Review of WIC Food Packages Improving Balance and Choice: Final Report (2017) / Chapter Skim
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From page 997... ...
219, 290, 714, 715, 858, 860 AAP guidance, 129 intake patterns, 81, 82, 84, 109, 120, adverse health consequences, 217 125, 135, 149, 164, 172, 173, 175, alignment with DGA, 13, 39, 87, 109, 178, 180, 184, 188, 189, 190, 191, 111, 124–125, 149, 193, 215, 219, 192, 193, 195, 196, 204, 207, 217, 386, 389, 845, 847, 849, 851, 853, 218, 219, 223, 240, 344–345, 348, 855, 858, 860, 861, 862, 863, 865 644–665, 681–684, 687, 715, 716, alignment with DRIs, 131, 133, 135, 720, 731, 861, 862, 863, 865 173, 175, 178, 184, 225, 230, 235, juices, 124, 798, 800, 802 240 labeling, 124, 295, 303 assessment of intakes, 573, 574, 578, in milks and milk substitutes, 7, 13, 123, 580, 754, 756 149, 225, 230, 240, 296, 303, 304, breakfast cereal limits, 123, 124, 225, 305, 344–345, 346, 376, 379, 386, 230, 234, 235, 240, 306, 348, 487, 716, 776, 778, 780, 900, 902 720, 729, 754, 782, 784, 785 nutrition education on, 456 criteria for inclusion, 376, 379 and palatability of nutrient-dense foods, current packages, 123–125, 218, 296, 124, 295, 303, 379, 730 300, 306, 714, 715, 716, 717, 720, prioritization rationale and preliminary 722–723, 724, 729, 784, 785, 786, actions, 217, 218, 219, 223–224, 225, 788, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, 230, 235, 240, 295, 303, 343, 363, 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814 378, 682, 683, 684, 687, 900, 902 defined, 124, 471, 580 997
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From page 998... ...
109, 124–126, 149, 192, 194, 386 for assessing nutrient intakes of WIC- for celiac disease, 143, 144–145, 150 eligible subgroups, 566–569 children 1 to <2 years, 126, 132–135, defined, 471, 565 136 interpretation of food package profile, children 2 to <5 years, 118–119, 125, 127, 172 134–135, 136–137 interpretation of intakes, 572, 574, 671 cultural considerations, 147–148, 150 Administrative burden (see also Vendor current packages, 12, 109–126, effects of requirements) 128–129, 137, 149, 263, 274, 275, educational messages and materials, 404, 276, 277, 278, 287, 377, 820 909 CVV and, 221, 223–227, 229–232, defined, 42 n.17, 471 234–236, 239, 244, 247–252, 254, infant cereal, 403, 907–908 255, 256, 258, 276, 283, 289, 350, infant formula, 402–403, 405–406, 440, 351, 352–353, 356–357, 358–359, 906–907, 910 366, 368, 374, 382, 386, 387, 388, information systems updates, 55, 274, 391, 414, 484, 486, 820–839, 843, 281–282, 403, 404, 405, 408, 411, 867, 880, 887, 984 412, 413–414, 907, 910, 912, 916, eggs, 84, 113, 114, 116, 118, 191, 247, 917, 918, 927 249, 253, 256, 377, 382, 825–844 jarred infant foods, 404–405, 908–909 fish, 110–111, 120, 149 juice, 52, 276, 406–407, 911 for food-triggered immune-mediated sensitivities, 141–145, 150
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From page 999... ...
863, 865 added sugars, 131, 133, 135, 173, 175, substitutions and, 814–815 178, 184, 225, 230, 235, 240 Allergies and sensitivities breads, 224, 235, 731 eggs, 7, 142, 143, 150, 284, 700, 702 breakfast cereals, 224, 226, 227, 230, infant formula, 142, 146 231, 232–233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 306
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From page 1000... ...
118, 119, 375, 376, 825, 827, 829, guidance 831, 837, 839, 841, 843 added sugars, 124, 798, 800, 802 alignment with DRIs, 224, 235, 731, aligning infant food amounts with 754 recommendations of, 32, 40, 83, children 2 to <5 years, 118, 119, 239, 109, 126, 242, 244, 254, 287–292, 278–279, 300, 410–411, 421, 422, 388, 876–877, 881 699, 721, 841, 843, 888–889, 915, allergy prevention, 88, 142 923, 943, 944, 946, 947 complementary foods for breastfed complementary foods, 556 infants, 139, 146, 180, 188, 190, cost considerations, 324, 326, 419, 421, 217, 254, 288, 290–291, 388, 881, 422, 423, 438, 742, 888, 922, 923, 885 925, 979, 983, 984 cultural considerations, 137 cultural preferences, 148, 903, 914–915 dairy products, 88, 175 n.10 current food packages, 2, 26, 31, 52, energy density of human milk, 729 112, 113, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, fish, 110–111, 120, 128, 390 123, 139, 279, 300, 410, 419, 423, home preparation of foods, 290 438, 699, 700, 701, 705, 721, 825, infant cereal, 126, 138, 287–288, 884 827, 829, 831, 837, 839, 841, 843, infant formula, 128, 146, 264, 519, 925, 943, 944, 957, 984 728–729, 881, 919 effect of proposed revision, 410–411, jarred infant foods, 126, 190, 287, 288, 888–889, 892, 914–915 290–291, 881, 884, 885, 887 federal implementation guidance to juices, 13, 118, 126, 129, 137, 149, 190, states, 446, 889, 892 254, 275, 841, 842, 843, 844 fully breastfeeding women (VII) , 116, USDA reliance on, 447, 528–529 117, 230, 300, 410–411, 705, 721, whole grains, 278 837, 839, 899, 914–915, 944, 948 American College of Cardiology, 87 gluten-free option, 143, 144, 308 American Heart Association (AHA)
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From page 1001... ...
breastfeeding women Breakfast cereal (V-B) , 9, 26, 112, 229, 230, 231, added sugar limits, 123, 124, 225, 230, 232–233, 248, 265, 306, 701, 720, 234, 235, 240, 306, 348, 487, 720, 829, 831, 940, 944, 947 729, 754, 782, 784, 785 postpartum women (VI)
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From page 1002... ...
1002 INDEX sensitivity analysis, 339, 347–350, 368, Loving Support© program, 74, 446, 476 773, 782–784, 791 multiple infants, 11 sodium limits, 225, 229, 234 NHANES data, 5–6, 14 specifications, 7, 28, 123, 124, 138, 267, prevalence, 70, 71–72, 73 299, 303, 305–307, 309, 347–350, promotion and support strategies, 5, 11, 484, 487, 700, 720, 729–730, 20, 21, 22 n.8, 44, 74, 77–78, 150, 903–904, 958 157, 206 n.19, 285–286, 288, 331, total sugars limit, 303, 309, 487, 383, 388–390, 884 729–730 proportion of children by age, 70 vendor burdens, 305, 375 race/ethnicity and, 71–72 whole grain, 7, 28, 138, 267, 299, recommendations, 11, 14, 285, 446–447 305–307, 309, 347–350, 484, 700, shift from fully formula-feeding to, 402, 720, 730, 903–904, 958 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 422, 425, Breastfeeding 431, 434–436, 438, 439, 876, 905, Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, 22 n.8, 906, 919, 920, 922, 924, 926, 931– 74, 472 933, 936–937, 941, 973, 976–978, barriers, 15, 77 980–981, 984, 985 changes in food packages since last statutory basis, 21 review and, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59, 70–77, trends of WIC participants, 40, 55, 57, 97, 525, 526, 527, 530 59, 70–74, 97 and complementary foods, 128, 146, worksite lactation support programs, 74 180, 188, 217, 254, 288, 290–291, Breastfeeding women/dyads (see also Fully 388, 873, 880 breastfeeding women; Partially cost incentives compared, 315, 317, breastfeeding; Package V-B; Package 331–334, 335 VII) criterion for revision of foods and, 383, DGA, 110 388–390 EER distribution, 591 current program, 1, 5, 17, 19–22, 74, food group intakes, 188, 189–190, 648, 75–76 652 CVV incentives, 383, 414, 486 gap analysis, 229–233, 683 effects of, 21–22, 55, 75–78, 97 HEI score, 195, 668 evaluation of, 74 nutrient intakes, inadequacies, and formula limits to encourage excesses, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, breastfeeding choice, 5, 20, 74–77, 217, 589, 594, 595, 608–609 93, 285–286, 331–334, 452–453, Buckwheat, 13, 267, 270, 279, 284, 300, 690, 881 308, 324, 326, 411, 472, 700, 702, guidance for infant nutrition, 128 722, 731, 881, 888, 889, 892, 896, Healthy Habits Begin at Birth campaign, 899, 903, 915 76 Healthy Habits for Life campaign, 76 Healthy People 2020 objectives, 1, 20, C 40, 70 income relative to poverty level and, 15, Calcium, 86, 130, 132, 134, 170, 171, 176, 71, 72, 73 178, 182, 186, 217, 227, 228, 231, infant food package amounts and, 288, 234, 297, 344, 345, 346, 566, 585, 604–641, 682–684, 708, 709, 717, 884 731, 776, 778, 780, 782, 784, 785, infant formula introduction and, 5, 20, 786, 788, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 74–77, 93, 285 800, 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, infants' and children's diets and, 39–40, 814, 845, 848, 849, 851, 853, 855, 383, 388–390 857, 859, 861, 862, 863, 864 intensity, 14, 77, 331
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From page 1003... ...
, 80, 144, 159, 177, 218, 219, 392, 393, 404, 715, 908 570, 571, 573, 593–603, 708, 709, for fully breastfeeding women, 9, 26, 717, 731, 776, 778, 780, 782, 784, 116, 229, 230, 231, 232, 244, 785, 786, 788, 790, 792, 794, 796, 248, 249, 250, 264, 283, 288, 289, 798, 800, 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 293, 350, 351, 352–353, 356–357, 812, 814 358–359, 413–414, 420, 421, 445, Cash value voucher (CVV) 705, 767, 774, 790–791, 796–797, and added sugars, 218 802–803, 823, 837, 839, 867, administrative burdens, 53, 93, 289, 898–899 374, 393, 404, 413, 908, 909, 918 funding above cost neutrality, 454–456 and alignment of intakes with dietary and HEI scores, 352–353, 356, 358–359, guidance, 221, 223–227, 229–232, 374 234–236, 239, 244, 247–252, 254, implementation challenges, 52, 53, 484, 255, 256, 258, 276, 283, 289, 350, 488 351, 352–353, 356–357, 358–359, and incentives for breastfeeding, 383, 366, 368, 374, 382, 386, 387, 388, 414, 486 391, 414, 484, 486, 820–839, 843, incremental increases, 961 867, 880, 887, 984 inflation adjustment, 28, 418 n.5, 420, allowance relative to DGA food pattern, 422, 426–427, 430, 439 n.8, 488, 112–118, 149 921 n.8, 926, 956–961, 964–965, barriers and incentives to use, 542, 543 966–969, 985 for children, 10, 15, 26, 118, 239, 255, introduction, 2, 22, 29 256, 268, 269, 271, 273, 283, 340, and jarred infant food substitution, 7, 8, 350, 351, 352–353, 356, 358–359, 11, 13, 53, 139, 141 n.9, 147–148, 374, 382, 388, 413, 418, 421, 454– 264, 265, 266, 267–268, 288, 289, 456, 488, 699, 765, 773, 786–787, 292, 293, 296, 327, 340, 363, 366, 792–793, 798–801, 820, 824, 841, 374, 389, 392, 393, 404, 421, 525, 843, 867, 890–891 696, 697, 764, 775, 814–815, 881, and costs, 289, 327, 331, 340, 350, 884, 885, 901, 908, 909, 941, 965, 352–359, 366, 390, 404, 413–414, 970–971 418, 420, 421, 428–431, 438, juice substitution, 7, 12, 13, 149, 227, 744, 763, 890–891, 909, 911, 918, 232, 236, 265, 267, 269, 275–276, 921–922, 923–924, 926, 962–972, 284, 288, 327, 339, 340, 343, 984–985 356–357, 358–359, 368, 374, 392, cultural considerations, 7, 13, 147–148, 393, 406–407, 441, 701, 705, 765, 150, 272, 284, 289, 374, 388, 392, 766, 767, 774, 798–803, 886–887, 413–414 891, 895, 897, 901, 911, 921, 941, 962, 965, 972–973
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From page 1004... ...
, 70, 73, 280, 526, 527 251, 252, 254, 264, 283, 293, Changes in food packages since last review 414–415, 421, 422, 703, 774, 822, adaptation to 2006 proposals, 51–55, 97 833, 835, 898 and availability and variety of foods, 52, for pregnant women, 9, 10, 26, 112, 53, 54, 80–83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 224, 225, 226, 227, 245, 247, 264, 94, 95, 96, 98, 522–523, 524, 526, 268, 271, 283, 288, 289, 293, 527, 530, 545 294, 340, 352–353, 356, 358–359, barriers to participation and redemption, 413–414, 421, 422, 701, 766, 774, 90, 91, 93–94, 97 788–789, 794–795, 821, 825, 827, and breastfeeding trends and promotion, 829, 831, 867, 894, 895–897, 900 53, 55, 57, 59, 70–77, 97, 525, 526, promoting effective use, 457, 460 527, 530 proportions of vegetables to fruits, 16, and costs, 51, 53, 54, 78–79, 95, 96, 97, 351–356, 457, 460, 984 528, 529, 530 public comments on proposed revisions, cultural considerations, 88, 89, 94, 524, 515, 517, 518, 519 526–527, 530, 545 recommended increase, 7, 15, 271–272, and dietary guidance changes, 51, 283, 284, 292, 454–456 74–76, 83–88, 98, 484–487 redemption rates, 16, 44, 92, 94, 113, and dietary pattern changes, 80, 81, 82, 115, 117, 119, 272, 322, 350–351, 84, 85, 87, 88, 523, 529 352–353, 356, 357, 382, 390, 404, and expenditures for food, 51, 55, 64, 428, 429, 445, 522, 524, 525, 757, 65, 66, 68, 70, 97 758, 760, 763, 764, 765, 766, implementation of 2009 packages, 2, 773–774, 775, 786–803, 814–815, 52–55, 56, 97, 484–487 820–824, 831, 835, 839, 841, 908, infant formula and formula feeding, 57, 941, 962–964 59, 67, 70, 73, 74–76, 77, 78, 79, regional variation in purchasing power, 83, 92, 93, 97, 527, 529, 530 15, 95, 453–454 outcomes studies of 2009 changes, research designs on, 206 n.19, 522 522–531 research recommendation on, 15, participant characteristics and, 55–78, 452–454 524 revising monthly allowance, 5, 6, 8–10, participant satisfaction today, 88–98, 12, 16, 220, 221, 262, 350–351, 524, 525, 526–527 515, 517 and participation rates, 55, 56–58, 59, sensitivity analysis, 339, 340, 343, 350– 71, 78, 79, 93–94, 97, 535–540 359, 368, 773–774, 775, 786–803, and redemption trends, 89, 91, 92–95, 814–815 98, 522, 523, 525
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From page 1005... ...
