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Frontiers of Engineering Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2016 Symposium (2017) / Chapter Skim
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Engineering Immunotherapy - Darrell J. Irvine
Pages 107-112

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From page 107...
... Yet the 1990s were a period when many critical elements of fundamental biology regulating the immune response were identified or characterized: the first tumor antigens, Toll-like receptors and related signaling pathways that govern inflammation and the immune system's ability to identify "danger," regulatory receptors that promote or block T cell activation, and specific mechanisms used by tumor cells to avoid immune destruction. These discoveries led to a transformation in the field of immuno-oncology, which was most prominently impacted by clinical studies, in the early 2000s, of an antibody that blocks a key negative regulatory receptor on T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)
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From page 108...
... ROLE OF ENGINEERING IN THE FUTURE OF CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY Immunology has advanced by embracing new technologies, from the early days of monoclonal antibody technology to the recent inventions of powerful mass spectrometry–based cellular analysis tools. The field has also recently attracted the attention of a growing number of interdisciplinary scientists, who bring to bear a unique mindset and new approaches to problems in immunology and immunotherapy.
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From page 109...
... These by no means represent all the areas where engineers are actively working on cancer immunotherapy, but rather are two representative examples. Enhancing Cancer Vaccines As mentioned, checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 has elicited objective tumor regressions in a small proportion of patients.
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From page 110...
... Thus chemistry and biomaterials approaches offer a number of ways to create enhanced cancer vaccines. Engineering Adoptive Cell Therapy As noted above, adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific T cells is one of the two classes of immunotherapies to demonstrate significant durable responses in the clinic so far, but strategies to improve this treatment for elimination of solid tumors are still sought.
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From page 111...
... New England Journal of Medicine 371:1507–1517. Morsut L, Roybal KT, Xiong X, Gordley RM, Coyle SM, Thomson M, Lim WA.
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From page 112...
... New England Journal of Medicine 366:2443–2454. Wu CY, Roybal KT, Puchner EM, Onuffer J, Lim WA.
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Key Terms

  • cancer vaccines
  • cancer immunotherapy
  • lymph nodes
  • tumor cells
  • tumor regressions

  • adoptive cell
  • checkpoint blockade
  • objective tumor
  • tumor antigens
  • regenerative medicine

  • chimeric antigen
  • antitumor immune
  • clinical studies
  • cell therapy
  • antigen receptor

  • approach notorious
  • cell sensing
  • regulatory checkpoints
  • response rate
  • random tissue

  • cell carcinoma
  • chemical modifications
  • metastatic disease
  • clinical trials
  • durable responses

  • delivery communities
  • personalized immunotherapy
  • targeted nanoparticle
  • molecules efficiently
  • vated apcs


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