The Role of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships in the Future of USAID (2017) / Chapter Skim
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2 Global Context for STI P in Development
2 Global Context for STI P in Development
Pages 27-48
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From page 27... ...
This represented tremendous progress, with more than 1 billion people lifted out of extreme poverty, but more than 800 million people remain in that condition. In 2015, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon acknowledged the achievements but also the gaps, noting "inequalities persist and…progress has been uneven." 1 1 United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report, 2015, p.
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From page 28... ...
Background on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals is at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/? menu=1300.
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From page 29... ...
Refugees fleeing conflict and poverty have led to urgent needs to address health and safety, in addition to humanitarian issues related to their migration. Infectious diseases, such as Ebola and Zika virus, are spreading as more people and goods move across borders through commerce and travel.
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From page 30... ...
Philanthropies such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have used their flexibility to set goals and invite a wide range of individuals and groups to propose solutions. Nontraditional partners (e.g., social media, crowdsourcing, independent inventors, and start-ups)
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From page 31... ...
Development agencies, including USAID, take advantage of new communications and rapid global networking. This takes three forms: (1)
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From page 32... ...
Likewise, and even harder to measure, working with host countries to build human capacity and strengthen institutions -- for example, related to intellectual property or the rule of law -- calls for a long time horizon. In promoting STI+P for development, USAID and other development agencies cannot lose sight of this reality.
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From page 33... ...
private flows of $239 billion and NGO/philanthropy transfers of $35 billion from the developed to the developing world. Private remittances by migrants have also taken on a substantial role in driving development through increased consumption in developing countries; according to World Bank data, such remittances increased between 2006 and 2014 from $300 billion annually to $550 billion.
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From page 34... ...
Finding 2.2: USAID, other development agencies, and host-country partners are actively experimenting with innovative new approaches to development, including engaging non-traditional partners, more tightly coordinating in support of host-country priorities, and working with private-sector partners to harness increased resources and work toward more sustainable outcomes. Finding 2.3: USAID and other agencies have markedly increased their focus on evidence-driven approaches and the use of STI methods and data to plan, implement, and evaluate development programs.
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From page 35... ...
Second, this capability enables USAID to convene partners and implementers within host countries and among donors, businesses, and international NGOs across a broad spectrum ranging from agriculture and health to economics and governance. As a credible convener, USAID can help scale advances through strategic funding, align diverse partners toward a common goal, and bring evidence that influences policies of host governments.
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From page 36... ...
16 The Development Innovation Ventures model is described as follows: "we hold a competition for bold development ideas, we pilot them in small increments and test their effects, and we scale those that demonstrate widespread impact and cost-efficiency. In the innovative process, we find both failures and successes: but when ideas fail, we learn that quickly and at relatively low expense; and when ideas succeed, we find out how to reach millions of people at a fraction of the usual cost." 17 According to USAID: "The Grand Challenges for Development initiative is rooted in two fundamental beliefs about international development: (1)
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From page 37... ...
17. 21 Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, http://www.jnj.com/global-publichealth; Creative Associates International, Trends in Global Development, http:// www.creativeassociatesinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Survey _Of_Trends.pdf.
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From page 38... ...
a Times Higher Education World University Rankings, https://www.times highereducation.com/world-university-rankings/korea-advanced-institute-of science-and-technology. about the effectiveness of these partnerships in delivering services compared to traditional methods for delivering development assistance." 22 Other founding partners include Grand Challenges Canada, World Bank, and two nonprofits: Basic Needs Basic Rights, and Strong Minds.
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From page 39... ...
The following sections highlight the approaches of a selection of other bilateral and multilateral agencies, foundations, and host-country partners in responding to a changed development landscape and integrating a broader set of partners into their STI work. Bilateral Agencies Government aid agencies provided $132 billion in 2015 in official development assistance, according to the OECD.
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Grand Challenges Canada is a leader in the global movement to organize innovative approaches to problem-solving for some of the most acute global health problems. 31 It has an extensive system of tracking impacts, 27 See https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment _data/file/244058/20130902_UK_5_year_AMR_strategy.pdf.
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From page 41... ...
has been a leader among European development agencies in mobilizing and deploying science and technology as a key component of development strategies over the last decade. 33 Sida has also helped to organize and has contributed to many of the new "challenge" approaches to development innovation.
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From page 42... ...
It maintains the largest database of development indicators in the world, including science and technology indicators such as research and development investment, scientific/technical personnel levels, and production of patent/trademark applications, 37 and has developed ambitious targeted projects to build research capacity. For instance, in 2014 the World Bank launched a $290 million universitybased Africa Centers of Excellence project focused on seven countries and 19 centers in West and Central Africa, financed through International Development Association (IDA)
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From page 43... ...
Multiple agencies (including the UN Conference on Trade and Development, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and World Intellectual Property Organization, along with technical specialized agencies such as the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and WHO) address a broad complex of STI issues, to focus on issues of highest priority to developing countries and to accelerate the flow of benefits from new STI to developing countries.
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In addition to investing its own funds, other philanthropists, including Warren Buffett and Michael Bloomberg (see Box 2-2) , have invested alongside the Gates Foundation in common STI-intensive approaches to global development related to agriculture, and health.
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Bloomberg Philanthropies, in partnership with the Australian government, is launching Data for Health, a $100 million initiative that will enable 20 low and middle-income countries to vastly improve public health data collec tion. Data for Health seeks to provide governments, aid organizations, and public health leaders with tools and systems to better collect data and use it to prioritize health challenges, develop policies, deploy resources, and measure success.
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From page 46... ...
45 Over the last decade, USAID has also begun to invest more in building complementary databanks and data collection capacity, such as the GeoCenter in the Global Development Lab that has expanded USAID's geospatial analysis capability. 46 Regional and Host-Country National Institutions The days when host-country governments and institutions were only "recipients," if that time ever existed, has long gone.
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From page 47... ...
In conversations with the committee, AIMS representatives emphasized that Africans need and want to create an ecosystem in which young men and women trained in science, technology, engineering and mathematics can conduct cutting-edge research, contribute to policies and programs in the public sector, and work in established businesses or as en trepreneurs. African governments provide significant amounts of financial support to the current six Centers of Excellence (more are envisioned)
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From page 48... ...
Expanding the GeoCenter portfolio would send an important signal to the rest of USAID. The focus on data will also facilitate its dialogues with partner countries, taking into account each country's contextual factors, and enable the larger funder community to join forces on common goals.
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