The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration (2017) / Chapter Skim
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3 Socioeconomic Outcomes of Immigrants
3 Socioeconomic Outcomes of Immigrants
Pages 85-162
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From page 85... ...
Labor market skills are also directly linked to fiscal impacts. As with the native-born, low-skilled immigrants contribute less on average than their higher skilled counterparts to the public coffers in the form of income taxes and other kinds of taxes.
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From page 86... ...
This chapter summarizes trends in the skill mix of the immigrant population and addresses how these trends compare with those of natives. Educational attainment is examined, as are differences in the occupations of immigrants and the native-born.
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From page 87... ...
. Average years of school completed are superimposed on the same chart to reveal the steady upward trend, from 10.2 in 1970 to 12.6 in 2012.3 Section 3.6 of this chapter is a Technical Annex of the panel's detailed tabulations and regression analyses based on Decennial Census and survey data in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS)
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From page 88... ...
. SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 89... ...
SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Figure 3-2 Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. R03445 vector, editable Figure 3-2)
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From page 90... ...
SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. cation levels from 9.5 to 11.3 years.
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From page 91... ...
SOURCE: Analyses of 1970 Decennial Census data and 2012-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed throughFigure 3-4 Public Use Microdata Series. the Integrated R03445 vector, editable
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From page 92... ...
residents in the United States in 2012 constituted 87% of the total population. SOURCE: Analyses of 1970 Decennial Census data and 2012-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 93... ...
2. For recent immigrants ages 25-34, educational attainment has risen in comparison to that of native-born Americans.
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From page 94... ...
those requiring low levels of education, such as "cleaning service and food service workers," "textile machine operators," and "personal service workers and barbers," and (2) professional occupations requiring high levels of education such as "physical scientists," "life scientists," "physicians, dentists, and related," and "architects," and "mathematicians." Some occupations, such as "social and recreation workers," "preschool and elementary teachers," "protective service workers," "secretaries," and "bookkeepers," have always had a low percentage of foreign-born workers.
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From page 95... ...
For the next four lower-status occupational categories, increases are generally observed in the share of foreign-born workers that outpace the share of foreign-born workers across all occupations. As in the detailed occupational tabulations in Tables 3-18 and 3-19, the increase in foreign-born workers' presence is most pronounced among "farmers and farm laborers," growing from 2.7 percent of all male workers in that occupational category in 1970 to 26.9 percent in 2012 and from 3.8 percent of all female workers in the category to 32.6 percent.
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From page 96... ...
. SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 97... ...
Unskilled workers include textile machine operators, metal working and transportation operators, operators, except textile, metalworking, and transportation, laborers, except farm workers. SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 98... ...
investigated the impact of immigration on labor market outcomes of native-born, one of which was fraction of time worked. Our initial calculations used the variable EMPSTAT (Employment Status)
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From page 99... ...
As with men, foreign-born women have had Decennial Census may have had problems correctly classifying the employment status of people who had a job or business in the census reference week but who did not work during that week for various reasons. There is an underestimate of employment and overestimate of people not in labor force in that Census relative to the Current Population Survey's February to May 2000 sample.
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From page 100... ...
(2011) examined women's labor supply assimilation profiles and found that foreign-born women from countries with high female labor force participation consistently work more than do immigrant women from countries with low female labor force participation, although both groups assimilate over time toward the employment patterns of native-born women.6 Admission policies also play an important role in shaping employment rates of immigrant women.
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From page 101... ...
For men, the effect is larger for natives than immigrants in recent years because fewer immigrants are ages 55-64 and the focus on the younger groups thus narrows the immigrant employment advantage. For women, on the other hand, TABLE 3-6 Mean Share of Weeks Worked by Foreign-born and Native-born Men, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012, Ages 25-54 Nativity 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Native-born 91.2 87.0 86.1 85.8 79.8 Foreign-born 88.4 81.8 80.1 80.0 83.5 Africa 78.0 70.2 79.2 80.1 81.1 Europe and Other 90.6 85.5 83.6 84.8 84.7 Other Latin America 85.9 81.0 79.4 79.0 82.4 Mexico 85.4 80.1 77.4 77.3 84.5 Other Asia 82.3 72.4 77.1 79.6 80.3 China 84.7 82.0 79.8 81.3 83.2 India 81.7 87.2 87.4 86.5 89.9 Philippines 85.8 86.3 85.8 83.0 83.0 Vietnam 71.2 62.6 75.3 80.8 80.8 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 102... ...
Both model specifications include arrival cohort dummies with the native-born group as the TABLE 3-8 Difference in Share of Weeks Worked for Immigrant Cohorts, Relative to Native-born Cohort, by Census Period, Men, Ages 25-64 Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Years Since Migration Arrival Cohort 0 10 20 30 40 1965-1969 −0.107 −0.010 0.005 0.013 0.022 1975-1979 −0.183 −0.019 −0.019 0.046 1985-1989 −0.185 −0.033 0.042 1995-1999 −0.160 0.057 Controlling for Age (cubic)
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From page 103... ...
All of the arrival cohorts experienced at least modest gains in their employment prospects with longer U.S. residence; the 1975-1979 and 1995-1999 arrival cohorts experienced especially substantial employment boosts relative to native-born men over time, even
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From page 104... ...
showed that the initial employment gap is widest among men with a high school education or less and that the difference in employment rates between immigrant and native-born men is due mainly to differences in labor force participation and not due to differences in unemployment.7 Immigrant women, who display a lower share of weeks worked than do immigrant men, also typically have a lower share of weeks worked than do native-born women of the same age. However, again, the Decennial Census data are consistent with the literature in showing that their probability of being employed relative to native-born women rises with length of U.S.
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From page 105... ...
For men, the wages of natives have been quite flat over the past few decades, and consequently the growing wage gap by nativity implies an absolute decline in the real wages and earnings of male immigrants who arrived in later decades. In contrast, the real wages of native-born women have been rising such that the widening wage gap by nativity among women is consistent with flat or rising wages of female immigrants.
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From page 106... ...
pioneered this work, comparing the earnings of immigrants and native-born male workers of different ages at a point in time using data from the 1970 Decennial Census. He estimated that, at the time of arrival, immigrants earn about 17 percent less than natives and that it takes 10-15 years to close the wage gap, depending on the source country of the immigrant.