INDEX 1005 and shopping experience of participants, marketplace availability, 387 93, 94–98 nutrient levels/priorities, 224, 229, 231, substitutions, 2, 53, 93, 96, 528–529 234, 239, 556, 750, 751–753, 754, "supplemental" concept and, 45 776–777, 780–781 vendor behavior and challenges, 2, 52, partially breastfeeding women, 26, 27, 53, 54, 55, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 28, 229, 230, 231, 249, 250, 267, 96, 97, 98, 545 276–277, 298, 408–409, 700, 702, Cheese 718–719, 741, 742, 752, 896 added sugars limit, 123 postpartum women, 26, 27, 28, 234, administrative burdens, 912 235, 251, 253, 267, 276–277, 298, alignment with DGA, 116, 246, 247, 408–409, 517, 704, 718–719, 741, 249, 250, 251, 253, 256, 780–781, 742, 752, 897 837–840 pregnant women, 26, 27, 28, 224, 225, alignment with DRI, 224, 225, 227, 227, 246, 247, 269, 276–277, 298, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 239, 408–409, 517, 702, 718–719, 741, 776–777, 780–781 742, 752, 887, 892 allergies and intolerances and, 143, 145, prices, 341, 387, 957 267, 269, 282, 517, 700, 702, 704, redemption rates, 92, 323, 340, 517, 706, 887, 892, 896, 897, 898–899, 764, 938, 940, 944 901, 902 retail sales, 439, 440, 986 authoritative recommendations, 138 revised packages, 276–277, 278, 303, children 1 to <2 years, 26, 27, 138, 239, 343, 346, 409, 421, 422, 423, 438, 240, 269, 276–277, 298, 408, 556, 705, 741, 750, 751–753, 776–777, 700, 718–719, 741, 751, 887 780–781, 837–840, 913–914, 922, children 2 to <5 years, 26, 27, 82, 925, 958 239, 240, 256, 269, 276–277, 339, saturated fat limits, 120, 122, 138, 225, 408–409, 718–719, 741, 751–752, 230, 235, 240, 340, 345, 346, 485, 776–777, 887 523, 777, 779, 781 cost considerations, 323, 326, 346, 419, sensitivity testing, 339–340, 341, 420, 422, 423, 438, 741, 742, 777, 776–777, 780–781 781, 914, 922, 923, 924, 925, 984 sodium limits, 111, 121, 225, 229, 234, cultural and preference considerations, 239 392 soy-based, 7, 267, 269, 276–277, 282, current packages, 26, 343, 346, 284, 298, 309, 700, 702, 704, 408–409, 312, 438, 705, 741, 706, 718–719, 887, 892, 896, 897, 750, 751–753, 776–777, 780–781, 898–899, 901, 902 837–840, 912–913, 922, 925, 958 specifications, 298, 309, 718–719, 887, expenditures for, 67, 69 892, 896, 897, 901, 902 fully breastfeeding women, 26, 27, substitution amounts, 7, 27, 28, 30, 267, 28, 116, 145, 229, 230, 231, 249, 268, 276–277, 282, 284, 408–409, 250, 267, 276–277, 298, 408–409, 700, 702, 704, 706, 751–753, 887, 420, 421, 422, 486, 488, 705, 706, 888, 892, 896, 897, 898 718–719, 741, 742, 753, 780–781, vegan diets, 7, 145, 146, 150, 269, 282, 837–840, 898–899, 914, 923, 924, 298, 309, 700, 702, 704, 706, 887, 925, 940, 944, 958 892, 896, 897, 898–899, 901, 902 HEI score, 777 Child and Adult Care Food Program implementation of 2006 (CACFP) , 18, 56, 119, 120, 296, recommendations, 485, 486, 487, 299, 304, 305–306, 308, 516, 519, 488 576, 716, 720, 732, 842, 900, 901, intakes trends, 81, 82, 523 904 low-fat, 387, 392 Child Nutrition Act of 1966, 20, 489, 490
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From page 1006... ...
Complementary foods and feeding (see adverse health impacts of nutrient also Infant cereal; Infant food meat; inadequacies and excesses, 217 Infant food vegetables and fruits; cow's milk, 2 Package II) dietary guidance, 88, 138–139 alignment with dietary guidance, 146, DRIs for, 134–135, 182, 183, 185, 186 180, 188, 217, 254, 288, 290–291, EER distribution, 592 388–389, 881 food group intakes, 82, 190, 192, authoritative recommendations, 120, 654–657 128–129, 146, 175, 188, 217, gap analysis, 239–241, 682, 686 388–389 identifying priorities for, 219 breads, 556 Nutrient-Based Diet Quality Index score, breastfeeding and, 128, 146, 180, 188, 197 217, 254, 288, 290–291, 388, 873, nutrient intakes, inadequacies, and 880 excesses, 180, 182–183, 184, 185, defined, 472 186, 217, 590, 599–601, 626–633 eggs, 138 Children 2 to <5 years (see also Package energy intakes by food group, 556 IV-B)
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From page 1007... ...
INDEX 1007 Copper, 12, 130, 132, 134, 170, 171, infant food vegetables and fruits, 289, 174, 176, 182, 183, 185, 186, 232, 404–405, 909, 962, 965, 970 236, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, infant formula, 16, 78, 79, 315, 357, 358, 359, 363, 364, 365, 377, 317–318, 320, 321, 330, 331–334, 566–567, 572, 573, 604–641, 683, 335, 399, 401, 403, 415, 416, 417, 685, 708, 709, 776, 778, 780, 782, 419, 420, 422, 425, 431, 432–433, 784, 785, 786, 788, 790, 792, 794, 434–435, 460, 746, 875, 882, 883, 796, 798, 800, 802, 804, 806, 808, 906–907, 910, 919, 922, 925, 926, 810, 812, 814, 846, 848, 849, 851, 949, 973, 974–981, 984 853, 855, 857, 859, 861, 862, 863, juice, 15, 327, 356–357, 358–359, 741 864 legumes and peanut butter, 320, 322, Corn masa flour, 13, 158, 267, 270, 279, 363, 364–365, 413, 419, 421, 423, 280, 284, 300, 301, 308, 387, 411, 438, 742–743, 763, 811, 813, 917, 472, 700, 702, 706, 722, 723, 731, 922, 923, 925, 984 754, 888, 889, 892, 896, 899, 903, milks and milk substitutes, 323–324, 915 326, 344–345, 346, 419, 420, 422, Cost profiles of food packages, current 423, 438, 741, 742, 777, 779, 781, versus revised packages (see also 914, 922, 923, 924, 925, 978, 984 Food cost estimates of proposed overview, 36, 315–316 revisions; Regulatory impact analysis; participant distribution across food Sensitivity analysis) packages, 316, 317–320, 325, 334 average package cost versus USDA per-participant costs of food packages, national average, 325, 330 79, 316, 324–325, 329, 330–331, breads, 324, 326, 419, 421, 422, 423, 334–335 438, 742, 888, 922, 923, 925, 979, program costs, 78–79, 324–331 983, 984 redemption data and, 11, 315–316, 320, breakfast cereals, 347, 348–349, 350, 321–323, 324, 325–326, 328–329, 368, 419, 423, 438, 742, 922, 925, 330, 331, 333, 338, 344–345, 347, 984 348–349, 350, 351, 352–355, 356, breastfeeding cost incentives compared, 358–362, 363, 364–365, 395, 397, 315, 317, 331–334, 335 739, 741–744, 745, 746, 763–768, composites of food categories, 321–322 869, 871, 909, 921, 938, 980 cost neutrality constraint, 3, 6, 18, 44, substitutions, 317, 323–324, 326–327, 315–316, 317, 324, 330–331, 334, 330 763–767 WIC food costs, 320–324 CVV and, 289, 327, 331, 340, 350, Criteria for inclusion of foods 352–359, 366, 390, 404, 413–414, administrative burdens, 3, 13, 38, 42, 418, 420, 421, 428–431, 438, 372, 374–376, 390, 391, 394, 519, 744, 763, 890–891, 909, 911, 918, 543, 887, 889, 901 921–922, 923–924, 926, 962–972, balanced supplement to participants' 984–985 diets, 3, 12, 37, 38, 371–373, data and assumptions, 316, 317, 320, 374–377 321, 322–323, 325, 330, 331, consistency with DGA, 3, 12–13, 39, 741–746 379–383, 386–387 eggs, 323, 327, 419, 420, 423, 438, 741, DRI alignment, 3, 12, 39, 373, 377–379 922, 925, 926, 940, 984 cultural eating patterns and food infant cereal, 403, 419, 421, 423, 438, preferences, 3, 13, 40–42, 387, 390, 922, 923, 925, 984 392 infant food meat, 327, 405, 419, 423, infants' and children's diets and 438, 746, 909, 922, 925, 984 breastfeeding support, 39–40, 383, 388–390
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From page 1008... ...
considered in, 147–148, 150, added sugar limits, 123–125, 218, 296, 279–280 300, 306, 714, 715, 716, 717, 720, CVV, 18, 26, 271, 289, 293, 296, 722–723, 724, 729, 784, 785, 786, 350–353, 356–357, 413–414, 438, 788, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, 696, 697, 699, 701, 703, 705, 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814 744, 773–774, 786–803, 812–813, administrative burdens, 289 814–815, 820–824, 825, 827, 829, alignment with dietary guidance, 12, 831, 833, 837, 839, 841, 843, 867, 109–126, 128–129, 137, 149, 263, 918, 921–922 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 287, 377, eggs, 2, 26, 87–88, 377, 419, 420, 423, 820 438, 518, 699, 701, 703, 705, 719, alignment with DRIs, 126–127, 754, 764, 820–844, 922, 925, 926, 130–137, 149, 179 n.13, 181, 207, 940, 943, 944, 984 263, 373, 588 financial value of, 11, 286 amounts of foods contributed to USDA fish, 110–111, 120, 258, 280, 281, 302, food patterns, 5, 110, 112–119 310, 357, 360–361, 411, 438, 518, breads, 2, 26, 31, 52, 112, 113, 116, 723–724, 733–734, 742, 766, 767, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 139, 279, 804–809 300, 307–308, 410, 419, 423, 438, food group intakes, 576 699, 700, 701, 705, 721, 731, 742, food-triggered immune-mediated 825, 827, 829, 831, 837, 839, 841, sensitivities and, 141–145, 150 843, 925, 943, 944, 957, 984 forms and composition of foods in, 137, 138–139, 149, 272, 281, 782–785
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From page 1009... ...
, 116–117, 130–131, 136, 280, 294, 2, 26–28, 30, 52, 112, 114, 116, 296–302, 319, 329, 331, 344–345, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 136–137, 349, 353, 355, 357, 359, 360, 381, 138, 143, 145, 150, 276, 277, 278, 406–409, 410, 411–412, 705–706, 296–298, 303–304, 305, 308, 339, 715–724, 780–781, 785, 790–791, 340, 344–345, 407–409, 438, 488, 796–797, 802–803, 808–809 699, 701, 703, 705, 716–719, 730, implementation of most recent package 732–733, 734, 741, 751, 752, 753, changes, 488 765, 766, 767, 773, 776–781, 825, infant cereal, 25, 287, 403, 419, 423, 827, 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, 839, 438, 696, 697, 714, 765, 873, 907, 841, 843, 941, 943, 944, 951, 955, 922, 925, 940, 984 984 infant formula, 2, 5, 22, 24–25, 33, 75, nutrient levels, 5, 130–135, 242, 258, 139, 181, 207, 286–287, 292–293, 306, 307, 310, 344–345, 348–349, 310, 318, 402–403, 419, 420, 423, 373, 459, 575, 588, 727–728, 731, 434–435, 439, 458, 459, 588, 694– 732–733, 776–815 695, 696, 697, 698, 714, 727–729, nutrients to limit, 111–124 748–749, 764, 906–907, 910, 922, nutrition education, 456 925, 934–935, 940, 976–977, 984 overview, 22–23 jarred infant food meat, 25, 126, 139, participant burdens, 289 149, 290, 405, 419, 438, 696, 715, participation distribution across, 734–735, 764, 873, 881, 885, 909, 317–320 922, 925 postpartum women, 26, 114–115, 130– jarred infant food vegetables and fruits, 131, 136, 242, 273, 296–302, 317, 25, 288, 292, 293, 404, 438, 696, 319, 329, 381, 406–407, 408–409, 697, 714, 764, 696, 715, 873, 411–412, 703–704, 715–724 908–909 potential areas for modification, 41, juice, 2, 12–13, 26, 27, 52, 53, 54, 148–150 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 139, pregnant and partially breastfeeding 149, 275, 356–357, 377, 406–407, women, 26, 112–113, 127–135, 419, 423, 438, 488, 699, 701, 703, 130–131, 294, 296–302, 319, 329, 705, 719, 741, 765, 766, 767, 774, 331, 344, 348–349, 352–353, 798–803, 820–844, 887, 922, 925, 354–355, 358–359, 360–361, 381, 943, 944, 984 406–409, 410, 411–412, 701–702, Kosher or Halal diets, 146–147, 150 715–724, 778–779, 782–783, legumes and peanut butter, 12, 26, 30, 784, 788–789, 794–795, 800–801, 92, 273, 274, 281, 362–363, 364– 806–807, 810–811 365, 377, 382, 412–413, 419, 423, redemption rates, 12, 92, 278, 290, 347, 438, 699, 701, 703, 705, 724–725, 378, 381, 382, 758, 760, 763–768, 733, 742, 743, 755, 763, 810–813, 773–815 825, 827, 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, saturated fat limits, 120–122, 126, 131, 839, 841, 843, 922, 923, 925, 941, 131, 133, 135, 218, 340, 344–345, 952–953, 957, 984 373, 378, 777, 779, 781, 783, 784, marketplace options, 295, 303–304, 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, 795, 797, 307, 506 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 809, 811, for medical needs, 24–25, 137, 140–145, 813, 814, 845 150, 292, 328, 405–406, 698, 735 sensitivity analysis, 343, 346, 347, 350, 356–357, 362–363, 773–815 sodium limits, 111, 116–117, 121, 730 specifications for foods, 296–302, 303–304, 305, 714–724, 728–729
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From page 1010... ...
