A 21st Century Cyber-Physical Systems Education (2016) / Chapter Skim
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1 The Transformative Nature of CPS and Workforce Needs
1 The Transformative Nature of CPS and Workforce Needs
Pages 13-23
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From page 13... ...
It looks at broad indicators of the economic importance of CPS applications as well as testimony presented to the committee about the CPS skills sought by industry. THE TRANSFORMATIVE NATURE OF CPS The engineered world has seen a major transformation during the last few decades.
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From page 14... ...
Indeed, virtually all industries have embraced CPS. A recent McKinsey Global Institute report on the IoT, for which CPS provides the technical foundation, captured some of the economic importance of CPS applications succinctly by stating, "the hype has been great -- the value may be greater."2 The McKinsey report estimates a potential worldwide economic impact of as much as "$11.1 trillion per year in 2025 for IoT applications in nine settings" -- devices attached to or inside the human body, homes, retail environments, offices, factories, custom production environments, vehicles, cities, and other outside settings.3 Gartner recently forecast a 30 percent increase in the number of 2 McKinsey Global Institute, 2015, The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value Beyond the Hype, June, http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/business-technology/our-insights/ the-internet-of-things-the-value-of-digitizing-the-physical-world.
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From page 15... ...
is defined as "a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoper able communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things' have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network, and often communicate data associated with users and their environments."2 As IoT progresses, it is increasingly being applied to applications that require CPS characteristics such as control, real-time response, and safety-critical operation. IoT applications like smart cities (see below)
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From page 16... ...
CPS is already used in automobiles that can sense im pending crashes and perform various tasks to protect passengers. CPS technolo gies promise to greatly reduce the annual death toll from car crashes caused by human error and to reduce greatly the time wasted and pollution generated by highway congestion.
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From page 17... ...
These risks magnify the need for a highly skilled workforce. Foundational advances resulting from academic research will support the next generation of CPS that can be designed, implemented, deployed, and maintained to meet requirements using emerging functional and nonfunctional properties.
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From page 18... ...
; several institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health; and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture.8 The National Institute of Standards and Technology has established a Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Grid Program Office pursuing research and the development of architectures, frameworks, and standards for CPS and CPS applications.9 Other federal CPS research initiatives include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Adaptive Vehicle Make and High-Assurance Cyber Military Systems programs and the Department of Transportation's Connected Vehicle and Intelligent Transportation Systems program.
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From page 19... ...
One focus is on intelligent production systems and processes and the realization of distributed and networked production sites.1 • The European Union (EU) initiated a major joint technology initiative with public-private funding -- with around $7 billion in proposed spending on embedded systems and CPS by 20132 -- by European nations and industry called Advanced Research and Technology for Embedded Intelligence Systems3 and subsequently merged with an integrated circuit technology initiative to create the European Tech nology Platform on Smart Systems Integration (EPoSS)
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From page 20... ...
A list of all workshop speakers or briefers to the committee, which included a number from industry, can be found in Appendix B Workshop speakers representing a wide array of industry sectors -- automotive, agriculture, medical devices, and space, along with a large industrial conglomerate and a vendor of CPS engineering software tools, discussed the changing nature of their products, the array of new skills needed in their engineering workforce, and the challenges they face in developing the necessary talent.
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From page 21... ...
, which designs, builds, deploys, and operates spacecraft systems such as the Mars Science Laboratory's rover Curiosity and the Cassini orbiter. Jobs at JPL that require CPS skills include mission formulation dealing with autonomy requirements; engineering design at the assembly, subsys tem, and system levels; design activities specifically related to autonomous control (fault management, verification and validation, and mission operations)
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From page 22... ...
This workforce will include skill levels ranging from those who can help develop sophisticated capabilities to those who can help deploy and maintain CPS solutions over long periods of time. Engineering projects are by nature collaborative, and engineering teams involve a range of expertise, including CPS.
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From page 23... ...
The separate discipline and practice of software engineering later answered the need for people to more easily and effectively program the computers. It should come as no surprise that, much the same way that an army of electrical engineers is no longer required to build a computer, there is no longer the need for armies of varied engineering disciplines required to build, program, and employ small processors with sensors and controllers (either attached or built in)
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