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From page 107... ...
. Since Chiswick's 1978 study, the economic assimilation literature has extended the analysis to take into account changes in the attributes of successive immigrant arrival cohorts, as well as the role of immigrant age at arrival (Borjas, 1985; Borjas and Tienda, 1985; Carliner, 1980; DeFreitas, 1980; Long, 1980)
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From page 108... ...
Borjas (1985) argued that there is an inherent weakness in estimating the dynamic process of wage assimilation using a single time-point snapshot, due to the changing skill sets of successive immigrant arrival cohorts.
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From page 109... ...
Borjas (1995a) updated these findings by including 1990 census data, concluding that the 1980 and 1990 arrival 9 this context, "arrival cohort" refers to a group of immigrants who arrived in the United In States at the same time or during the same time period.
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From page 110... ...
The dependent variable is the log of weekly earnings, and the regressors initially include age (introduced as a third-order polynomial, or cubic term) and arrival-cohort fixed effects, and then education as a third regressor.10 Tables 3-12 and 3-13 show how the wages of immigrants relative to native-born workers of the same age evolve with time in the United States, computed separately for different immigrant arrival cohorts.11 Male immigrants who arrived between 1965 and 1969 began with an initial wage disadvantage of 23.5 percent, but the gap narrowed to 12 percent 10 years after arrival.
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From page 111... ...
When the panel additionally controlled for education, which allows for comparison of the degree to which immigrants catch up with their nativeborn peers with similar skills, the sizes of the immigrant-to-native-born wage gaps are much reduced. Moreover, it is only the two most recent arrival cohorts that have not yet closed the gap with their native-born peers with the same education.
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From page 112... ...
These overall conclusions hold after controlling for immigrants' educational attainment, although the relative wage picture for immigrants is considerably more favorable when education is controlled for. Compared to male immigrants of the same cohort, female immigrants start off with a less dramatic wage disadvantage, particularly if earlier cohorts are considered, but they experience slower growth in their wages relative to their native-born than do male immigrants (compare Tables 3-12 12 As discussed in Chapter 6, Card (2009)
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From page 113... ...
Much of the wage disadvantage of female immigrants disappears, however, when years of education are accounted for (lower half of Table 3-13) , indicating that education differences explain much of the wage difference for immigrant women compared with native-born women.
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From page 114... ...
, Figures 3-6 and 3-7 show the assimilation profile for English-language proficiency of male and female wage-earning immigrants by arrival cohort. The age-adjusted probability of "speaking English very well" is calculated from a linear probability model estimated separately for datasets from the Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Series for 1970-2000 and the ACS Public Use Microdata Series for 2010
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From page 115... ...
NOTE: Regression coefficients reported in Table 3-28 (see Section 3.6)
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From page 116... ...
• In the case of female immigrants, all arrival cohorts have a steeper age-language proficiency profile than male immigrants, although the general result holds that immigrants who arrived during the late 1980s and 1990s are slower in accumulating language skills than those who arrived in the late 1970s. Figures 3-8 and 3-9 repeat the age-adjusted probability calculations but for a lower threshold of language proficiency: the probability of speak ing English well (or better)
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NOTE: Regression coefficients reported in Table 3-30 (see Section 3.6)
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From page 118... ...
investigated earnings of immigrants under Temporary Protected Status, a status typically granted if dangerous conditions are present in the immigrants' home country due to war or a natural disaster. Using ACS data from 2005-2006, the authors compared labor market outcomes of men
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From page 119... ...
labor force. They found that women immigrants from countries with high female labor force participation rates not only worked a greater number of annual hours than female immigrants from countries with low female labor force participation rates, they closed the gap with native-born women in 6 to 10 years.
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From page 120... ...
120 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION By design, low-income households are more likely to access public benefits programs than are high-income households. As shown in Table 3-14 and Figure 3-10, immigrants experience higher poverty rates compared to the native-born; although, as the table indicates, this is not the case for TABLE 3-14 Percentage of Immigrants and Their Children in Poverty and Near Poverty, by Source Country and World Region of Birth, 2011 In Poverty In or Near Poverty Immigrants Immigrants and Their and Their U.S.-born U.S.-born Immigrants Children Immigrants Children Country of Birth Mexico 30.1 34.8 62.9 67.8 Honduras 32.7 34.0 66.4 66.3 Guatemala 28.5 31.4 63.2 66.9 Dominican Republic 21.2 25.7 49.0 54.8 Haiti 23.7 25.2 49.5 49.5 Cuba 22.9 24.3 48.7 49.4 Ecuador 19.2 22.6 43.0 46.7 El Salvador 20.3 22.0 53.2 56.7 Laos 13.8 18.0 32.7 44.0 Vietnam 17.4 17.6 37.6 38.3 Colombia 14.9 16.0 31.0 33.6 Jamaica 12.2 16.0 33.5 37.1 Iran 16.2 15.2 32.7 32.8 USSR/Russia 12.5 12.9 12.8 30.7 China 14.0 13.6 33.4 30.8 Peru 10.1 13.6 32.4 36.4 Pakistan 11.0 11.9 30.6 32.9 Korea 9.7 11.1 23.8 24.8 Japan 12.1 10.1 26.2 25.0 Canada 9.1 8.0 19.4 18.1 Poland 7.2 7.5 32.1 30.5 United Kingdom 5.6 7.2 16.9 21.4 Germany 6.7 6.8 23.7 22.4 India 6.7 6.2 15.4 15.5 Philippines 6.3 5.5 19.4 20.1 Region of Birth Middle East 27.6 28.2 45.1 47.9
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From page 121... ...
SOURCE: Data from Camarota (2011, Table 10) , based on the March 2011 Current Population Survey public use file.
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From page 122... ...
Another reason for the higher immigrant poverty rates stems from the shift in source countries away from Europe toward poorer countries in Asia and Latin America. Table 3-14, which shows the percentage of immigrants and their children in poverty and near poverty, reveals the wide variation in poverty experienced by immigrants from different countries.
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From page 123... ...