data, 199–204 dioxins in full-fat foods, 160 Dietary intake patterns (see specific foods Healthy Eating Index, 344–345, 777 and nutrients) sensitivity analysis, 339–340, 341, Dietary Reference Intakes (see also 343–346, 368, 773, 776–781 Alignment of food packages with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DRIs)
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From page 1011... ...
mother–infant dyad package, 9, 265 alignment of packages and intakes with nutrient intakes, 84, 556, 741, 742, 754 DGA, 39, 87, 112–119, 188, 194, nutrients profiles and priorities, 224, 386, 573, 576 242, 247, 249, 253, 256, 735 alignment of packages and intakes with partially breastfeeding women, 9, 26, DRIs, 110 n.3, 130, 132, 134, 173, 113, 189, 249, 701, 718, 821, 829, 174, 177, 181, 184, 185, 846, 848, 831, 940, 944, 947 850, 852, 854, 856, 857, 859, 861, postpartum women, 9, 26, 114, 189, 862, 863, 865 253, 703, 718, 822, 833, 835, 940, complementary foods, 556 944, 948 current package, 130, 132, 134, 776, pregnant women, 10, 26, 113, 189, 224, 778, 780, 782, 784, 785, 786, 788, 242, 247, 268, 701, 718, 820, 825, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, 802, 827, 940, 944, 947 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814, 846, prices, 957 848, 850, 852, 854, 856, 857, 859, public comments, 517 861, 862, 863, 865 recommendation, 7, 284 EERs by population subgroup, 130, 132, redemption rates, 92, 382, 764, 820– 134, 169 n.8, 174, 177, 185, 202, 824, 940, 943, 944, 946, 947, 948 473, 575–576, 591–592, 727 regulatory impact analysis, 440, 986 estimation challenges, 168, 202–203, retail sales/market share, 440, 986 294, 390, 576 revised food packages, 9, 10, 265, food sources and contributions, 268, 377, 382, 419, 420, 423, 438, 112–119, 179, 181, 184, 185, 281, 701, 703, 704, 705, 741, 754, 764, 294, 386, 708, 709, 890 820–844, 922, 925, 926, 940, 946, health concerns, 158, 215, 487 947, 948, 984 infant formula, 33, 310, 519, 588, 714, special medical needs, 518 727, 728–729 specifications, 718, 734 intake patterns, 45, 80, 112–119, 163, substitutions, 7, 282, 284, 323, 327, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178–179, 375, 488, 700, 702, 704 180, 183, 185, 188, 192–193, vegan options, 7, 146, 150, 282, 284, 202–203, 556, 575–576, 589–590 518, 700, 702, 704 from other macronutrients, 218
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From page 1012... ...
307, 309, 474, 487, 488, 528, 695, cut-point method, 201, 570, 572 697, 700, 725, 728, 730, 731, 733, defined, 471, 565 748, 869 Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) Fish intake analysis, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, administrative burdens, 405, 411, 890, 178–179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 909, 916, 917 202–203, 575–576 alignment of food packages with DGA, by population subgroup, 591–592 110–111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education 149, 246, 247, 252, 253, 255, 256, Program, 457 280, 281, 283, 363, 387, 411, 825, Expenditures for foods, 65, 66, 67, 69–70, 827, 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, 839, 87, 89 841, 843, 880 alignment of food packages with DRIs, 357–362, 804–809 F allergy considerations, 142, 143, 150 authoritative recommendations, 120, Fat (see Saturated fats; Total fat)
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From page 1013... ...
INDEX 1013 cost considerations, 280–282, 323, 327, rationale for changes, 5, 516, 518, 331, 360, 362, 363, 364–365, 368, 885–886, 889–890, 893–894, 895, 405, 411, 419, 421, 423, 436–438, 897, 898, 900, 904 455–456, 742, 805, 807, 809, 811, recommendations, 7, 11, 283, 291 813, 900, 909, 917, 922, 923, 925 redemption rates, 92, 357, 360–361, criteria for inclusion, 376, 387, 388, 362, 364–365, 392, 405, 733, 755, 391, 392 758, 764, 766, 767, 804–813, 825, current food packages, 26, 30, 110–111, 827, 881, 909, 933, 940, 941, 944, 120, 137, 139, 149, 258, 280, 281, 946, 947, 948, 951 302, 310, 357, 360–361, 411, 419, regulatory impact analysis, 405, 411, 423, 438, 518, 699, 701, 703, 705, 412, 413, 419, 421, 423, 436–438, 723–724, 733–734, 742, 764, 766, 440, 880, 881, 885–886, 889, 890, 767, 804–813, 825, 827, 829, 831, 893–894, 895, 897–898, 900, 904, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, 843, 909, 909, 916, 917, 922, 923, 933, 940, 916, 917, 922, 940, 941, 944 941, 944, 946, 947, 948, 949, 951, expenditures, 67, 69 953, 957, 958, 959, 979, 982, 984, fully breastfeeding women, 9, 26, 92, 986, 987 110, 116, 137, 149, 265, 280, 281, revised food package, 7, 12, 265, 266, 283, 302, 340, 357, 361, 362, 411, 268, 280–282, 283, 289, 291, 292, 412, 705, 723–724, 775, 808–809, 294–295, 302, 310, 380, 383, 419, 837, 839, 900, 916–917, 940, 944, 423, 436–438, 699, 701, 703, 705, 948 723–724, 804–813, 825, 827, 829, HEI–2010 scores, 362, 363, 364–365, 831, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, 843, 805, 811 885, 909, 916–917, 922, 940, 941, implementation of 2006 946, 947, 948 recommendations, 485, 486 rotation, 265, 268, 281–282, 343, 357, infants 6 to <12 mo, 11, 266, 291, 292, 362–363, 364–365, 412, 413, 436– 327, 376, 392, 405, 697, 711, 734, 437, 438, 775, 810–813, 889–890, 881, 885, 882, 909, 941, 951 893–894, 895, 897–898, 917, 949 market share, 440 sensitivity analysis, 339, 340, 357, mercury concerns, 111, 129, 160, 390 360–363, 368, 774–775, 804–813 mother–infant dyad, 265 sodium limits, 111 nutrient levels/priorities, 231, 244, 246, species options, 30, 32, 110, 310, 248, 362, 363, 711, 755, 886 733–734 partially breastfeeding women, 9, 26, specifications, 281, 292, 302, 310, 113, 244, 255, 256, 265, 281, 283, 723–724, 889, 890, 893–894, 895, 294, 302, 363, 383, 701, 723–724, 900, 904, 909, 916–917 766, 775, 829, 831, 895, 897, 916, substitution options, 7, 30, 146, 150, 940, 947 266, 281, 291, 292, 323, 327, 376, postpartum (nonbreastfeeding) women, 392, 405, 518, 697, 711, 734, 881, 9, 26, 114, 252, 253, 265, 283, 302, 885–886 412, 436, 437, 703, 723–724, 833, supply and demand, 81 835, 897–898, 916, 940, 948 vendor burdens, 411, 909, 916 pregnant women, 10, 26, 113, 246, 247, 268, 283, 294, 302, 360, 362, 364–365, 388, 412, 436, 437, 701, 723–724, 766, 775, 806–807, 825, 827, 893–894, 897, 916, 940, 947 price, 957
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From page 1014... ...
419, 420, 423, 481, 870, 872, 905, CPI base year for revised packages, 425, 919, 920, 922, 924, 925 427–428, 430–431, 954, 956, 959, uncertainties in, 427–436, 960, 962–978 960, 961, 964–965, 968 "up to" amount of infant formula and, CPI inflation scenarios, 395, 418, 425, 399, 401, 403, 431, 432–433, 875, 426, 427, 428, 430–431, 964–965, 882, 883, 907, 973, 974–975 966–967, 968–969 WIC program participation levels and, current food costs, 396 395, 397 n.1, 398 n.4, 399, 415, CVV assumptions and, 426–427, 419, 420, 424–425, 435, 869, 870, 428–431, 962–972, 984–985 871, 872 n.3, 876, 905, 922, 926, by item category, 415, 418, 419–420, 927–931, 932, 934–937, 938, 945 423, 438, 439, 921, 922, 925, 933, n.15, 977 938, 950, 954, 984, 985–986 Food expenditures by items over time, 420, 422–424, changes since 2009 review, 98 924–926 committee analysis, 36–37 by items within each food package, 418, Food group intakes 420, 421–422, 921, 923–924 2009 revisions and, 162–164 methodology, 315–324, 424–427, alignment with recommendations, 926–961 187–194
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From page 1015... ...
654–657 adverse health impacts of nutrient by children 2 to <5 years, 81, 82, inadequacies and excesses, 217 191–192, 193, 658–665 DGA recommendations, 138–139, committee process, 36 189–190 committee's analyses versus other DRIs for, 130–131, 171, 186 published results, 204 food group intakes, 189–190, 648–653 complementary foods, 164–165, 191 Nutrient-Based Diet Quality Index score, eggs, 81, 82, 189, 191, 382 197 geographical differences, 164 nutrient intakes, inadequacies, and Healthy Eating Index by, 195, 196 excesses, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, infant cereal, 554, 696 217 infant food meat, 188, 190, 191, 290 by infants, 188, 190, 191 juice, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, G 455, 644–658 Gap analysis kilocalorie intake patterns, 84 breastfeeding women, 229–233, 683 milks and milk substitutes, 55, 81, 82, children 1 to <2 years, 239–241, 686 163, 529–530, 554, 888 children 2 to <5 years, 239–241, 687 of NHANES findings, 187–194 Package II, 243 by postpartum women, 188, 189–190, Package IV-B, 373, 378, 380, 382 650–653 postpartum women, 234–238, 684–685 by pregnant women, 81, 188, 189–190, pregnant women, 224–228, 682 644–647 target, 244 racial and ethnic differences in Geographical differences in food intakes, 164 purchasing and consumption, 164 Gluten-free foods, 143, 144, 307, 308, 904 Food packages (see Alignment of food Grains (see Breads; Breakfast cereals; Whole packages with DGA; Changes in food grains; specific grains) packages; Current food packages; Revised food packages; Substitutions in food packages; specific foods and packages)
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From page 1016... ...
administrative burden 405, 909 challenges of 2009 changes, 52–55, 98, alignment with dietary guidance, 126, 484, 486–487, 904 149, 254, 388, 881, 885 Income level/distribution alignment with DRIs, 291 breastfeeding prevalence, 73 cost considerations, 327, 405, 419, 423, WIC participants, 60–61 438, 746, 909, 922, 925, 984 Infant cereal (see also Package II) breastfed infants, 8, 25, 188, 191, 243, AAP guidance, 126, 138, 287–288, 884 264, 288, 290–291, 292, 388, 405, administrative effects of revisions, 403, 690, 696, 873, 951 907–908 criteria for inclusion, 327 alignment with dietary guidance, 149, current benefit, 25, 126, 139, 149, 290, 254, 287–288, 399, 881, 884 405, 419, 438, 696, 715, 734–735, alignment with DRIs, 728 764, 873, 881, 885, 909, 922, 925 for breastfed infants, 8, 264, 518, 696, defined, 476 765, 873, 880 n.5, 883, 943, 946 expenditures, 66, 69 cost considerations, 403, 419, 421, 423, fish (canned)
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From page 1017... ...
INDEX 1017 recommendation, 11, 291 revised benefit, 8, 9, 10, 25, 264, 265, redemption rates, 92, 93, 290, 392, 405, 266, 268, 285–288, 291, 292–293, 518, 746, 764, 885, 941, 943, 946, 310, 363, 366, 404–405, 428, 696, 951 697, 715, 873, 884, 908–909, 943, regulatory impact analysis, 405, 909 946 revised benefit, 7, 8, 11, 264, 266, sensitivity analysis, 340, 363, 366, 775, 290–291, 292, 327, 376, 388, 392, 814 405, 419, 423, 697, 711, 734, 764, specifications, 715 881, 885, 882, 909, 941, 951, 909, vendor burdens, 404, 484, 908 922, 925, 946, 951 Infant formula and formula feeding (see also specifications, 715 Package I; Package II; Package III) substitutions, 7, 11, 146, 266, 291, 292, AAP guidance, 128, 146, 264, 519, 327, 376, 392, 405, 436, 438, 697, 728–729, 881, 919 711, 734–735, 881, 885, 882, 909, administrative burdens, 402–403, 941, 951, 979 405–406, 440, 906–907, 910 vendor burdens, 405, 909 alignment with DRIs, 727–729 Infant food vegetables and fruits allergies and, 142, 146 AAP guidance, 126, 190, 287, 288, and breastfeeding choice, 5, 20, 74–77, 290–291, 881, 884, 885, 887 93, 285 administrative burdens, 404–405, changes since last review, 57, 59, 67, 70, 908–909 73, 74–77, 78, 79, 83, 92, 93, 97, alignment with dietary guidance, 386, 527, 529, 530 389, 881 cost considerations, 16, 78, 79, 315, challenges to implementation of 2009 317–318, 320, 321, 330, 331–334, revisions, 53 335, 399, 401, 403, 415, 416, 417, cost considerations, 289, 404–405, 909, 419, 420, 422, 425, 431, 432–433, 962, 965, 970 434–435, 460, 746, 875, 882, 883, cultural considerations, 392 906–907, 910, 919, 922, 925, 926, current benefit, 25, 288, 292, 293, 404, 949, 973, 974–981, 984 438, 696, 697, 714, 764, 696, 715, current food packages, 2, 5, 22, 24–25, 873, 908–909 33, 75, 139, 181, 207, 286–287, CVV substitution, 7, 8, 11, 13, 53, 139, 292–293, 310, 318, 402–403, 419, 141 n.9, 147–148, 264, 265, 266, 420, 423, 434–435, 439, 458, 459, 267–268, 288, 289, 292, 293, 296, 588, 694–695, 696, 697, 698, 714, 327, 340, 363, 366, 374, 389, 392, 727–729, 748–749, 764, 906–907, 393, 404, 421, 525, 696, 697, 764, 910, 922, 925, 934–935, 940, 775, 814–815, 881, 884, 885, 901, 976–977, 984 908, 909, 941, 965, 970–971 dietary guidance, 128, 139, 388, 576 implementation of IOM 2006 evaluation of requirements, 588 recommendations, 484, 486 exempt, 25, 140 n.7, 265, 268, 292, juice, 264, 487, 554, 556 330, 401, 406, 416, 417, 448, 698, legumes-based, 734, 735 735, 875, 886, 910 nutrient content, 708, 709–710, 747 expenditures, 67, 69, 70 prices, 957 Final Rule, 20 n.5, 728 and promotion of full breastfeeding, 884 first-month options, 5, 74–75, 285–286, recommendation, 11, 291 317 n.3, 383, 393, 399, 906, 946, redemption rates, 92, 941, 943, 946, 948 965 hydrolyzed protein, 142, 475 regulatory impact analysis, 404–405, implementation of 2006 908–909 recommendations, 486–487
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From page 1018... ...
