Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science An Investment in the Future (1994) / Chapter Skim
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A Nobel Prizes Awarded in AMO Science Since 1964
A Nobel Prizes Awarded in AMO Science Since 1964
Pages 147-154
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From page 147... ...
He collaborated with Aleksandr Prokhorov, with whom he shared the Nobel Prize, to produce the first Soviet maser and did pioneering work on the use of semiconductors in lasers. Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov Nationality: Soviet Areas of concentration: Quantum radiophysics and quantum electronics The independent research of Prokhorov and Nicolai Basov in the Soviet Union and Charles Townes in the United States on stimulated emission of radiation in the microwave and optical regions of the spectrum led to the development of masers and lasers.
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From page 148... ...
An essential ingredient of Townes's discovery was the creation of an inverted population of atoms. ma Alfred Kastler Nationality: French Areas of concentration: Optical spectroscopy and Hertzian resonances Kastler's discovery in 1950 of double resonance and his combining of this method in 1952 with the technique of optical pumping resulted in new knowledge of atomic structure and led to the development of masers and lasers between 1952 and 1958 by Townes in the United States and Prokhorov and Basov in the Soviet Union.
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From page 149... ...
While his fundamental studies in the optics of holography were completed in the late 1940s, Gabor was unable to realize the potential of his theoretical work until after the invention of the laser in 1960. Gerhard Herzberg Nationality: Canadian Areas of concentration: Molecular spectroscopy and structure determination Herzberg was a leader in molecular spectroscopy, a method of study that can identify molecules and provide precise information on their electronic structure and motions.
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From page 150... ...
Methods based on this phenomenon can be applied to numerous other fields of physics and chemistry Kenichi Fuku li Nationality: Japanese Areas of concentration: Electronic structure and organic reactions Fukui discovered that of the many electronic orbitals involved in molecular structure, only those of the highest energy dominate the reaction. Fukui found that these frontier orbitals could account for many organic reactions not otherwise understood.
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From page 151... ...
Yuan T Lee Nationality: American Areas of concentration: Molecular reaction dynamics and photochemistry Lee helped revolutionize the field of molecular reaction dynamics through his construction of the first crossed molecular beams apparatus capable of detecting all molecules rather than select types.
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From page 152... ...
He was the first to observe a single electron in a trap, opening the door to precise measurements of key electron properties. Similar techniques allowed Dehmelt and his collaborators to observe a quantum jump in a single ion.
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From page 153... ...
Marcus Nationality: American Area of concentration: Physical chemistry Marcus is widely known for his theory of electron-transfer reactions. His work provided simple mathematical expressions for how energy of a molecular system is affected by changes in the structure of reacting molecules and their nearest neighbors.
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