Although safety net programs are aimed at low-income families, children, and the elderly, not all immigrants have access due to restrictions imposed by law. Unauthorized immigrants and individuals on nonimmigrant visas are not eligible for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
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From page 124... ...
, Medicaid, State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) , SSI, school lunch, LowIncome Home Energy Assistance Program, and housing benefits to compare household-level participation in welfare programs between immigrant and native households with incomes less than 200 percent of the federal poverty level.20 The authors found that, among these lower-income households with children, those led by immigrants participated in some safety net programs at lower rates than did native-led households.
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From page 125... ...
, showing any safety net participation, is higher for low-income immigrant households than for corresponding native-born households primarily because of immigrant families' higher participation in the school lunch program.21 Borjas (2011) also examined poverty and program participation among immigrant children22 using 1994-2009 CPS data on cash assistance, SNAP benefits, and Medicaid received by households.
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From page 126... ...
126 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TABLE 3-15 Welfare Use of Households with Children, by State, Current Population Survey 2011-2013 (in percentage) Any Welfare Cash Assistance State Immigrant Native Immigrant Native Alabama 52.4 49.5 1.1 8.4 Alaska 49.2 38.5 5.4 4.6 Arizona 55.1 42.6 3.0 5.5 Arkansas 69.1 59.4 5.0 7.3 California 61.5 40.7 9.5 9.4 Colorado 62.0 31.4 3.5 4.6 Connecticut 45.8 32.4 3.8 4.1 Delaware 58.2 41.0 3.2 7.2 District of Columbia 63.4 50.5 3.6 21.1 Florida 57.3 42.8 3.4 4.7 Georgia 51.2 45.0 2.0 4.5 Hawaii 55.3 45.9 8.1 6.9 Idaho 64.4 41.0 1.6 3.7 Illinois 59.1 41.6 2.0 4.3 Indiana 57.6 44.4 1.0 5.4 Iowa 50.5 40.3 3.2 4.9 Kansas 70.6 40.8 2.9 5.5 Kentucky 60.1 49.6 2.7 9.1 Louisiana 77.8 53.0 5.1 6.9 Maine 50.8 45.7 5.6 9.3 Maryland 42.3 31.7 1.1 4.0 Massachusetts 48.6 34.7 8.1 9.1 Michigan 48.3 43.6 6.1 7.4 Minnesota 66.9 29.1 11.4 4.4 Mississippi 45.9 55.2 4.5 7.9 Missouri 54.7 40.1 1.1 7.3 Montana 29.4 45.5 0.0 6.4 Nebraska 66.0 33.0 5.0 4.2 Nevada 49.5 36.6 4.4 4.1 New Hampshire 30.3 26.5 2.8 3.6 New Jersey 46.4 28.9 4.1 5.4 New Mexico 72.5 53.3 8.8 6.6 New York 64.2 42.2 7.8 7.4 North Carolina 58.6 44.3 2.3 5.8
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From page 127... ...
SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF IMMIGRANTS 127 Food Assistance Housing Medicaid Immigrant Native Immigrant Native Immigrant Native 42.8 38.2 5.1 4.3 39.5 41.6 31.8 24.1 5.2 4.7 41.7 30.0 48.9 30.4 0.9 2.9 39.4 34.5 57.5 45.4 5.3 4.9 59.9 51.3 48.0 28.2 4.2 4.9 49.2 32.0 49.3 20.8 9.1 3.8 46.4 25.1 28.3 20.6 3.4 6.6 39.6 27.6 37.9 28.7 5.6 8.1 45.0 34.8 46.7 40.0 8.6 24.0 53.7 46.0 43.5 30.4 1.8 3.3 43.5 33.6 40.3 34.4 0.5 4.7 37.2 34.0 38.5 29.2 13.8 8.7 41.4 39.3 56.7 33.1 2.1 4.2 42.7 32.1 43.0 29.7 0.8 5.1 49.7 35.2 46.6 33.1 4.0 8.9 37.8 37.4 37.8 28.9 0.8 1.8 37.9 34.0 61.7 31.9 6.6 6.6 51.3 30.7 51.1 39.4 7.1 5.1 50.1 40.8 55.8 39.5 3.0 6.5 59.5 46.5 37.5 33.3 28.0 5.3 47.0 40.9 32.7 20.1 1.9 4.3 31.2 25.2 32.4 22.5 13.0 7.5 44.5 31.2 34.9 33.1 2.3 4.4 43.4 36.6 54.3 19.3 12.2 3.5 54.2 23.5 38.1 46.1 0.0 7.9 26.4 43.5 37.6 29.5 6.5 5.2 47.8 30.9 23.6 32.9 7.5 7.6 19.5 35.9 58.0 24.9 13.6 4.3 38.9 23.5 42.1 28.5 2.9 5.6 25.3 22.8 18.7 13.6 2.0 2.3 21.5 23.3 30.3 18.1 4.3 5.1 37.5 24.1 57.4 35.9 9.3 5.6 62.3 44.6 44.0 27.9 8.5 9.2 55.3 34.5 50.0 35.0 4.0 5.0 49.4 37.1 continued
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From page 128... ...
. "Any welfare" encompasses cash assistance (SSI and
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From page 129... ...
SSI = Supplemenal Security Income; TANF = Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. SOURCE: Panel's calculations from Current Population Survey 2011-2013 data.
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From page 130... ...
130 Free and reduced-price school lunch
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From page 131... ...
NOTE: Calculations are from the 1995–2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement data of the Current Population Survey. Sample included children under 18 with household income below 200% of poverty level.
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From page 132... ...
Education levels of immigrant arrival cohorts have been steadily rising over time, a trend observed for both men and women. That said, as explored
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From page 133... ...
While there is a consistent gap in educational attainment between the native-born and the foreign-born, with the former enjoying the advantage, there is a trend toward convergence between the two groups in the average education levels for adults ages 25-34 -- a category in which about half of recent immigrants in each year fall. In 1970, the mean education for persons ages 25-34 was 12.1 (years of education)
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From page 134... ...
residence, as immigrant women are exposed to U.S. labor market conditions and social norms and as some experience changes in their visa status, which improves their chances of finding employment.
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From page 135... ...