1018 INDEX infants 0 to <6 months, 8, 24, 75, 76, shift from fully formula-fed to breastfed 179, 181, 186–187, 264, 285, 318, dyads, 402, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 324, 328, 399, 400, 402, 432–433, 422, 425, 431, 434–436, 438, 439, 435, 694, 695, 714, 745, 873, 874, 876, 905, 906, 919, 920, 922, 924, 880, 882–883, 932, 934, 936, 940, 926, 931–933, 936–937, 941, 973, 946, 977 976–978, 980–981, 984, 985 infants 6 to <12 months, 8, 24, 136, soy protein–based, 146 179, 181, 186–187, 264, 285, 318, special medical needs, 8, 10, 24, 324, 432–433, 694, 696, 697, 714, 140–141, 142, 150, 81, 268, 285, 745, 873, 883, 946 292–293, 330, 405–406, 698, 735, iron-fortified, 128, 139, 388, 694, 697 745, 886, 910 limits to encourage breastfeeding choice, specifications, 20 n.5, 714, 727–729 5, 20, 74–77, 93, 285–286, 331–334, tailoring amounts of, 22, 74–75, 285, 452–453, 690, 881 440, 452–453, 486, 695, 880, 881, marketplace options, 83 882–886, 907 nutrient content, 33, 83, 136, 158, 310, "up to" amount, 399, 401, 403, 431, 519, 727–729, 748–749 432–433, 875, 882, 883, 907, 973, nutrient intakes and priorities, 128, 167, 974–975 174–179, 181, 187, 207, 242, 288, USDA-FNS guidance, 74–76 573, 576 vegan substitutes, 146 nutrition-related health risks, 158, 576 vendor burdens, 402–403, 906–907 prices, 320, 321, 950, 957 Infants (see also Complementary foods and products analyzed, 748–749 feeding; Infant cereal; Infant food proportion of WIC participants, 57, 59, meat; Infant food vegetables and 317–319, 340–341, 366–367, 425, fruits; Infant formula and formula 926, 934–937 feeding; Package I; Package II; ready-to-feed, 24, 25, 179 n.11, 268, Package III) 287 n.15, 321, 391, 694, 695, 696, AAP recommendations, 32, 40, 83, 109, 697, 698, 745, 747, 882, 883, 945, 126, 242, 244, 254, 287–292, 388, 948, 950, 957, 958 876–877, 881 rebates from manufacturers, 53, 78, 79, added sugars, 133, 175, 178, 207, 217, 140 n.7, 321, 324, 328, 330, 331, 219, 290, 714, 715, 858, 860 332, 334, 366, 367, 419, 423, 439, adverse health impacts of nutrient 478, 519, 528, 745, 922, 925, 945, inadequacies and excesses, 217 948–949, 950–951, 957, 985 cow's milk, 554 recommendations, 11, 291, 293 dietary guidance for, 128, 138–139 reconsideration in future reviews, DRIs for, 132–133, 176, 177, 187 458–459 energy requirements, 591 redemption rates, 92, 93, 320, 747, 748, fully breastfed, 24–25, 70, 128, 764, 765, 940, 943, 945, 946, 948, 132–133, 167, 180, 182, 191, 318, 950, 980–981 328, 400, 403, 404, 405, 873, 874, regulatory impact analysis, 402–403, 883, 884, 885, 907, 908, 909, 934, 405–406, 440, 906–907, 910 936, 940, 941, 943, 941, 946, 958 research potential, 676 fully formula fed, 24–25, 129, 132–133, retail sales, 435, 440, 986 167, 174–179, 181, 187, 318, 328, revised benefit, 8, 9, 10, 264, 265, 266, 400, 403, 435, 873, 874, 880, 882, 268, 271, 285–288, 291, 292–293, 883, 907, 932, 934, 936, 940, 941, 310, 318, 403, 419, 420, 423, 434– 943, 946, 977 435, 458, 694, 696, 697, 698, 714, NHANES survey years, 167 748–749, 881, 882–883, 906–907, 910, 922, 925, 936–937, 940, 946, 948–949
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From page 1019... ...
, 478, 565, 921, 922, 923, 925, 965, 972, 984 570, 586 criteria addressed, 374, 379, 388, 389, Iron, 45, 86, 87, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 391, 393 134, 136, 137, 139, 144, 146, 158, CVV substitution, 7, 12, 13, 149, 227, 161, 165, 168, 170, 171, 174, 176, 232, 236, 265, 267, 269, 275–276, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 284, 288, 327, 339, 340, 343, 185, 187, 188, 197, 201, 204, 207, 356–357, 358–359, 368, 374, 392, 217, 218, 224, 235, 242, 243, 280, 393, 406–407, 441, 701, 705, 765, 287–288, 290, 291, 299, 306, 309, 766, 767, 774, 798–803, 886–887, 310, 347, 348, 349, 388, 389, 475, 891, 895, 897, 901, 911, 921, 941, 489, 503, 504, 518, 566, 571, 572, 962, 965, 972–973 573, 574, 581, 588, 604–641, 670, definition and unit, 579 682, 684, 686, 694, 696, 697, 699, effects of revisions, 523, 526–527, 887, 701, 703, 705, 708, 709, 711, 714, 891, 895, 897, 898, 911 720, 727–728, 730, 731, 734–735, expenditures, 67, 68, 69–70 776, 778, 780, 782, 784, 785, 786, Final Rule, 26 788, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, fully breastfeeding women, 9, 26, 116, 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814, 283, 356–357, 359, 488, 648–653, 845, 847, 849, 851, 854, 856, 857, 705, 719, 767, 802–803, 823, 837, 859, 861, 862, 863, 865, 884, 839, 898, 941, 944, 948 885–886 health concerns, 487, 507, 515 HEI scores, 195, 196, 358–359 infants, 264, 487, 554, 556 J intake distributions and trends, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 455, Juice 644–658 AAP guidance, 13, 118, 126, 129, 137, interim rule, 2, 440, 986 149, 190, 254, 275, 841, 842, 843, Kosher or Halal diets, 147 844 added sugars, 124, 798, 800, 802
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From page 1020... ...
, 9, 26, 114, 275 253, 256–257, 281–282, 377, 382, n.7, 283, 421, 650, 652, 703, 719, 825, 827, 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, 822, 833, 835, 897, 923, 941, 944 839, 841, 843, 890, 893, 894, 917 preferences and cultural considerations, alignment with DRIs, 224, 225, 226, 89, 392, 517, 526–527 229–230, 231, 232, 234, 235, prices, 957, 960, 965 236–237, 239, 810–811 recommendations, 7, 15, 283, 284, 455 children 1 to <2 years, 10, 26, 92, redemption rates, 92, 356, 358–359, 139, 239, 268, 173, 274, 281, 283, 523, 741, 750, 758, 764, 765, 412–413, 724–725, 755, 763, 884, 766, 767, 798–803, 820, 938, 941, 890, 941, 943, 945, 946, 952–953, 943–944, 946, 947, 965 957 regulations/regulatory analysis, 406–407, children 2 to <5 years, 10, 26, 92, 118, 911 239, 268, 273, 274, 281, 283, 364– retail sales/market share, 439–440, 986 365, 368, 377, 382, 412–413, 421, revised food packages, 7, 9, 10, 12, 265, 724–725, 755, 763, 775, 810–811, 267, 268, 269, 275–276, 283, 284, 841, 843, 884, 890, 923, 941, 944, 339, 340, 343, 356–357, 358–359, 945, 947, 952–953, 957 368, 374, 377, 379, 419, 423, 438, cost considerations, 320, 322, 363, 699, 701, 703, 705, 719, 741, 765, 364–365, 413, 419, 421, 423, 438, 766, 767, 774, 798–803, 820–844, 742–743, 763, 811, 813, 917, 922, 886–887, 891, 901, 922, 925, 984 923, 925, 984 sensitivity analysis, 339, 340, 343, 356– criteria for inclusion, 374, 375 357, 358–359, 368, 774, 798–803 cultural considerations, 7, 148, 274 special dietary needs (III) , 10, 265 current food packages, 12, 26, 30, 92, specifications, 719 273, 274, 281, 362–363, 364–365, vegetable, 393, 719 377, 382, 412–413, 419, 423, 438, vendor burden, 52, 276, 375, 393, 699, 701, 703, 705, 724–725, 733, 406–407, 887, 901, 911 742, 743, 755, 763, 810–813, 825, vitamin C, 227, 232, 236, 357, 887 827, 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, 843, 922, 923, 925, 941, 952–953, 957, 984 K CVV and, 7, 223, 229, 235, 239, 274, 374 Kosher or Halal diets defined, 476 and alignment of food packages with expenditures, 87, 89 DGA, 143, 146–147, 150 fish rotation with, 265, 268, 281–282, authorization of substitutions, 548 343, 357, 362–363, 364–365, 412, eggs, 146–147, 150 413, 436–437, 438, 775, 810–813, milks and milk substitutes, 146–147, 548 889–890, 893–894, 895, 897–898, percentage of mothers, 548 917, 949
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From page 1021... ...
INDEX 1021 forms/options, 7, 13, 223, 224, 225, revised, 7, 9, 10, 149, 265, 266, 267, 226, 229, 234, 246, 252, 256–257, 268, 269, 270, 273–274, 281–282, 258, 274, 283, 284, 391, 457, 517, 283, 284, 362–363, 364–365, 377, 890, 895, 898, 951 382, 412–413, 419, 421, 423, 438, fully breastfeeding women, 9, 26, 92, 699, 701, 703, 705, 742–743, 755, 116, 229–230, 231, 232, 249, 265, 763, 775, 810–813, 825, 829, 831, 274, 281, 283, 412–413, 705, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, 843, 922, 724–725, 755, 763, 837, 839, 899, 941, 952–953, 957, 984 941, 944, 948, 952–953, 957 rotation, 273–275, 339, 343, 357, 362– HEI–2010 score, 363, 368, 811 363, 364–365, 763, 775, 810–813, implementation of most recent changes, 884, 893, 894 488 sensitivity analysis, 339, 343, 357, infant foods, 734, 735 362–363, 364–365, 775, 810–813 mother–infant dyad package, 9, 265 serving equivalents, 579 nutrients levels/priorities, 223, 224, 225, special medical needs, 143, 268 226, 229–230, 231, 232, 234, 235, specifications, 724–725, 884, 893 236–237, 239, 273, 363, 364–365, substitutions allowed, 7, 30, 142, 143, 455, 735, 755, 810–813, 890, 893 267, 269, 282, 284, 375, 392, 517, nutrition education or behavioral 700, 702, 703, 704, 706, 764 interventions to improve intakes, vegetarian and vegan diets, 146, 282, 231, 232–233, 234, 236–237, 244, 284, 392, 702, 704, 706 249, 253 vendor burdens, 412, 514, 917 package size considerations, 275, 733 partially breastfeeding women, 9, 26, 92, 112, 229–230, 231, 232, 249, M 256–257, 265, 274, 281, 283, Medicaid, 19, 56, 140 n.7, 199, 201, 293, 412–413, 699, 701, 702, 724–725, 448, 502, 508, 510, 511, 536, 581, 755, 763, 829, 831, 895, 941, 944, 676–677, 678 947, 952–953, 957 Magnesium, 85, 86, 127, 130, 131, 132, postpartum women, 9, 26, 92, 114, 234, 134, 170, 171, 176, 182, 197, 204, 235, 236–237, 252, 253, 265, 274, 226, 231, 236, 297, 344, 345, 347, 281, 283, 412–413, 703, 724–725, 348, 350, 353, 355, 357, 359, 363, 755, 763, 833, 835, 897–898, 941, 364, 365, 566, 567, 571, 573, 944, 945, 947, 952–953, 957 604–642, 670, 682, 683, 685, 708, pregnant women, 10, 26, 92, 112, 224, 709, 717, 713, 776, 778, 780, 782, 225, 226, 246–247, 268, 274, 281, 784, 785, 786, 788, 790, 792, 794, 283, 364–365, 412–413, 421, 699, 796, 798, 800, 802, 804, 806, 808, 701, 702, 724–725, 755, 763, 775, 810, 812, 814, 845, 847, 849, 851, 812–813, 825, 827, 893–894, 897, 853, 855, 857, 859, 861, 862, 863, 923, 941, 944, 947, 952–953, 957 865 prices, 951, 952–953, 957 Marketplace availability/options recommendation, 7, 283 breads, 83, 279, 307–308, 410, 514, redemption rates, 12, 92, 274, 281, 515 321–322, 323, 362, 363, 364–365, breakfast cereals, 307–308, 904 758, 763, 775, 810–813, 825, 827, consideration of, 6 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, current foods, 295, 303–304, 307, 506 843, 925, 941, 943, 944, 946, 947, expansion since 2006, 2, 80–83, 98 948 infant formula, 83 regulatory impact analysis, 412–413, juice, 52, 53, 81, 96, 391, 526, 887, 901 917–918 milks and milk substitutes, 96, 527
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From page 1022... ...
