Immigrant Generation by State, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement for 2011-2013 Immigrant Generation (household units) State First Second Third+ All California 4,165,605 1,909,347 7,290,777 13,365,729 New Jersey 800,286 417,914 2,014,610 3,232,810 New York 1,931,804 938,610 4,799,345 7,669,759 Nevada 221,452 114,295 708,295 1,044,042 Florida 1,633,088 714,054 5,590,941 7,938,082 Texas 1,790,863 897,525 6,734,224 9,422,612 Hawaii 87,836 75,432 298,703 461,970 Maryland 355,518 167,081 1,692,462 2,215,061 Arizona 434,177 288,928 1,840,934 2,564,039 District of Columbia 45,174 25,062 230,009 300,244 Massachusetts 402,195 326,099 1,849,285 2,577,578 Illinois 725,138 398,153 3,941,849 5,065,140 Washington 396,778 262,069 2,011,809 2,670,655 Connecticut 209,041 166,248 1,006,186 1,381,475 Rhode Island 64,911 61,840 302,730 429,481 Virginia 344,930 146,510 2,616,571 3,108,012 Delaware 33,915 17,280 298,211 349,406 Georgia 382,297 116,885 3,286,581 3,785,763 New Mexico 85,943 65,467 650,302 801,713 Oregon 157,829 133,985 1,249,616 1,541,430 Colorado 197,560 148,757 1,659,617 2,005,935 Alaska 25,451 18,874 227,630 271,955 Nebraska 65,732 30,673 639,860 736,265 Idaho 51,831 30,059 507,833 589,722 North Carolina 292,724 142,004 3,429,987 3,864,714 Utah 75,762 56,737 790,040 922,539 Michigan 309,768 242,271 3,310,617 3,862,656 Minnesota 162,845 133,355 1,868,256 2,164,456 Kansas 79,486 45,724 1,027,262 1,152,473 Pennsylvania 332,324 332,286 4,593,236 5,257,846 Iowa 67,251 47,449 1,124,796 1,239,496 New Hampshire 29,221 46,888 444,335 520,444 Wisconsin 108,938 126,223 2,098,162 2,333,323 Tennessee 128,032 61,266 2,444,634 2,633,932 Arkansas 51,843 20,457 1,097,159 1,169,458 Kentucky 91,897 39,889 1,660,988 1,792,775 South Carolina 74,065 35,736 1,746,109 1,855,910 Oklahoma 68,796 51,493 1,393,898 1,514,187 Vermont 10,733 22,360 230,817 263,910 continued
From page 566...
... . States are listed from highest to lowest percentage of first generation independent persons in the state's population of independent persons (see Table 9-2)


This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.