The relative wage profile has flattened somewhat across recent arrival cohorts, indicating a slowing rate of wage convergence. This overall conclusion holds after controlling for immigrants' educational attainment, although the relative wage picture for immigrants is considerably more favorable when education is controlled for.
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From page 136... ...
SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. TABLE 3-17 Educational Attainment of Female Immigrants, Ages 25 and Older, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012 Immigrants Immigrants Immigrants Immigrants Immigrants in 1970 in 1980 in 1990 in 2000 in 2012 (%)
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From page 137... ...
TABLE 3-18 Share of Foreign-born Male Workers (percentage) , Ages 25-64, by Occupational Category, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012 Share of Male Workers in Occupation Who are Foreign Born Share of All Male Workers with a Bachelor's or 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Higher Degree in 2012 Across All Occupations 4.8 6.2 8.6 11.8 18.7 34.6 Occupation Lawyers and judges 2.5 2.2 2.8 3.6 5.2 99.1 Physicians, dentists, and related 11.5 14.2 14.5 18.3 22.6 98.4 Mathematicians 6.7 8.6 9.4 16.5 21.4 96.5 Postsecondary teachers 11.0 11.4 15.9 17.8 26.2 95.6 Preschool and elementary teachers 3.0 2.9 4.0 5.5 6.4 95.5 Physical scientists 10.0 10.5 12.1 21.8 28.7 95.0 Life scientists 9.5 7.2 10.4 19.5 28.9 93.5 Architects 7.5 9.4 11.2 11.5 18.3 89.1 Social and recreation workers 4.0 4.3 5.6 8.2 10.4 88.5 Librarians, archivists, and curators 6.5 8.2 7.5 8.0 8.4 86.6 Accountants and financial analysts 4.1 5.9 7.8 9.4 12.7 81.0 Engineers 6.8 9.4 11.7 15.2 19.5 79.8 Secondary, vocational, and adult ed.
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From page 138... ...
TABLE 3-18 Continued 138 Share of Male Workers in Occupation Who are Foreign Born Share of All Male Workers with a Bachelor's or 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Higher Degree in 2012 Social scientists 6.6 7.3 7.2 10.4 13.9 67.2 Computer specialists 4.4 6.6 10.0 17.2 23.5 66.5 Writers, artists, and media workers 7.0 7.2 8.0 9.8 12.4 60.9 Managers and proprietors 4.6 5.8 7.6 9.7 13.7 54.3 Sales workers, retail 5.2 5.3 8.8 11.4 17.1 50.2 Secretaries 5.5 7.1 8.3 9.8 14.5 37.8 All other technicians 4.7 5.5 7.8 8.0 10.8 35.1 Bookkeepers 6.0 9.1 12.3 14.0 16.6 33.5 Health service workers 4.1 8.5 11.9 16.7 24.0 32.6 Sales workers 3.4 4.5 6.6 7.7 10.9 32.3 Clerical workers 3.7 5.1 7.6 10.4 14.9 26.9 Protective service workers 1.7 2.6 3.3 4.9 7.1 25.7 Health technicians 8.6 11.8 12.5 12.4 16.3 19.0 Personal service workers and barbers 10.5 12.7 15.7 19.0 28.9 17.6 Farmers and farm laborers, incl. forestry and fishing 2.7 3.9 7.5 14.5 26.9 13.4 Cleaning service and food service workers 10.5 14.2 20.2 25.2 35.5 9.1 Craftsmen 5.1 6.7 9.2 13.0 20.4 8.9 Electricians 3.6 3.8 5.3 7.0 12.0 7.9 Construction workers 4.6 5.6 8.4 12.0 25.5 7.2
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From page 139... ...
SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 140... ...
TABLE 3-19 Share of Foreign-born Female Workers (percentage) , Ages 25-64, by Occupational Category, by 140 Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012 Share of Female Workers in Occupation Who Are Foreign Share of All Female Born Workers with a Bachelor's 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 or Higher Degree in 2012 Across all occupations 5.4 6.7 8.0 10.2 15.8 36.5 Occupations Lawyers and judges 5.0 3.3 4.2 5.5 8.2 97.5 Physical scientists 18.0 16.2 16.6 27.9 30.8 97.2 Life scientists 9.4 13.4 12.7 24.1 32.2 96.8 Architects 21.1 14.0 15.6 18.0 21.4 94.9 Postsecondary teachers 8.8 8.2 10.8 11.8 18.9 94.3 Physicians, dentists, and related 29.4 28.4 20.3 22.5 23.1 92.6 Social and recreation workers 4.1 3.8 4.6 6.5 8.6 88.1 Mathematicians 6.6 7.4 11.8 15.4 23.3 87.7 Preschool and elementary teachers 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.4 7.2 87.6 Librarians, archivists, and curators 6.1 5.7 6.2 6.6 6.7 86.9 Engineers 6.5 9.1 10.6 18.1 25.3 85.4 Secondary, vocational, and adult ed teachers 3.6 4.0 4.7 5.7 8.5 81.2 Administrators and public officers 2.7 3.2 4.1 5.4 7.8 72.0 Social scientists 5.3 6.8 6.2 9.2 10.9 70.6 Writers, artists, and media workers 7.0 6.4 6.4 8.2 11.1 68.2 Religious workers 5.2 4.7 5.4 6.2 8.3 66.1 Computer specialists 4.7 7.0 9.9 14.5 21.8 64.7 Nurses, dieticians, therapists 5.5 7.3 8.0 10.1 13.2 60.5 Accountants and financial analysts 4.8 6.8 7.7 10.3 14.7 59.9
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From page 141... ...
SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated 141 Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 142... ...
TABLE 3-20 Difference in Share of Weeks Worked for Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, 142 and in 2012, Men, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Robust Robust Robust Robust Robust Variables Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE 2010-2012 –0.158 0.001 2005-2009 0.011 0.001 2000-2004 0.056 0.001 1995-1999 –0.160 0.001 0.057 0.001 1990-1994 –0.047 0.001 0.044 0.000 1985-1989 –0.185 0.001 –0.033 0.001 0.042 0.000 1980-1984 –0.048 0.001 –0.032 0.000 0.042 0.000 1975-1979 –0.183 0.001 –0.019 0.001 –0.019 0.000 0.046 0.000 1970-1974 –0.025 0.001 –0.016 0.000 –0.011 0.000 0.034 0.001 1965-1969 –0.107 0.001 –0.010 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.012 0.001 0.022 0.001 1960-1964 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.018 0.002 0.033 0.001 1950-1959 0.014 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.034 0.001 0.024 0.002 0.038 0.002 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 143... ...