705, 716–719, 730, 732–733, 734, AAP guidance, 88, 129, 146 741, 751, 752, 753, 765, 766, 767, added sugar limit, 7, 13, 123, 149, 766, 767, 773, 776–781, 825, 827, 225, 230, 240, 296, 303, 304, 305, 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, 344–345, 346, 376, 379, 386, 716, 843, 941, 943, 944, 951, 955, 984 776, 778, 780, 900, 902 dried/powdered milk, 27, 267, 269, 391, administrative burdens, 52, 53, 277, 700, 702, 703, 706, 951 375, 376, 393, 407–408, 888, 912, effects of 2009 revisions, 163 978 evaporated, 27, 267, 269, 296, 700, alignment with DGA, 112, 114, 116, 702, 703, 706, 716, 951 118, 120, 129, 137, 138, 246, expenditures, 65, 67, 69 247, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 256, flavored, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 296, 277–278, 389, 825, 827, 829, 831, 298, 305, 309, 515, 556, 716, 900, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, 843 901, 851 n.17 alignment with DRIs, 224, 225, 226, fully breastfeeding women, 9, 26, 116, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232–233, 239, 229, 230, 231, 232–233, 249, 250, 240, 773, 776–781 265, 277, 283, 296, 344–345, 346, Child and Adult Care Food Program, 705, 716, 732, 741, 767, 773, 120 780–781, 837, 839, 841, 897, 898, children 1 to <2 years, 2, 7, 10, 26, 941, 944, 948, 954, 955 129, 136, 137, 138, 239, 240, 268, health concerns, 486, 487 277–278, 283, 296, 339–340, 421, HEI scores, 344–345, 777 516, 554, 699, 700, 716, 732, 741, implementation of 2006 IOM 750–751, 766, 887, 888, 923, 941, recommendations, 486, 487 946, 955 infants, 554 children 2 to <5 years, 7, 10, 26, 82, intake distributions and trends, 55, 81, 118, 137, 239, 240, 256, 268, 82, 163, 529–530, 554, 888 277–278, 283, 296, 339–340, 344, Kosher or Halal diets, 146–147, 548 699, 732, 741, 750–751, 766, 773, lactose-free, 143, 227, 422, 741, 747, 776–777, 843, 887–888, 941, 944, 748, 750, 751, 924, 951, 955, 956, 947, 951, 955 957 complementary food, 165, 389, 554, lactose intolerance or allergy, 27, 28, 40, 556 145, 150, 267, 269, 270, 282, 476, container size considerations ("dangling 515, 700, 702, 704, 706, 887, 888, quart") , 52, 53, 277, 375, 376, 393, 892, 896, 897, 898–899, 901, 902 407–408, 888, 912, 978 marketplace options/availability, 96, 527 cost considerations, 323–324, 326, National School Lunch Program, 120 344–345, 346, 419, 420, 422, 423, nutrition education, 55, 145, 232–233, 438, 741, 742, 777, 779, 781, 914, 237 922, 923, 924, 925, 978, 984 partially breastfeeding women, 9, 26, criteria for inclusion, 376, 386, 389, 391 112, 229, 230, 231, 232–233, 249, cultural considerations and preferences, 250, 265, 277, 283, 296, 344, 455, 13, 89, 150, 392, 526–527, 888, 912 701, 716, 732, 741, 766, 829, 831, 896, 941, 944, 947, 955
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From page 1023... ...
INDEX 1023 postpartum women, 9, 26, 114, 234, specifications, 31, 52, 88, 120, 121, 235, 236, 237, 251, 253, 254, 265, 122, 123, 124, 296, 298, 305, 309, 277, 283, 296, 703, 704, 716, 732, 488, 556, 716, 732, 851 n.17, 892, 741, 767, 833, 835, 897, 941, 944, 900–901 947, 955 total sugars, 304 pregnant women, 10, 26, 112, 224, transportation considerations, 12 225, 226, 227, 246, 247, 268, 277, vegan diet, 145, 146, 888, 892, 896, 283, 296, 346, 421, 701, 716, 732, 897 741, 766, 773, 778–779, 825, 827, vendor burden, 52, 53, 375, 376, 387, 891–892, 923, 941, 944, 947, 955 393, 407–408, 912 prices, 341, 426, 950, 951, 954, 955, whole milk, 27, 92, 129, 136, 137, 138 956, 957, 958 Mother–infant dyads promoting consumption of, 730 breakfast cereals, 265 public comments, 515, 516 CVVs for, 8–9, 26, 264, 288, 422 recommendations, 7, 283 juice, 265 redemption rates, 92, 276, 277, 282, market value of current versus revised 322, 323, 340, 343, 344–345, 346, packages, 333 408, 523, 732, 741, 750, 751, 754, package costs with rebates, 332 758–759, 766, 767, 776–781, 888, revised packages as benefits to, 6–9, 262, 938, 941, 943, 944, 946, 947, 948, 263, 264–267, 271, 285–286, 287, 950, 951, 978, 980–981 288 reduced fat, 2, 27, 52, 120, 129, 137, shift from fully formula-fed to breastfed 163, 267, 276, 485, 488, 515, 526, dyads, 402, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 529–530, 554, 700, 702, 703, 706, 422, 425, 431, 434–436, 438, 439, 730, 732 876, 905, 906, 919, 920, 922, 924, regulatory impact analysis, 407–411, 926, 931–933, 936–937, 941, 973, 419–420, 421, 422, 423, 426, 438, 976–978, 980–981, 984, 985 439–440, 886, 887–888, 891–892, 896, 897, 898–899, 900–902, 912–914, 922, 923, 924, 925, 938, N 941, 943, 944, 946, 947, 948, 950, National Cancer Institute method, 203, 951, 953–954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 205, 570, 586, 587, 666 n.6, 672 978, 980–981, 984, 986 National Health and Nutrition Examination retail sales/market share, 27, 440, 732, Survey (NHANES) data 986 breastfeeding, 5–6 revised food packages, 7, 9, 10, 12, 265, complementary feeding study, 552–553 267, 268, 269, 270, 276–278, 280, estimation issues, 201–203 282, 283, 284, 296, 297, 298, 303, food intakes by food group, 5, 81–82, 304, 305, 308, 309, 701, 703, 705, 187–194, 203 732, 825, 827, 829, 831, 833, 835, income reporting, 201 837, 839, 841, 843, 941, 946, 947, limitations, 5–6, 166–168, 199–204, 948, 955, 984 581, 585–587 saturated fat limits, 120, 122, 218, 225, misclassification of WIC program use, 230, 235, 240, 343, 485, 523, 732 166–167, 200–201 sensitivity analysis, 339–340, 341, nutrient intake inadequacies and 343–346, 368, 773, 776–781 excesses, 5, 165–187, 201–203, sodium, 121, 225, 229, 239 577–578, 581–583, 584–585 special dietary needs, 141, 142, 143, population subgroups, 168 150, 268, 886 sampling and sample size issues, 5, 6, 200, 583, 584–585
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From page 1024... ...
index children 1 to <2 years, 180, 182–183, scores, 194, 197, 477, 670, 671, 672 184, 185, 186, 217, 590, 599–601, Nutrient content (see also Gap analysis) 626–633 alignment of packages and intakes with children 2 to <5 years, 167, 182, DRIs, 130, 132, 134, 228, 231, 234, 183–185, 186, 217, 590, 601–603, 604–641, 845, 848, 849, 851, 853, 634–642 855, 857, 859, 861, 862, 863, 864 committee's analyses versus other breads, 224, 235, 731, 754 published results, 204 breakfast cereals, 138, 224, 226, 227, committee's task, 36 230, 231, 232–233, 234, 235, design effects, 585, 586 236–237, 238, 280, 306, 307, 309, DRIs by population subgroup, 566–569 347, 348–349, 350, 368, 455, 730, EAR cut-point method, 201, 570, 572 753–754, 904 effects of 2009 revisions, 162 current packages, 5, 130–135, 242, 258, energy, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 306, 307, 310, 343–366, 373, 459, 178–179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 575, 588, 727–728, 731, 732–733, 202–203, 575–576, 589–590 776–815 excess intakes, 3, 5, 39, 166, 170, 174, eggs, 224, 242, 247, 249, 253, 256, 735 175, 177–178, 179, 183, 185, 186, infant cereal, 243, 287, 291, 884 572–573, 574 infant food meat, 128, 188, 243, 288, food pattern food groups, definitions, 711, 734–735, 748 and example foods, 579–580 infant food vegetables and fruits, 708, Food Patterns Equivalents Database, 747 121, 122, 123, 306, 341, 577, 578, infant formula, 33, 83, 136, 158, 310, 579 519, 727–729, 748–749 Food Patterns Ingredients Database, 578 legumes and peanut butter, 223, 224, inadequate intakes, 3, 5, 39, 166, 170, 225, 226, 229–230, 231, 232, 234, 171, 182, 373, 377, 378, 570, 572, 235, 236–237, 239, 273, 363, 573, 574, 585, 586 364–365, 455, 735, 755, 810–813, infant formula evaluation, 588 890, 893 infants, 167, 174–179, 180, 181, 182, 187, 207, 217, 242, 288, 573, 575, 576, 589, 595, 596–599, 614–625
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From page 1025... ...
, 24, 159–160, 161, 217, 218, 227, 231, 318, 328, 400, 435, 874, 880, 882, 234, 486, 487, 507, 515, 576 883, 932, 934, 936, 940, 977 Nutritionals, WIC-eligible, 25, 140, 141, nomenclature, 874 265, 268, 292, 330, 401, 416, 417, for partially (mostly) breastfed infants 698, 725, 875, 886, 917, 920, 945, (I-BF/FF)
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From page 1026... ...
breastfed infants (II current food packages, 24–25, 132–133, BF/FF) , 8, 24, 264, 318, 328, 400, 328, 329, 696–697 403, 697, 765, 873, 874, 880 n.5, CVV, 7, 8, 11, 13, 53, 139, 141 n.9, 883, 907, 934, 936, 940, 941, 943, 147–148, 264, 265, 266, 267–268, 946, 975 288, 289, 292, 293, 296, 327, 340, revised benefit, 8, 264, 265, 266, 268, 363, 366, 374, 389, 392, 393, 285–289, 290–291, 292–293, 310, 404, 421, 525, 696, 697, 764, 775, 328, 696–697, 883–886 814–815, 881, 884, 885, 901, 908, rationale and benefits of changes, 883, 909, 941, 965, 970–971 884–886 fish substitution for infant food meat, saturated fats, 133, 814, 858, 860 11, 266, 291, 292, 327, 376, 392, Package III (participants with special 405, 697, 711, 734, 881, 885, 882, medical needs)
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From page 1027... ...
298, 408, 556, 700, 718–719, 741, added sugar, 82, 109, 120, 125, 135, 751, 887 149, 180, 184, 191, 193, 195, 196, current, 2, 26–28, 118–119, 126, 204, 207, 217, 218, 219, 223, 240, 134–135, 136–137, 273, 274, 275, 344–345, 348, 658–665, 687, 715, 277, 296–302, 318–319, 329, 339, 716, 720, 863, 865 344, 348, 352, 354, 358, 360, 373, alignment with DGA, 118–119, 125, 381, 382, 406–409, 410, 411–412, 134–135, 136–137, 841–844 413, 699–700, 715–724, 776–777, alignment with DRIs, 134–135, 861–864 786–787, 792–793, 798–799, breads, 118, 119, 239, 278–279, 300, 804–805 410–411, 421, 422, 699, 721, 841, eggs, 10, 26, 268, 718, 940, 943, 946 843, 888–889, 915, 923, 943, 944, fish, 10, 26, 268, 281, 283, 291, 292, 946, 947 302, 327, 412, 413, 421, 436, 437, breakfast cereal, 10, 26, 118, 138, 240, 697, 723–724, 812–813, 889–890, 255, 268, 299, 306, 347, 348, 699, 916, 917, 923, 940, 946, 949 720, 791, 841, 843, 940, 944, 947 formula, 24–25 categorical eligibility, 23, 400 juice, 10, 13, 26, 110, 126, 129, 254, cheese, 26, 27, 239, 240, 256, 269, 268, 275, 283, 389, 421, 455, 699, 276–277, 339, 408–409, 718–719, 719, 765, 886–887, 923, 943, 946 741, 751–752, 776–777, 887 legumes and peanut butter, 10, 26, 92, current, 26–28, 118–119, 329, 699–700 139, 239, 268, 173, 274, 281, 283, CVV, 10, 15, 26, 118, 239, 255, 256, 412–413, 724–725, 755, 763, 884, 268, 269, 271, 273, 283, 340, 350, 890, 941, 943, 945, 946, 952–953, 351, 352–353, 356, 358–359, 374, 957 382, 388, 413, 418, 421, 454–456, 488, 699, 765, 773, 786–787, 792–793, 798–801, 820, 824, 841, 843, 867, 890–891
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From page 1028... ...
1028 INDEX eggs, 10, 26, 118, 256, 268, 377, 382, breakfast cereal, 10, 26, 112, 224, 226, 718, 824, 841, 843, 940, 944, 947 227, 245, 247, 268, 299, 306, 347, fish, 10, 26, 118, 268, 281, 283, 302, 348–349, 701, 720, 791, 827, 940, 360, 362–363, 364, 388, 412, 413, 944, 947 421, 436, 437, 697, 723–724, categorical eligibility, 400 774, 804–805, 810–811, 841, 843, cheese, 26, 27, 28, 224, 225, 227, 246, 889–890, 916, 917, 923, 940, 947, 247, 269, 276–277, 298, 408–409, 949 517, 702, 718–719, 741, 742, 752, food group priorities, 255–257 887, 892 gap analysis, 373, 378, 380, 382 current, 26, 112–113, 127–135, 130– HEI score, 196, 197, 348, 352, 354, 131, 294, 296–302, 319, 329, 331, 358, 360, 364, 669 344, 348–349, 352–353, 354–355, juice, 10, 13, 26, 110, 118, 129, 268, 358–359, 360–361, 381, 406–409, 275, 283, 358, 388, 389, 421, 699, 410, 411–412, 701–702, 715–724, 719, 765, 774, 798–799, 824, 841, 778–779, 782–783, 784, 788–789, 843, 886–887, 923, 944, 947 794–795, 800–801, 806–807, legumes and peanut butter, 10, 26, 92, 810–811 118, 239, 268, 273, 274, 281, 283, CVV, 10, 26, 112, 224, 225, 226, 364–365, 368, 377, 382, 412–413, 227, 245, 247, 264, 268, 271, 283, 421, 724–725, 755, 763, 775, 288, 289, 293, 294, 340, 352–353, 810–811, 841, 843, 884, 890, 923, 356, 358–359, 413–414, 421, 422, 941, 944, 945, 947, 952–953, 957 701, 766, 774, 788–789, 794–795, milks and milk substitutes, 7, 10, 26, 821, 825, 827, 829, 831, 867, 894, 118, 239, 240, 256, 268, 277–278, 895–897, 900 283, 296, 339–340, 344, 699, 732, eggs, 10, 26, 113, 224, 247, 268, 701, 741, 750–751, 766, 773, 776–777, 718, 820, 825, 827, 940, 944, 947 843, 887–888, 941, 944, 947, 951, fish, 10, 26, 113, 246, 247, 268, 283, 955 294, 302, 360, 362, 364–365, 388, nomenclature, 874 412, 436, 437, 701, 723–724, 766, nutrient priorities, 216–218, 219, 223, 775, 806–807, 825, 827, 893–894, 239–241, 242, 254, 255–257, 687 897, 916, 940, 947 proposed revisions, 886–891 HEI score, 348, 352, 354, 358–359, rationale and benefits of changes, 360, 364–365 887–891 juice, 10, 26, 112, 268, 283, 358–359, revised, 329 421, 644–657, 701, 719, 766, 774, saturated fats, 135, 240, 340, 344, 378, 800–801, 821, 825, 827, 891, 923, 777, 783, 786, 793, 799, 805, 811, 941, 944, 947 865 legumes and peanut butter, 10, 26, 92, sensitivity analysis, 338–340, 341, 342, 112, 224, 225, 226, 246–247, 268, 344, 346, 347, 348, 350–351, 352, 274, 281, 283, 364–365, 412–413, 354, 357, 358, 360, 362–363, 364, 421, 699, 701, 702, 724–725, 368, 773, 775 755, 763, 775, 812–813, 825, 827, Package V-A (pregnant women) 893–894, 897, 923, 941, 944, 947, alignment with DGA, 112–113, 125, 952–953, 957 127–135, 825–828 milks and milk substitutes, 10, 26, 112, alignment with DRI, 127–135, 845–848 224, 225, 226, 227, 246, 247, 268, breads, 112, 224, 300, 410–411, 701, 277, 283, 296, 346, 421, 701, 716, 721, 825, 827, 829, 831, 892, 896, 732, 741, 766, 773, 778–779, 825, 914–915, 944, 947 827, 891–892, 923, 941, 944, 947, 955 nomenclature, 874
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From page 1029... ...
231, 232–233, 248, 265, 306, 701, alignment with DGA, 114–115, 125, 720, 829, 831, 940, 944, 947 130–131, 136, 849–850 categorical eligibility, 23, 401 alignment with DRIs, 130–131, 136, cheese, 26, 27, 28, 229, 230, 231, 249, 851–852 250, 267, 276–277, 298, 408–409, breads, 234, 300, 721 700, 702, 718–719, 741, 742, 752, breakfast cereals, 9, 26, 116, 234, 235, 896 236–237, 238, 251, 253, 265, 299, current, 26, 112–113, 127–135, 294, 306, 703, 720, 833, 835, 940, 944, 296–302, 319, 329, 331, 344, 348– 947 349, 352–353, 354–355, 358–359, categorical eligibility, 23, 401 360–361, 381, 406–409, 410, 411– cheese, 26, 27, 28, 234, 235, 251, 253, 412, 701–702, 715–724, 778–779, 267, 276–277, 298, 408–409, 517, 782–783, 784, 788–789, 794–795, 704, 718–719, 741, 742, 752, 897 800–801, 806–807, 810–811 current, 26, 114–115, 130–131, 136, eggs, 9, 26, 113, 249, 701, 718, 821, 242, 273, 296–302, 317, 319, 329, 829, 831, 940, 944, 947 381, 406–407, 408–409, 411–412, fish, 9, 26, 113, 244, 255, 256, 265, 703–704, 715–724 281, 283, 294, 302, 363, 383, 701, CVV, 9, 26, 114, 234, 235, 236, 251, 723–724, 766, 775, 829, 831, 895, 252, 254, 264, 283, 293, 414–415, 897, 916, 940, 947 421, 422, 703, 774, 822, 833, 835, food group priorities, 245–247 898 HEI score, 195 eggs, 9, 26, 114, 253, 703, 718, 822, juice, 9, 26, 112, 283, 421, 701, 766, 833, 835, 940, 944, 948 829, 831, 895, 941, 944, 947
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From page 1030... ...
1030 INDEX fish, 9, 26, 114, 252, 253, 265, 283, cheese, 26, 27, 28, 116, 145, 229, 230, 302, 412, 436, 437, 703, 723–724, 231, 249, 250, 267, 276–277, 298, 833, 835, 897–898, 916, 940, 948 408–409, 420, 421, 422, 486, 488, food group priorities, 251–253 705, 706, 718–719, 741, 742, 753, gap analysis, 234–238, 684–685 780–781, 837–840, 898–899, 914, HEI score, 195, 668 923, 924, 925, 940, 944, 958 juice, 9, 26, 114, 275 n.7, 283, 421, current, 26, 116–117, 130–131, 136, 650, 652, 703, 719, 822, 833, 835, 280, 294, 296–302, 319, 329, 331, 897, 923, 941, 944 344–345, 349, 353, 355, 357, 359, legumes and peanut butter, 9, 26, 92, 360, 381, 406–409, 410, 411–412, 114, 234, 235, 236–237, 252, 253, 705–706, 715–724, 780–781, 265, 274, 281, 283, 412–413, 703, 785, 790–791, 796–797, 802–803, 724–725, 755, 763, 833, 835, 897– 808–809 898, 941, 944, 945, 947, 952–953, CVV, 9, 26, 116, 229, 230, 231, 232, 957 244, 248, 249, 250, 264, 283, milks and milk substitutes, 9, 26, 114, 288, 289, 293, 350, 351, 352–353, 234, 235, 236, 237, 251, 253, 254, 356–357, 358–359, 413–414, 420, 265, 277, 283, 296, 703, 704, 716, 421, 445, 705, 767, 774, 790–791, 732, 741, 767, 833, 835, 897, 941, 796–797, 802–803, 823, 837, 839, 944, 947, 955 867, 898–899 nomenclature, 874 eggs, 9, 26, 116, 249, 294, 705, 718, Nutrient-Based Diet Quality Index score, 823, 837, 839, 940, 944, 948 197 fish, 9, 26, 92, 110, 116, 137, 149, 265, nutrient priorities, 223, 234–238, 242, 280, 281, 283, 302, 340, 357, 361, 251–253, 254, 377, 684–685 362, 411, 412, 705, 723–724, 775, rationale and benefits of changes, 808–809, 837, 839, 900, 916–917, 897–898 940, 944, 948 revised, 9, 234, 251–253, 264–265, 329, food group priorities, 248–250 416, 417, 421, 437, 703–704, 822, HEI score, 349, 353, 355, 359, 361 833–836, 849–852, 895, 897–898, juice, 9, 26, 116, 283, 356–357, 359, 919, 920, 923, 926, 947–948, 955, 488, 705, 719, 767, 802–803, 823, 982 837, 839, 898, 941, 944, 948 saturated fats, 125, 131, 223, 235, 849, legumes and peanut butter, 9, 26, 92, 851 116, 229–230, 231, 232, 249, yogurt, 27, 28, 234, 251, 267, 275, 298, 265, 274, 281, 283, 412–413, 705, 488, 704, 718, 752, 897 724–725, 755, 763, 837, 839, 899, Package VII (fully breastfeeding women) 941, 944, 948, 952–953, 957 alignment with DGA, 116–117, 125, milks and milk substitutes, 9, 26, 116, 229–233, 248–250, 823, 837–840 229, 230, 231, 232–233, 249, 250, alignment with DRI, 130–131, 136, 265, 277, 283, 296, 344–345, 346, 853–856 705, 716, 732, 741, 767, 773, breads, 116, 117, 230, 300, 410–411, 780–781, 837, 839, 841, 897, 898, 705, 721, 837, 839, 899, 914–915, 941, 944, 948, 954, 955 944, 948 nomenclature, 874 breakfast cereals, 9, 26, 116, 229, 230, nutrient priorities, 221–222, 223, 231, 232–233, 248, 265, 299, 306, 229–233, 242, 244, 248–250, 253, 347, 349, 705, 720, 791, 837, 839, 254, 684 940, 944, 948 rationale and benefits of changes, categorical eligibility, 23, 401 898–904
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From page 1031... ...
861, 863, 865 adverse health impacts of nutrient Postpartum women (see also Fully inadequacies and excesses, 217 breastfeeding women; Package VI) DGA recommendations, 138–139, DGA recommendations, 138–139, 189–190 189–190 DRIs for, 130–131, 171, 186 DRIs for, 130–131, 171, 186 food group intakes, 189–190, 648–653 energy requirements, 591 Nutrient-Based Diet Quality Index score, food group intakes, 188, 189–190, 197 650–653 nutrient intakes, inadequacies, and nutrient intakes, inadequacies, and excesses, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, excesses, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 217 585, 589, 594, 595, 610 Participation in WIC Potassium, 12, 85, 86, 127, 130, 132, 134, age of children, 57–58 136, 149, 172, 176, 180, 183, 184, barriers to, 542–544 197, 204, 217, 223, 224, 229, 234, breastfeeding trends, 70–77 239, 273, 297, 344, 345, 346, 350, and changes in food packages since 2006, 352, 353, 355, 357, 359, 368, 373, 55–78 377, 378, 460, 503, 566, 571, 585, demographics, 57–62 604–642, 671, 672, 680, 683, 684, distribution across packages, 317–320 686, 687, 708, 709, 717, 731, 776, employment status and, 61–62 778, 780, 782, 784, 785, 786, 788, infant formula-feeding proportion, 57, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, 802, 59, 317–319, 340–341, 366–367, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814, 845, 425, 926, 934–937 847, 849, 851, 853, 855, 857, 859, food expenditures, 62–70 861, 862, 865, 891, 893 incentives/strategies to improve, Pregnant women (see also Package V-A)
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From page 1032... ...
1032 INDEX DGA recommendations, 138–139, folate, 217, 226, 230, 235, 682, 683, 189–190 684 dietary intake assessment challenges, 170 food groups, 46, 219–220, 221, 222, DRIs for, 130–131, 171, 186 223, 242, 244–254, 271–272, 276, energy requirements, 591 342–343, 363, 730 food group intakes, 81, 188, 189–190, gap analysis, 378, 681, 682–687 644–647 for infants, 217, 218–219, 242, 243, gap analysis, 224–228, 682 254, 686 Healthy Eating Index, 195, 668 iron, 217, 218, 224, 235, 242, 243, 682, Nutrient-Based Diet Quality Index score, 684, 686 197 magnesium, 363 nutrient intakes, inadequacies, and micronutrient intakes above UL, 217, excesses, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 218, 225, 229, 234, 239, 682–687 589, 593, 604–607 micronutrient intakes below AIs, 6, 46, Prices of foods, 320, 321, 341, 426, 950, 202, 216, 220, 224, 228, 229, 233, 951, 952–953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 234, 238, 239, 241, 243, 377, 379, 958, 960, 965 682–687 Priorities identified for food packages micronutrient intakes below EARs, added sugar limits, 217, 218, 219, 6, 45, 46, 216, 219, 220, 224, 223–224, 225, 230, 235, 240, 295, 226–227, 377, 379, 682–687 303, 343, 363, 378, 682, 683, 684, niacin, 363 687, 900, 902 nutrient inadequacies and excesses linked alignment of revised packages with to adverse health consequences, 46, DRIs, 12, 377, 379 217, 218, 224, 241 behavioral approaches, 220, 221, 223, nutrients, 46, 202, 215–219, 223–242, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 236, 237, 243, 282, 342–343 244, 249, 253–254, 256, 457–458, nutrition education, 220, 221, 222–223, 689 225, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 234, for breastfeeding women, 217, 221–222, 236, 237, 239, 244, 249, 254, 256, 223, 229–233, 242, 244, 248–250, 682 253, 254, 684 for postpartum women, 217, 223, calcium, 217, 227, 231, 234, 242, 682, 234–238, 242, 251–253, 254, 377, 683, 684 684–685 for children 1 to <2 years, 217, 219, potential actions for food package 223, 239–241, 242, 254, 255–257, revisions, 219–257 686 potassium, 217, 223, 224, 229, 234, for children 2 to <5 years, 216–218, 239, 346, 373, 377, 378, 379, 460, 219, 223, 239–241, 242, 254, 682, 683, 684, 685, 687 255–257, 687 for pregnant women, 217, 224–228, choline, 217, 224, 242, 377, 379, 460, 242, 244–246, 377, 682 682 rationales, 217, 218, 219, 224–250, copper, 363, 377 255–257 cost-neutrality constraint, 6, 15, 373 saturated fat limits, 215, 217, 218, 219, current versus revised packages, 373 223, 225, 228, 230, 233, 235, 238, decision tree, 3, 5, 215, 216, 219, 220, 240, 241, 343, 363, 373, 378, 682, 221–254, 262, 378, 447, 448, 689 683, 684, 687 energy from carbohydrate, protein, and sodium limits, 217, 223–224, 225, 229, fat, 218, 225, 230, 235, 240, 242 234, 238, 239, 241, 373, 378, 682, fiber, 217, 223, 225, 229–234, 239, 350, 683, 684, 686, 687 363, 377, 378, 682, 683, 684, 686, translating decision tree into preliminary 687 actions, 222
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From page 1033... ...
juices, 15, 485 challenges, 5–6 vendor needs and barriers, 15, 452–453 evidence review strategy, 35, 159–165, Recommendations to revised WIC food 502–507 packages, 6–7, 11, 283–284, 309–310 identification of relevant reports, 507, eggs, 7, 284 511 infant formula, 11, 291, 293 information collection, 35–36 jarred infant foods, 11, 291 key questions and study eligibility, juices, 7, 283, 284 503–506 legumes and peanut butter, 7, 283 literature and report review, 35, Redemption of WIC foods 159–165, 502, 506, 507, 508–511 alignment of intakes with dietary MEDLINE search strategy, 508–510 guidance, 41, 124–125, 825–826, overview, 3–5 829–830, 833–834, 841–842, public comment review, 37, 514–519 845–846, 853–854, 857–858, 861, shopping for WIC foods, 37 863–864 site visits, 37, 512–514 Altarum redemption distributions, 323, study selection, 507, 508–511 759–768, 933, 939, 942 workshops, 35, 493–501 barriers to, 93–94, 444, 445, 542–544 Protein, 45, 130, 132, 134, 136, 172, 173, breads, 92, 446, 522, 831, 943, 944, 175, 177, 178, 180, 184, 218, 242, 946, 947, 948, 954, 979 244, 292, 293, 297, 298, 309, 344, breakfast cereal, 92, 307, 347, 348–350, 489, 516, 517, 518, 570, 571, 573, 753, 782–785, 791, 825, 827, 829, 585, 593–603, 708, 709, 717, 718, 831, 833, 835, 837, 839, 841, 938, 719, 776, 778, 780, 782, 784, 786, 940, 943, 944, 946, 947, 948 788, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, calculation/projection of rates, 322–323, 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814, 324, 425, 758–762, 933, 939–945, 846, 848, 850, 852, 854, 856, 857, 962–964 859, 861, 862, 863, 865, 887 changes in packages since 2006 and, Protein foods (see Eggs; Fish; Infant food 89–94, 524 meat; Legumes and peanut butter) container/product size and, 408, 888, 912, 979 and costs of revised packages, 11, Q 315–316, 320, 321–323, 324, 325–326, 328–329, 330, 331, 333, Quality of WIC participants' diets (see 338, 344–345, 347, 348–349, 350, Healthy Eating Index)
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From page 1034... ...