TABLE 3-21 Difference in Share of Weeks Worked for Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012, Men, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) and Years of Education Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Robust Robust Robust Robust Robust Variables Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE 2010-2012 –0.158 0.001 2005-2009 0.040 0.008 2000-2004 0.098 0.012 1995-1999 –0.135 0.003 0.098 0.012 1990-1994 –0.011 0.006 0.086 0.012 1985-1989 –0.156 0.003 0.013 0.008 0.087 0.013 1980-1984 –0.008 0.005 0.012 0.008 0.085 0.013 1975-1979 –0.164 0.001 0.023 0.006 0.019 0.007 0.083 0.011 1970-1974 0.004 0.002 0.026 0.006 0.027 0.008 0.077 0.014 1965-1969 –0.101 0.000 0.013 0.002 0.030 0.004 0.037 0.006 0.050 0.010 1960-1964 0.008 0.000 0.017 0.001 0.035 0.002 0.030 0.004 0.039 0.003 1950-1959 0.023 0.000 0.026 0.001 0.043 0.003 0.030 0.004 0.032 0.002 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 144... ...
TABLE 3-22 Difference in Share of Weeks Worked for Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, 144 and in 2012, Women, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Robust Robust Robust Robust Robust Variables Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE 2010-2012 –0.369 0.002 2005-2009 –0.208 0.002 2000-2004 –0.131 0.001 1995-1999 –0.295 0.002 –0.097 0.001 1990-1994 –0.173 0.001 –0.063 0.000 1985-1989 –0.255 0.001 –0.131 0.001 –0.031 0.000 1980-1984 –0.111 0.001 –0.086 0.000 –0.010 0.001 1975-1979 –0.163 0.001 –0.074 0.000 –0.063 0.000 –0.016 0.002 1970-1974 –0.033 0.001 –0.053 0.000 –0.049 0.001 –0.022 0.002 1965-1969 –0.014 0.000 –0.001 0.000 –0.023 0.000 –0.030 0.001 –0.005 0.002 1960-1964 0.004 0.000 –0.009 0.000 –0.014 0.000 –0.025 0.002 –0.002 0.002 1950-1959 –0.011 0.000 –0.011 0.000 –0.016 0.001 –0.016 0.002 0.015 0.002 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 145... ...
TABLE 3-23 Difference in Share of Weeks Worked for Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012, Women, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) and Years of Education Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Robust Robust Robust Robust Robust Variables Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE 2010-2012 –0.353 0.001 2005-2009 –0.170 0.003 2000-2004 –0.075 0.006 1995-1999 –0.256 0.002 –0.041 0.007 1990-1994 –0.117 0.004 –0.005 0.008 1985-1989 –0.200 0.005 –0.070 0.005 0.021 0.008 1980-1984 –0.042 0.007 –0.030 0.006 0.038 0.008 1975-1979 –0.118 0.002 –0.006 0.007 –0.015 0.005 0.027 0.008 1970-1974 0.017 0.003 0.007 0.007 –0.005 0.006 0.023 0.009 1965-1969 0.014 0.000 0.039 0.003 0.017 0.005 –0.001 0.005 0.025 0.008 1960-1964 0.027 0.000 0.017 0.002 0.011 0.004 –0.006 0.005 0.009 0.005 1950-1959 0.009 0.001 0.007 0.002 0.003 0.004 –0.004 0.005 0.014 0.005 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 146... ...
TABLE 3-24 Age-adjusted Relative Weekly Earnings of Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, 146 and in 2012, Men, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Variables SE SE SE SE SE 2010-2012 –.1971 .0041 2005-2009 –.3106 .0044 2000-2004 –.3388 .0027 1995-1999 –0.273 0.004 –.2692 .0010 1990-1994 –0.269 0.003 –.2662 .0035 1985-1989 –0.331 0.001 –0.269 0.002 –.2521 .0056 1980-1984 –0.285 0.001 –0.236 0.002 –.2094 .0060 1975-1979 –0.314 0.001 –0.185 0.001 –0.176 0.005 –.1357 .0047 1970-1974 –0.223 0.001 –0.124 0.002 –0.128 0.006 –.0054 .0045 1965-1969 –0.235 0.001 –0.122 0.001 –0.02 0.003 –0.014 0.005 .1760 .0103 1960-1964 –0.058 0.001 –0.041 0.001 0.046 0.004 0.074 0.004 1.1337 .0181 1950-1959 0.037 0.001 0.032 0.001 0.1 0.003 0.147 0.01 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 147... ...
TABLE 3-25 Age- and Education-adjusted Relative Weekly Earnings of Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012, Men, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) and Years of Education Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Robust Robust Robust Robust Robust Variables Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE 2010-2012 –.064 .017 2005-2009 –.136 .028 2000-2004 –.130 .029 1995-1999 –.149 .021 –.074 .023 1990-1994 –.099 .025 –.075 .018 1985-1989 –.176 .015 –.056 .025 –.026 .019 1980-1984 –.098 .017 –.039 .020 –.003 .014 1975-1979 –.211 .0041 .011 .016 .039 .019 .069 .012 1970-1974 –.087 .0047 .075 .014 .088 .017 .120 .004 1965-1969 –0.172 .0025 –0.030 .002 .099 .006 .133 .008 .111 .017 1960-1964 0.003 .0023 0.015 .0004 .133 .002 .133 .004 .987 .025 1950-1959 0.01 .0017 0.077 .0018 .186 .001 .096 .018 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 148... ...