1034 INDEX cultural considerations, 148, 150, 274, legumes and peanut butter, 12, 92, 524 274, 281, 321–322, 323, 362, 363, current foods, 12, 92, 278, 290, 347, 364–365, 758, 763, 775, 810–813, 378, 381, 382, 758, 760, 763–768, 825, 827, 829, 831, 833, 835, 837, 773–815 839, 841, 843, 925, 941, 943, 944, CVV and, 16, 44, 92, 94, 113, 115, 117, 946, 947, 948 119, 272, 322, 350–351, 352–353, milks and milk substitutes, 92, 276, 277, 356, 357, 382, 390, 404, 428, 429, 282, 322, 323, 340, 343, 344–345, 445, 522, 524, 525, 757, 758, 760, 346, 408, 523, 732, 741, 750, 751, 763, 764, 765, 766, 773–774, 775, 754, 758–759, 766, 767, 776–781, 786–803, 814–815, 820–824, 831, 888, 938, 941, 943, 944, 946, 947, 835, 839, 841, 908, 941, 962–964, 948, 950, 951, 978, 980–981 965 nutrient intakes based on, 378, 381, data sources and availability, 320, 321, 853–854, 867 325–326, 425, 450, 453, 460, 732, and nutrient profiles, 321, 344–345, 739, 871, 933, 938–939, 954 346, 347, 348–349, 350–351, 352– defined, 18, 322 n.10, 474, 477, 478 355, 358–362, 363, 364–365, 368, eggs, 92, 382, 764, 820–824, 940, 943, 739, 747–751, 753, 754, 755–758, 944, 946, 947, 948 763–768, 776–815 fish, 92, 357, 360–361, 362, 364–365, peanut butter, 12, 92, 281, 362, 392, 405, 733, 755, 804–813, 909, 364–365, 810–813 951 perceived value of packages and, 41 by food group, 92, 380, 382, 384–385, preferences of participants, 12, 392, 732 741–744, 747–751, 753, 754, 755– and prices for each food package item, 758, 763–768, 773–775, 825–826, 425, 950–956 829–834, 841–842, 845–846, 833– and qualitative assessment of package 834, 841–842, 845–846, 940–941, changes, 44 943–948 quantities of foods and, 340, 344–345, by food package, 16, 460–461, 776–781, 346, 353–354 938–948 and regulatory impact analysis, 395, forms of food and, 274, 276, 446, 397, 415, 418, 425, 428, 429, 782–785, 890 869, 871, 909, 921, 933, 938–945, HEI–2010 score based on, 384–385 946–949, 978, 980–981 incentives for, 457, 460, 542–544, 881, research recommendations, 14, 15, 16, 890 445, 449, 450, 451, 452–453 infant cereal, 92, 518, 748, 765, 940, rotation of foods and, 362, 364–365, 943, 946 810–813 infant food meat, 92, 93, 290, 392, 405, satisfaction of WIC participants with 518, 746, 764, 885, 941, 943, 946, 2009 changes, 524, 525 951 and sensitivity analysis, 36, 43, 338, infant food vegetables and fruits, 92, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344–365, 758 941, 943, 946, 965 n.1, 773–815 infant formula, 92, 93, 320, 747, 748, and shopping behavior, 949–950 764, 765, 940, 943, 945, 946, 948, shopping experience and, 94, 979 950, 980–981 shopping venue and, 95, 98 juice, 356, 358–359, 741, 750, 798–803, split tender and, 94 938, 965 trends by category and package, 2, 89, 92–93 vegetable-to-fruit ratio, 16, 272, 322, 350, 351, 354–355, 356, 460, 757–758, 794–797
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From page 1035... ...
965, 972, 984, 986 action, 876–877 key considerations, 395–399, 870–876 added sugar limit, 484 legume and peanut butter changes, affected parties, 877 412–413, 917–918 alignment with dietary guidance and, market analysis, 412, 438–440, 441, 411, 412, 414, 436, 876–877, 984, 985–987 879–881, 884, 887, 888, 890, 892, milks and milk substitution changes, 893, 894, 902, 904, 916, 917, 918, 407–409, 419–420, 421, 422, 423, 979 426, 438, 439–440, 886, 887–888, alternatives rejected, 436–438, 978–979, 891–892, 896, 897, 898–899, 982–986 900–902, 912–914, 922, 923, 924, background on WIC program, 879–904 925, 938, 941, 943, 944, 946, 947, bread changes, 419, 421, 422, 423, 438, 948, 950, 951, 953–954, 955, 956, 888–889, 922, 923, 925, 979, 983, 957, 958, 978, 980–981, 984, 986 984 nature of the action, 876 breastfeeding support and incentives need for the action, 876–877 and, 881 participant categories for food packages, complementary food changes, 403, 404, 400–401, 874–875 873, 880 n.5, 881, 907, 909 representativeness of available data, CVV changes, 404, 413–414, 418, 419, 396–397, 871, 939, 949–950, 954 420, 421, 428–431, 438, 890–891, summary of proposed changes, 399, 909, 911, 918, 921–922, 923–924, 402–414, 879–904 926, 962–972, 984–985 "supplemental" concept and, 412, economic impacts of proposed revisions, 879–880, 884, 887, 893, 917 402–414, 877–905 timing of implementation, 397–398, 872 effects of revisions on stakeholders, vegetables and fruits, 984–985 402–414, 905, 906–918 Retail sales/market share infant formula, 435, 440, 986 juice, 439–440, 986 milks and milk substitutes, 27, 440, 732, 986 Retail stores (see WIC vendors)
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From page 1036... ...
, 266, 267, 269, 270, 263, 275, 276, 280, 281–282, 283, 272–273, 274, 281, 283, 284, 289, 286, 287–292, 294, 298, 299, 301, 292, 295, 296, 307–308 302, 304, 305, 308, 309–310, 820 infant cereal, 8, 9, 264, 287–288, 291, allergy/intolerance options, 267, 269, 403, 419, 421, 518, 696, 714, 765, 270, 280, 284, 298, 309 880 n.5, 883–884, 907–908, 922, breads, 7, 22, 224, 225, 235, 239, 267, 923, 925, 940, 943, 984 270, 278–279, 284, 300, 307–308, infant food meat, 7, 8, 11, 264, 266, 309, 326–327, 376, 393, 411, 419, 290–291, 292, 327, 376, 388, 392, 421, 422, 423, 438, 446, 699, 700, 405, 419, 423, 697, 711, 734, 764, 701, 705, 721, 825, 827, 829, 831, 881, 882, 885, 909, 922, 925, 941, 837, 839, 841, 843, 923, 925, 946, 946, 951 947, 948, 957, 958, 984 infant formula, 8, 9, 10, 264, 265, 266, breakfast cereals, 9, 10, 265, 267, 268, 268, 271, 285–288, 291, 292–293, 270, 280, 299, 303, 305–308, 309, 310, 318, 403, 419, 420, 423, 434– 347, 419, 423, 438, 699, 701, 703, 435, 458, 694, 696, 697, 698, 714, 705, 720, 742, 753–754, 791, 827, 748–749, 881, 882–883, 906–907, 831, 835, 839, 841, 843, 922, 925, 910, 922, 925, 936–937, 940, 946, 940, 946, 947, 948, 957, 984 948–949 breastfeeding promotion, 280, 285–287, jarred infant foods, 9, 264, 265, 268, 288 288–289, 290–291, 292, 293 calories for other uses, 376, 380, 381, juice, 7, 9, 10, 12, 265, 267, 268, 269, 386 275–276, 283, 284, 339, 340, 343, children 1 to <2 years, 10, 268–270, 356–357, 358–359, 368, 374, 377, 271, 272–274, 275, 276, 277–278, 379, 419, 423, 438, 699, 701, 703, 279, 280, 281, 289, 293, 296–300, 705, 719, 741, 765, 766, 767, 774, 305, 306 798–803, 820–844, 886–887, 891, children 2 to <5 years, monthly 901, 922, 925, 984 allowances, 10, 268–270, 271, legumes and peanut butter, 7, 9, 10, 272–274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 149, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 280, 281, 283, 289, 296–300, 305, 270, 273–274, 281–282, 283, 306 284, 362–363, 364–365, 377, 382, committee's overarching strategy, 412–413, 419, 421, 423, 438, 699, 261–263 701, 703, 705, 742–743, 755, 763, cost-neutrality constraints, 262, 263, 775, 810–813, 825, 829, 831, 833, 271–273, 275 n.7, 280–282 835, 837, 839, 841, 843, 922, 941, culturally suitable options, 6, 392 952–953, 957, 984
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From page 1037... ...
recommendations summarized, 6–7, 11, alignment with dietary guidance, 109, 283–284, 309–310 120, 122, 131, 133, 135, 215, 219, redemption considerations, 272, 274, 240, 386, 573 276, 277, 281 n.13, 282, 290, 291, alignment with DRIs, 131, 133, 135, 307–308, 310 173, 225, 230, 235, 682–684, 777, rotation of foods, 265, 268, 273, 779, 781, 783, 784, 785, 787, 789, 281–282 791, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, saturated fat limits, 344–345, 346, 363, 805, 807, 809, 811, 813, 814, 845, 364, 373, 378, 379, 777, 779, 781, 847, 849, 851, 853, 855, 858, 860, 783, 784, 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, 861, 862, 863, 865 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, cheese, 120, 122, 138, 225, 230, 235, 809, 811, 813, 814, 845 240, 340, 345, 346, 485, 523, 777, soy options, 267, 269, 270, 274, 275, 779, 781 277, 282, 284, 297, 298, 303, 304, 309
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From page 1038... ...
1038 INDEX children 1 to <2 years, 135, 184, 217, revised, 344–345, 346, 363, 364, 373, 240, 340, 485, 600, 777, 861, 862, 378, 379, 777, 779, 781, 783, 784, 863 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, 795, 797, children 2 to <5 years, 131, 133, 135, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 809, 811, 184, 217, 240, 340, 344, 378, 813, 814, 845 601–603, 687, 777, 783, 786, 793, sensitivity analysis, 340, 343, 344–345, 799, 805, 811, 865 346, 363, 364, 365, 777, 779, 781, content of foods, 708, 709, 731 783, 784, 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, criteria for inclusion, 376, 386 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, current food packages, 120–122, 126, 809, 811, 813, 814 131, 133, 135, 218, 340, 344–345, soy beverages, 122 373, 378, 777, 779, 781, 783, 784, specifications, 298, 299, 720, 721 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, 795, 797, yogurt, 120, 122, 218, 516, 700, 718, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 809, 811, 750 813, 814, 845 women, 217, 593 DGA recommendations, 87, 111, 122 School Breakfast Program, 18 n.1, 56, 120, fully breastfeeding women, 125, 131, 299, 305–306, 720 223, 230, 344–345, 594, 595, 682, Selenium, 127, 130, 132, 134, 136, 171, 683, 781, 785, 791, 797, 803, 809, 174, 176, 177, 178, 182, 185, 186, 853, 855 344, 360, 361, 362, 566, 572, 573, health effects linked to, 217, 218 604–642, 708, 709, 776, 778, 780, HEI score, 340, 344–345 781, 782, 784, 785, 786, 788, 790, impacts of changes, 162, 344–345 792, 795, 796, 798, 800, 803, 804, infants, 133, 217, 523, 595–599, 814, 807, 809, 810, 812, 814, 846, 848, 858, 860 850, 852, 854, 856, 857, 859, 861, intake patterns/analysis, 172, 173, 862, 863, 865 180, 184, 204, 457, 523, 571, 574, Sensitivity analysis 593–603 alternatives to revised versus current IOM 2006 recommendations, 485 packages, 339, 345, 346, 347, limits in food packages, 218 350–351, 356, 357, 362–363 in milks and milk substitutes, 120, 122, analyses conducted, 340–341 218, 225, 230, 235, 240, 343, 485, breakfast cereal, 339, 347–350, 368, 523, 732, 777, 779, 781 773, 782–784, 791 partially breastfeeding women, 125, 131, children 2 to <5 years (IV-B) , 338–340, 223, 230, 594, 595, 682, 683, 845, 341, 342, 344, 346, 347, 348, 847 350–351, 352, 354, 357, 358, 360, postpartum women, 125, 131, 223, 235, 362–363, 364, 368, 773, 775 594, 595, 682, 684, 849, 851 cost effects, 5, 337–367, 777, 779, 781, pregnant women, 125, 131, 223, 225, 783, 784, 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, 344, 363, 364–365, 593, 682, 779, 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 784, 788, 795, 801, 807, 813, 845, 809, 811, 813, 814 847 current packages, 343, 346, 347, 350, prioritization rationale and preliminary 356–357, 362–363, 773–815 actions, 215, 217, 218, 219, 223, CVV, 339, 340, 343, 350–359, 368, 225, 228, 230, 233, 235, 238, 240, 773–774, 775, 786–803, 814–815 241, 343, 363, 373, 378, 682, 683, dairy adjustment (milk and substitutes)
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From page 1039... ...