TABLE 3-26 Age-adjusted Relative Weekly Earnings of Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, 148 and in 2012, Women, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Robust Robust Robust Robust Robust Variables Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE Coeff SE 2010-2012 –.2782 .0033 2005-2009 –.3143 .0031 2000-2004 –.2989 .0021 1995-1999 –0.216 0.002 –.2395 .0010 1990-1994 –0.165 0.002 –.2027 .0027 1985-1989 –0.184 0.001 –0.138 0.001 –.1684 .0048 1980-1984 –0.093 0.000 –0.100 0.002 –.0975 .0054 1975-1979 –0.082 0.000 –0.002 0.000 –0.053 0.004 –.0312 .0040 1970-1974 0.026 0.001 0.042 0.001 –0.026 0.005 .0615 .0041 1965-1969 –0.021 0.001 0.068 0.001 0.083 0.002 0.023 0.004 .1329 .0104 1960-1964 0.037 0.001 0.036 0.000 0.061 0.002 0.043 0.003 .1706 .0189 1950-1959 0.051 0.000 0.025 0.001 0.013 0.002 0.173 0.008 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 149... ...
TABLE 3-27 Age- and Education-adjusted Relative Weekly Earnings of Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1970-2000, and in 2012, Women, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) and Years of Education Census ACS 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Coeff Robust Variables SE SE SE SE SE 2010-2012 –.230 .009 2005-2009 –.154 .019 2000-2004 –.114 .020 1995-1999 –.075 .019 –.056 .018 1990-1994 .002 .021 –.010 .016 1985-1989 –.009 .020 .060 .023 .027 .014 1980-1984 .120 .024 .0091 .021 .078 .010 1975-1979 .038 .008 .201 .023 .135 .019 .142 .010 1970-1974 .162 .009 .224 .020 .131 .014 .160 .004 1965-1969 .111 .007 .173 .008 .202 .012 .133 .008 .073 .010 1960-1964 .142 .006 .102 .005 .143 .008 .111 .002 –.017 .019 1950-1959 .144 .005 .080 .004 .101 .008 .123 .013 SOURCE: Analyses of 1970-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 150... ...
TABLE 3-28 Age-adjusted Probabilities of Speaking English Very Well, Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census 150 Year 1980-2000, and in 2012, Men, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1980 1990 2000 2012 Variables Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE 2010-2012 Arrivals .3676 .0202 2005-2009 Arrivals .3098 .0211 2000-2004 Arrivals .3144 .0163 1995-1999 Arrivals 0.332 0.015 .3588 .0098 1990-1994 Arrivals 0.346 0.013 .3756 .0048 1985-1989 Arrivals 0.327 0.005 0.355 0.007 .4008 .0062 1980-1984 Arrivals 0.369 0.005 0.408 0.005 .4489 .0110 1975-1979 Arrivals 0.309 0.005 0.428 0.003 0.462 0.008 .4947 .0164 1970-1974 Arrivals 0.364 0.004 0.480 0.003 0.517 0.013 .5999 .0279 1965-1969 Arrivals 0.432 0.004 0.561 0.005 0.598 0.017 .7173 .0439 1960-1964 Arrivals 0.532 0.008 0.654 0.007 0.706 0.025 .8257 .0625 1950-1959 Arrivals 0.672 0.017 0.754 0.013 0.821 0.037 SOURCE: Analyses of 1980-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 151... ...
TABLE 3-29 Age-adjusted Probabilities of Speaking English Very Well, Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1980-2000, and in 2012, Women, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1980 1990 2000 2012 Variables Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE 2010-2012 Arrivals .3300 .0154 2005-2009 Arrivals .2907 .0143 2000-2004 Arrivals .3080 .0101 1995-1999 Arrivals 0.302 0.013 .3540 .0060 1990-1994 Arrivals 0.333 0.011 .3733 .0038 1985-1989 Arrivals 0.322 0.008 0.365 0.005 .4179 .0061 1980-1984 Arrivals 0.360 0.007 0.422 0.005 .4895 .0108 1975-1979 Arrivals 0.281 0.009 0.429 0.004 0.484 0.008 .5339 .0151 1970-1974 Arrivals 0.341 0.007 0.508 0.004 0.572 0.013 .6084 .0219 1965-1969 Arrivals 0.424 0.006 0.596 0.006 0.660 0.016 .7335 .0315 1960-1964 Arrivals 0.543 0.009 0.714 0.010 0.767 0.021 .7948 .0435 1950-1959 Arrivals 0.716 0.019 0.829 0.020 0.902 0.028 SOURCE: Analyses of 1980-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 152... ...
TABLE 3-30 Age-adjusted Probabilities of Speaking English Well, Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 152 1980-2000, and in 2012, Men, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1980 1990 2000 2012 Variables Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE 2010-2012 Arrivals 0.604 0.018 2005-2009 Arrivals 0.533 0.019 2000-2004 Arrivals 0.572 0.015 1995-1999 Arrivals 0.557 0.01 0.643 0.009 1990-1994 Arrivals 0.632 0.009 0.69 0.003 1985-1989 Arrivals 0.562 0.006 0.662 0.005 0.717 0.005 1980-1984 Arrivals 0.663 0.005 0.725 0.003 0.777 0.009 1975-1979 Arrivals 0.578 0.009 0.736 0.003 0.789 0.005 0.805 0.011 1970-1974 Arrivals 0.666 0.008 0.779 0.002 0.827 0.008 0.847 0.018 1965-1969 Arrivals 0.747 0.003 0.866 0.006 0.889 0.012 0.857 0.028 1960-1964 Arrivals 0.854 0.006 0.944 0.008 0.937 0.016 0.816 0.041 1950-1959 Arrivals 0.993 0.013 0.986 0.01 0.954 0.023 SOURCE: Analyses of 1980-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 153... ...
TABLE 3-31 Age-adjusted Probabilities of Speaking English Well, Immigrant Cohorts, by Decennial Census Year 1980-2000, and in 2012, Women, Ages 25-64, Controlling for Age (cubic) Only Census ACS 1980 1990 2000 2012 Variables Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE Coeff Robust SE 2010-2012 Arrivals 0.573 0.02 2005-2009 Arrivals 0.529 0.019 2000-2004 Arrivals 0.572 0.013 1995-1999 Arrivals 0.525 0.015 0.633 0.006 1990-1994 Arrivals 0.607 0.012 0.664 0.004 1985-1989 Arrivals 0.549 0.01 0.647 0.006 0.714 0.008 1980-1984 Arrivals 0.633 0.008 0.717 0.004 0.773 0.012 1975-1979 Arrivals 0.533 0.011 0.725 0.004 0.788 0.007 0.809 0.016 1970-1974 Arrivals 0.613 0.009 0.794 0.002 0.859 0.011 0.851 0.02 1965-1969 Arrivals 0.707 0.006 0.879 0.004 0.919 0.014 0.874 0.027 1960-1964 Arrivals 0.845 0.007 0.972 0.008 0.962 0.017 0.796 0.035 1950-1959 Arrivals 1 0.014 1 0.01 0.984 0.021 SOURCE: Analyses of 1980-2000 Decennial Census data and 2010-2012 American Community Survey data, accessed through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
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From page 154... ...
group detailed occupations only when socioeconomic status and work content are sufficiently similar across these occupations. With the second purpose in mind, the second-tier occupational categories are 8 major occupational categories that are generated by collapsing the 41 occupational categories.
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From page 155... ...
SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF IMMIGRANTS 155 Social and recreation workers: Counselors; Social workers; Miscellaneous community and social service specialists; Recreation and fitness workers; Residential advisors Librarians, archivists, and curators: Archivists, curators, and museum technicians; Librarians Accountants and financial analysts: Financial managers; Cost estimators; Accountants and auditors; Budget analysts; Credit analysts; Financial analysts; Personal financial advisors; Insurance underwriters; Financial examiners; Loan counselors and officers; Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents; Tax preparers; Financial specialists, all other Engineers: Aerospace engineers; Agricultural engineers; Biomedical engineers; Chemical engineers; Civil engineers; Computer hardware engineers; Electrical and electronics engineers; Environmental engineers; Industry engineers, including health and safety; Materials engineers; Mechanical engineers; Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers; Nuclear engineers; Petroleum engineers; Engineers, all other; Sales engineers; Professors and postsecondary instructors, engineering (imputed in 2000 and 2007) Secondary, vocational, and adult education teachers: Secondary school teachers; Special education teachers; Other teachers and instructors; Other education, training, and library workers Religious workers: Clergy; Directors, religious activities and education; Religious workers, all other Administrators and public officers: Legislators; Administrative services managers; Education administrators; Natural sciences managers; Postmasters and mail superintendents; Social and community service managers; Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Nurses, dietitians, therapists: Dietitians and nutritionists; Pharmacists; Physician assistants; Registered nurses; Occupational therapists; Physical therapists; Radiation therapists; Recreational therapists; Respiratory therapists; Speech-language therapists; Therapists, all other; Massage therapists Social scientists: Economists; Market and survey researchers; Psychologists; Sociologists; Urban and regional planners; Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers Computer specialists: Computer scientists and systems analysts; Computer programmers; Computer software engineers; Computer support specialists; Database administrators; Network and computer systems administrators; Network systems and data communications analysts; Operations research analysts; Computer
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From page 156... ...
156 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION control programmers and operators; Professors and postsecondary instructors, computer science (imputed in 2000 and 2007) Writers, artists and media workers: Artists and related workers; Designers; Actors; Producers and directors; Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers; Dancers and choreographers; Musicians, singers, and related workers; Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other; Announcers; News analysts, reporters and correspondents; Public relations specialists; Editors; Technical writers; Writers and authors; Photographers Managers and proprietors: Chief executives; General and operations managers; Advertising and promotions managers; Marketing and sales managers; Public relations managers; Computer and information systems managers; Human resources managers; Industrial production managers; Purchasing managers; Transportation, storage, and distribution managers; Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers; Construction managers; Engineering managers; Food service managers; Funeral directors; Gaming managers; Lodging managers; Medical and health services managers; Property, real estate, and community association managers; Managers, all other; Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products; Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products; Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail and farm products; Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists; Management analysts; Other business operations specialists Sales workers, retail: First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers; Cashiers; Counter and rental clerks; Parts salespersons; Retail salespersons; Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Secretaries: Secretaries and administrative assistants All other technicians: Appraisers and assessors of real estate; Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists; Marine engineers and naval architects; Drafters; Engineering technicians, except drafters; Surveying and mapping technicians; Agricultural and food science technicians; Biological technicians; Chemical technicians; Geological and petroleum technicians; Nuclear technicians; Other life, physical, and social science technicians; Paralegals and legal assistants; Miscellaneous legal support workers; Library technicians; Miscellaneous media and communication workers; Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators; Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors; Media and communication equipment workers, all other; Animal trainers; Aircraft pilots and flight engineers; Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists; Locomotive engineers and operators; Railroad
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From page 157... ...
SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF IMMIGRANTS 157 brake, signal, and switch operators; Railroad conductors and yardmasters; Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers; Ship and boat captains and operators; Ship engineers; Bridge and lock tenders; Transportation inspectors Bookkeepers: Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Health service workers: Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses; Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides; Occupational therapist assistants and aides; Physical therapist assistants and aides; Dental assistants; Medical assistant and other health care support occupations Sales workers: Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes; First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers; Advertising sales agents; Insurance sales agents; Securities, commodities, and financial service sales agents; Travel agents; Sales representatives, services, all other; Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing; Models, demonstrators, and product promoters; Real estate brokers and sales agents; Telemarketers; Sales and related workers, all other; Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Clerical workers: Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators; Logisticians; Meeting and convention planners; Teacher assistants; First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers; Gaming service workers; First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers; Switchboard operators, including answering service; Telephone operators; Communications equipment operators, all other; Bill and account collectors; Billing and posting clerks and machine operators; Gaming cage workers; Payroll and timekeeping clerks; Procurement clerks; Tellers; Brokerage clerks; Correspondence clerks; Court, municipal, and license clerks; Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks; Customer service representatives; Eligibility interviewers, government programs; File clerks; Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks; Interviewers, except eligibility and loan; Library assistants, clerical; Loan interviewers and clerks; New accounts clerks; Order clerks; Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping; Receptionists and information clerks; Information and record clerks, all other; Cargo and freight agents; Couriers and messengers; Dispatchers; Meter readers, utilities; Postal service clerks; Postal service mail carriers; Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators; Production, planning, and expediting clerks; Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks; Stock clerks and order fillers; Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping; Computer operators; Data entry keyers; Word processors and typists; Desktop publishers; Insurance claims and
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From page 158... ...