, 338, 176, 180, 183, 185, 186, 204, 378, 340, 344–345, 349, 350, 351, 353, 457, 566, 573, 604–640 355, 356–357, 359, 361, 773–775 low-sodium options, 30, 111, 446, 530, interpretation of results, 342–343 545, 730 jarred infant food vegetables and fruits, in milks and milk substitutes, 121, 225, 340, 363, 366, 775, 814 229, 239, 308, 379 juice tradeoffs, 339, 340, 343, 356–357, peanut butter, 30 358–359, 368, 774, 798–803 priorities, 44, 217, 223–224, 225, 229, methodological approach, 337, 339–343 234, 238, 239, 241, 373, 378, 682, nutrients, 343–366, 776–814 683, 684, 686, 687 outcome measures, 341 revised, 373, 378, 379, 380, 385, 387, overall findings and conclusions, 368 389 overview, 36, 339–340, 343 sensitivity analysis, 344, 345, 776, 778, pregnant women (V-A) , 338, 340, 342, 781, 782, 784, 785, 786, 788, 790, 344, 348–349, 351, 352–353, 354, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, 802, 804, 358–359, 360, 362, 363, 364–365, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814 773–775 soy beverages, 121 purpose, goals, and limitations, 3, 4, 5, vegetables and fruits, 530, 545, 708, 36, 42, 43, 337, 338–339 709–710 redemption rates and, 36, 43, 338, 339, Soy beverages 340, 341, 343, 344–365, 758 n.1, added sugars, 7, 123, 124, 225, 230, 773–815 235, 240, 303, 389 revised versus current packages, 343, calcium, 231, 234 346, 347, 350, 356–357, 362–363, cost difference of substitution, 326 773–815 costs, 326, 951, 957 rotation of peanut butter, legumes, culturally suitable option, 392 and fish, 339, 343, 357, 362–363, current packages, 30, 143, 145 364–365, 775, 810–813 defined, 579 shift from formula feeding to DGA alignment, 309, 386, 485 breastfeeding, 340–341, 366–367 flavored, 121, 122, 123 vegetable-to-fruit proportions, 351–352, marketplace availability, 304 354–356 nutrient analysis, 750–751 Shopping for WIC foods, 29, 37, 94–98 saturated fat limit, 122 Sodium limits sodium limit, 121 alignment with dietary guidance, 111, substitution for cow's milk, 30, 121, 116–117, 121, 204, 387 143, 145, 323, 579 breads, 121, 225, 229–230, 235, 239, total sugars limit, 303, 304, 309, 386, 731 389, 392 breakfast cereals, 225, 229, 234 vitamin D, 227, 231, 235 cheese, 30, 111, 121, 138, 225, 229, Special Milk Program, 18 n.1 234, 239 current, 111, 116–117, 121, 130, 132, 373, 411, 730
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From page 1040... ...
, 18 n.1, 29, 56, 63, 95, 376, 721, 888–889, 892, 896, 899, 167–168, 201, 262, 271, 449, 450, 903, 914–915 454, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 581 breakfast cereals, 7, 28, 123, 124, n.4, 587, 678, 690, 878 138, 267, 299, 303, 305–307, 309, 347–350, 484, 700, 720, 729–730, 903, 958 T current, 296–302, 303–304, 305, 714–724, 728–729 Teff, 13, 267, 270, 279, 284, 300, 308, eggs, 718, 734 324, 326, 411, 480, 515, 700, 702, infant cereal, 714 706, 722, 731, 881, 888, 889, 892, infant formula, 20 n.5, 714, 727–729 896, 899 jarred infant food, 709, 715 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families juice, 719 (TANF) , 19, 56, 480, 535, 536, 537, legumes and peanut butter, 724–725, 538, 539, 581, 678, 878 884, 893 Thiamin, 127, 132, 134, 136, 170, 171, milks and milk substitutes, 31, 52, 88, 176, 187, 233, 237, 345, 348, 349, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 296, 298, 353, 355, 357, 359, 568, 571, 305, 309, 488, 556, 716, 732, 851 604–642, 683, 685, 708, 709, 777, n.17, 892, 900–901 779, 781, 783, 784, 785, 786, 788, proposed revisions and rationales, 13, 791, 793, 795, 797, 798, 801, 803, 296–303, 714–725 805, 807, 809, 810, 813, 814, 846, reviewed but unchanged, 725–727 848, 849, 851, 853, 855, 857, 859, saturated fat limits, 298, 299, 720, 721 861, 862, 864, 866 Statement of task, 32–33 Tofu, 27–28, 30, 31, 67, 69, 96, 121, Statistical Program for Age-adjusted Dietary 122, 123, 143, 145, 227, 267, 269, Assessment (SPADE)
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From page 1041... ...
792–797, 801, 803, 821–825, 827, benefits of food package revisions, 52, 829, 831, 835, 837, 839, 841, 843, 55 867, 880, 887, 984 breads, 279, 383, 410, 542, 889, Consumer Price Index, 960 914–915 cultural considerations, 7, 13, 147–148, breakfast cereals, 305, 375 150, 272, 284, 289, 374, 388, 392, burdens, 6, 52, 276, 310, 393, 406–407, 413–414 411, 444, 887, 901, 911, 916 current food packages, 26, 139, 271, cost containment issues, 53 272, 273, 289, 296, 351–352, culturally appropriate foods, 93–94 354–355, 377, 438, 699, 701, 703, of current program, 273, 295, 305 705, 715–716, 756–757, 789, 791, CVV, 53, 94, 299, 373, 984 792–797, 801, 803, 821–825, 827, decreasing burdens in proposed revisions 829, 831, 835, 837, 839, 841, 843 (Criterion 7) , 3, 13, 38, 42, 372, dietary guidance, 139 374–376, 390, 391, 394, 519, 543, expenditures, 66, 69 887, 889, 901 forms/options, 7, 28, 53, 223, 224, 226, defined, 18, 262 n.2, 481 235, 239, 266, 269, 272–273, 284, demand and supply challenges, 93, 94, 289–290, 292, 295, 392, 393, 404, 96 715, 908 EBT system adaptation, 29, 55, 273, food safety considerations, 160 274, 444 Healthy Eating Index, 196, 352–353, fish, 411, 909, 916 354–355, 356, 358–359, 374, 793 implementation challenges for 2009 improving intake patterns, 2, 5, 84 changes, 2, 52, 53, 54, 55, 88, 90, intake patterns, 2, 5, 84, 867 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 545 market share, 440, 986 infant foods, 404–405, 484, 907, 908, marketplace availability and stocking 909 requirements, 52, 266, 273, 295, infant formula, 402–403, 906–907 374, 404, 453, 545, 908 juices, 52, 276, 373, 375, 393, 406–407, nutrient intakes, 84, 867 887, 901, 911 nutrient profiles and priorities, 792–797, legumes and peanut butter, 412, 514, 867 917 proportions of vegetables to fruits, 16, low-sodium options, 730 351–356, 457, 460, 792–795, 984 milks and milk substitutes, 52, 53, 375, 376, 387, 393, 407–408, 912
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From page 1042... ...
1042 INDEX of proposed revisions, 402–414, Vitamin C, 85, 86, 127, 130, 132, 134, 906–918 136, 137, 138, 170, 171, 174, 176, recommendations, 14, 445 180, 182, 186, 197, 227, 232, 236, research needs, 15, 452–453 350, 351, 352, 353, 357, 368, 489, on small stores, 95, 98, 444, 542, 730, 503, 568–569, 571, 573, 604–642, 901, 984 670, 682, 683, 685, 699, 701, 703, stocking requirements, 53, 54, 94, 705, 708, 709, 719, 731, 750, 776, 266, 269, 273, 295, 299, 305, 373, 779, 781, 782, 784, 785, 786, 788, 403–404, 406–407, 413–414, 444, 791, 792, 795, 797, 798, 801, 803, 445, 452–453, 484, 901, 912, 918, 804, 807, 809, 810, 813, 814, 845, 979 847, 849, 851, 855, 856, 857, 859, UPC coding, 29, 273, 274, 444 861, 862, 864, 866, 887, 894 vegetables and fruits, 54, 266, 269, 273, Vitamin D, 12, 85, 86, 88, 127, 128, 130, 284, 295, 405, 413–414, 453, 484, 132, 134, 136, 137, 145–146, 158, 487, 545, 901, 918, 984 171, 185–187, 217, 218–219, 227, Vitamin A, 85, 86, 127, 130, 132, 134, 231, 235, 296, 297, 302, 344, 345, 136, 137, 170, 171, 176, 180, 182, 346, 377, 460, 503, 518, 568–569, 197, 204, 226, 231, 236, 296, 297, 571, 574–575, 581, 604–642, 643, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 670, 682, 683, 684, 708, 710, 716, 353, 359, 489, 568–569, 571, 585, 717, 730, 731, 732–733, 734, 777, 604–642, 670, 682, 683, 685, 708, 779, 781, 783, 784, 785, 787, 789, 710, 716, 731, 734, 777, 779, 781, 791, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 783, 784, 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, 805, 807, 809, 811, 813, 814, 845, 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 848, 849, 851, 853, 855, 858, 860, 809, 811, 813, 814, 845, 847, 849, 861, 862, 864, 866 851, 853, 855, 858, 860, 861, 862, Vitamin E, 85, 86, 127, 130, 132, 134, 864, 866, 894 149, 170, 176, 180, 182, 183, 197, Vitamin B6, 127, 131, 133, 135, 136, 170, 204, 216, 228, 233, 238, 241, 377, 171, 174, 180, 182, 183, 185, 227, 568–569, 571, 573, 604–642, 670, 232, 237, 350, 353, 355, 357, 358, 708, 710, 777, 779, 781, 783, 784, 359, 568–569, 571, 573, 604–642, 785, 787, 789, 791, 793, 795, 797, 682, 683, 685, 708, 710, 777, 779, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 809, 811, 781, 783, 784, 785, 787, 789, 791, 813, 814, 846, 848, 849, 850, 852, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 805, 854, 856, 858, 860, 861, 862, 864, 807, 809, 811, 813, 814, 845, 847, 866 850, 852, 853, 855, 858, 860, 861, Vitamin K, 86, 87, 571 862, 864, 866 Vitamin B12, 87, 127, 131, 133, 135, 136, 171, 176, 180, 182, 237, 297, W 344, 345, 348, 568–569, 571, 585, 604–642, 683, 685, 708, 710, 717, What We Eat in America (WWEIA) dataset, 777, 779, 781, 783, 784, 785, 787, 571–572, 577–578, 581–583, 789, 791, 793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 584–585 803, 805, 807, 809, 811, 813, 814, Whole grains 846, 847, 848, 850, 852, 854, 858, bread specification, 7, 22, 139, 300, 307–308, 309, 376, 721, 888–889, 860, 861, 862, 864, 866 892, 896, 899, 903, 914–915 breakfast cereal specification, 7, 28, 138, 267, 299, 305–307, 309, 347–350, 484, 700, 720, 730, 903–904, 958
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From page 1043... ...
, 40 partially breastfeeding women, 230, 231, Code for the Marketing of Breastmilk 250, 267, 275, 298, 488, 702, 718, Substitutes, 22 n.8 751–752, 896 postpartum women, 27, 28, 234, 251, 267, 275, 298, 488, 704, 718, 752, Y 897 pregnant women, 27, 28, 224, 225, 227, Yogurt 246, 267, 269, 275, 298, 488, 702, added sugars limit, 7, 13, 123, 218, 225, 718, 752, 887 227, 230, 235, 240, 303, 379, 386, prices, 320, 955 389, 781 recommendations, 7, 284, 309 and administrative burdens, 13, 277, redemption rates, 282, 323 408–409, 912 revised packages, 275–276, 278, 303, alignment with DGA, 13, 149, 246, 250, 343, 409–410, 718, 751–753, 251, 298, 386, 718 913–914 alignment with DRI, 224, 225, 227, saturated fat limits, 120, 122, 218, 516, 230, 231, 234, 240, 704, 776–777, 700, 718, 750 780–781 sensitivity testing, 338, 339–340, 341, allergies and intolerances and, 145, 269, 343, 776–777, 780–781 282, 298, 309, 700, 702, 706, 718, sodium limits, 121 887, 888, 892, 896, 897, 898–899, soy-based, 269, 276, 282, 284, 309, 901 392, 700, 702, 704, 706, 887, 892, children 1 to <2 years, 27, 240, 269, 896, 897, 898–899, 901, 902 275, 298, 409, 488, 516, 556, 700, specifications, 298, 303–304, 309, 718, 718, 751, 887, 892 887, 896, 897, 901, 902 children 2 to <5 years, 27, 80, 82, 240, substitution amounts, 7, 27, 53, 258, 256, 269, 275, 298, 339, 409, 488, 275–276, 282, 284, 391, 408, 485, 700, 718 516, 751–753, 887, 888, 892, 896, container size options, 277, 391, 392, 897, 898 446, 516, 902, 912 total sugars, 22, 123, 124, 149, cost considerations, 323–324, 326, 346, 303–304, 376, 386, 389, 392, 487, 422, 741, 777, 781, 924 516, 718, 902 criteria for inclusion, 375, 376, 379, vegan diets, 7, 145, 269, 282, 298, 309, 386, 389, 391, 392 700, 702, 704, 706, 718, 887, 888, cultural and preference considerations, 892, 896, 897, 898–899, 901 13, 278, 282, 284, 343, 392, 888 current packages, 121, 122, 343, 408–409, 718, 751–753, 912–913 expenditures for, 67, 69
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From page 1044... ...
1044 INDEX Z Zinc, 45, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 144, 158, 162, 168 n.7, 170, 171, 174, 176, 177–178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 204, 207, 217, 218, 227, 232, 237, 242, 243, 287–288, 290, 291, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 388, 518, 566, 572, 573, 581, 586, 604–641, 682, 683, 685, 686, 708, 709, 711, 734, 776, 778, 780, 782, 784, 785, 786, 788, 790, 792, 794, 796, 798, 800, 802, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 814, 845, 847, 849, 851, 853, 855, 857, 859, 861, 862, 863, 865, 884, 886
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Key Terms
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