158 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION policy processing clerks; Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service; Office clerks, general; Office machine operators, except computer; Proofreaders and copy markers; Statistical assistants; Office and administrative support workers, all other Protective service workers: First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers; First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives; First line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers; Supervisors, protective service workers, all other; Firefighters; Fire inspectors; Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers; Detectives and criminal investigators; Parking enforcement workers; Police and sheriff's patrol officers; Transit and railroad police; Animal control workers; Private detectives and investigators; Security guards and gaming surveillance officers; Crossing guards; Lifeguards and other protective service workers Health technicians: Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians; Dental hygienists; Diagnostic related technologists and technicians; Emergency medical technicians and paramedics; Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians; Medical records and health information technicians; Opticians, dispensing; Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians; Other health care practitioners and technical occupations; Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians Personal service workers and barbers: First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers; Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers; Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers; Funeral service workers; Barbers; Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists; Miscellaneous personal appearance workers; Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges; Tour and travel guides; Transportation attendants; Child care workers; Personal and home care aides; Personal care and service workers, all other; Parking lot attendants Farmers and farm laborers, including forestry and fishing: Farmers and ranchers; Fish and game wardens; First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers; Agricultural inspectors; Animal breeders; Graders and sorters, agricultural products; Miscellaneous agricultural workers; Fishers and related fishing workers; Hunters and trappers; Forest and conservation workers; Logging workers Cleaning service and food service workers: Chefs and head cooks; First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers; Cooks; Food preparation workers; Bartenders; Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food; Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop; Waiters
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From page 159... ...
SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF IMMIGRANTS 159 and waitresses; Food servers, nonrestaurant; Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers; Dishwashers; Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop; Food preparation and serving related workers, all other; First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers; First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers; Janitors and building cleaners; Maids and housekeeping cleaners; Pest control workers Craftsmen: Boilermakers; Millwrights; First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers; Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers; Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers; Structural metal fabricators and fitters; Bakers; Food batchmakers; Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic; Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Tool and die makers; Welding, soldering, and brazing workers; Lay-out workers, metal and plastic; Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners; Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other; Bookbinders and bindery workers; Fabric and apparel patternmakers; Upholsterers; Furniture finishers; Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers; Photographic process workers and processing machine operators; Semiconductor processors; Etchers and engravers; Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic; Tire builders Electricians: Electricians; Electrical power-line installers and repairers; Precision instrument and equipment repairers Construction workers: First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers; Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons; Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers; Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers; Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators; Pile-driver operators; Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers; Glaziers; Insulation workers; Painters, construction and maintenance; Paperhangers; Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters; Plasterers and stucco masons; Reinforcing iron and rebar workers; Roofers; Sheet metal workers; Structural iron and steel workers; Construction and building inspectors; Fence erectors; Hazardous materials removal workers; Septic tank services and sewer pipe cleaners; Miscellaneous construction and related workers; Manufactured building and mobile home installers Operators, except textile, metalworking and transportation: Motion picture projectionists; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators; Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining; Earth drillers, except oil and gas;
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From page 160... ...
160 THE ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION Explosives workers, ordinance handling experts, and blasters; Mining machine operators; Roof bolters, mining; Other extraction workers; Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators; Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers; Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders; Food cooking machine operators and tenders; Job printers; Prepress technicians and workers; Printing machine operators; Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers; Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood; Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers; Stationary engineers and boiler operators; Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators; Miscellaneous plant and system operators; Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders; Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers; Cutting workers; Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders; Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers; Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders; Painting workers; Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders; Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders; Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders; Production workers, all others; Conveyor operators and tenders; Crane and tower operators; Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators; Hoist and winch operators Mechanical workers: Elevator installers and repairers; First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers; Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers; Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers; Avionics technicians; Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers; Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment; Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility; Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles; Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers; Security and fire alarm systems installers; Aircraft mechanics and service technicians; Automotive body and related repairers; Automotive glass installers and repairers; Automotive service technicians and mechanics; Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists; Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics; Small engine mechanics; Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers; Control and valve installers and repairers; Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers; Home appliance repairers; Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics; Maintenance and repair workers, general; Maintenance workers, machinery;
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From page 161... ...
SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF IMMIGRANTS 161 Telecommunications line installers and repairers; Coin, vending, and amusement machine services and repairers; Locksmiths and safe repairers; Riggers; Signal and track switch repairers; Engine and other machine assemblers Textile machine operators: Laundry and dry-cleaning workers; Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials; Sewing machine operators; Shoe and leather workers and repairers; Shoe machine operators and tenders; Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers; Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders; Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders; Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders; Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders; Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other Carpenters: Carpenters; Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters; Model makers and patternmakers, wood; Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing; Woodworkers, all other Metalworking and transportation operators: Highway maintenance workers; Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators; Commercial drivers; Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Machinists; Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders; Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic; Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders; Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders; Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers; Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians; Bus drivers; Driver/sales workers and truck drivers; Taxi drivers and chauffeurs; Motor vehicle operators, all other; Sailors and marine oilers; Other transportation workers; Industrial truck and tractor operators; Shuttle car operators; Tank car, truck, and ship loaders; Material moving workers, all other
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From page 162... ...
High-level professionals: Life scientists; Physical scientists; Social scientists; Mathematicians; Engineers; Architects; Physicians, dentists, and related; Postsecondary teachers; Lawyers and judges Professionals: Nurses, dietitians, therapists; Preschool and elementary teachers; Secondary, vocational, and adult education teachers; Health technicians; All other technicians; Computer specialists; Writers, artists, and media workers; Librarians, archivists, and curators; Social and recreation workers; Religious workers; Accountants and financial analysts Managers and Administrators: Administrators and public officers; Managers and proprietors Sale workers and clerks: Sales workers, retail; Sales workers; Clerical workers; Bookkeepers; Secretaries Skilled workers: Mechanical workers; Carpenters; Electricians; Construction workers; Craftsmen Unskilled workers: Textile machine operators; Metal working and transportation operators; Operators, except textile, metalworking, and transportation; Laborers, except farm Farmers and farm laborers: Farmers and farm laborers, including forestry and fishing Service workers: Cleaning service workers and food service workers; Health service workers; Personal service workers and barbers; Protective service workers
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Key Terms
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