Human Genome Editing Science, Ethics, and Governance (2017) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix E: Glossary
Appendix E: Glossary
Pages 293-310
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 293... ...
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) -- A fertility treatment or procedure that involves laboratory handling of gametes (eggs and sperm)
|
From page 294... ...
. Cells from the inner cell mass, if grown in culture, can give rise to embryonic stem cell lines.
|
From page 295... ...
CRISPRr/CRISPRi -- CRISPR repression, or CRISPR interference, using a dCas9 or dCas9-repressor with a guide RNA to decrease transcription of a target gene. Cultured cell -- A cell maintained in a tissue culture allowing expansion of its numbers.
|
From page 296... ...
cell -- A pluripotent stem cell that migrates during early development to the future gonads to form the progenitors of egg or sperm cells. The properties of EG cells are similar to those of embryonic stem cells, but may differ in the DNA methylation of some imprinted regions (NRC, 2002, p.
|
From page 297... ...
Epigenetic effects -- Changes in gene expression that occur without changing the DNA sequence of a gene; for example, in the epigenetic effect called genomic imprinting, chemical molecules called methyl groups attach to DNA and alter the gene's expression (NRC, 2002, p.
|
From page 298... ...
. Gene drive -- A system of biased inheritance in which the ability of a particular genetic sequence to pass from a parent to its offspring through sexual reproduction is enhanced (NASEM, 2016a, p.
|
From page 299... ...
Gene transfer -- Any process often used to describe the transfer of genes into cells -- as used in gene therapy. Genetic element -- A segment of the DNA in a genome that has some particular property conferred by its sequence, such as a gene encoding a protein or RNA -- more often used to refer to sequences that are not such genes but may control gene expression or genome organization.
|
From page 300... ...
In genome editing via HDR, the DNA template is synthesised or made by recombinant DNA techniques, and usually contains regions of exact homology to the target locus at each end, with the desired alteration contained within the middle. Homozygous -- Having the same variant (allele)
|
From page 301... ...
These often result in the disruption of a gene by shifting the open reading frame and/or creating premature stop codons. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS)
|
From page 302... ...
Multipotent stem cells -- Stem cells from the embryo, fetus, or adult, whose progeny are of multiple differentiated cell types and usually, but not necessarily, all of a particular tissue, organ, or physiological system (NRC, 2002, p.
|
From page 303... ...
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) -- A stem cell that includes in its progeny all cell types that can be found in a postimplantation embryo, fetus, or developed organism (NRC, 2002, p.
|
From page 304... ...
Recombinant DNA -- A recombinant DNA molecule is made up of DNA sequences that have been artificially modified or joined together so that the new genetic sequence differs from naturally occurring genetic material (IOM, 2014, p.
|
From page 305... ...
-- A short piece of RNA that binds to a nuclease such as Cas9 and also to a specific DNA sequence to guide the nuclease to a specific location in the genome. This term is synonymous with guide RNA (vide infra)
|
From page 306... ...
Synthetic biology -- The development of living cells from separate genetic components, using engineering principles to build desired functions into living organisms. Synthetic DNA -- DNA molecules that are chemically or by other means synthesized or amplified; they may be chemically or otherwise modified but can base pair, or be recombined with, naturally occurring DNA molecules.
|
From page 307... ...
-- A class of engineered restriction enzymes generated by the fusion of a transcription activator-like effector DNA-binding domain (that binds to a specific DNA sequence) to a DNA-cleavage domain (nuclease)
|
From page 308... ...
X-inactivation -- The process in which one X chromosome of the two present in a female mammalian cell is inactivated so that only the genes of one X chromosome are expressed. Zinc finger -- A small protein structure based on naturally occurring transcription factors that bind to defined DNA sequences to control the activity of nearby genes.
|
From page 309... ...
Zygote -- The one-cell embryo formed by the union of sperm and egg at fertilization (NRC, 2002, p.
|
From page 310... ...
2005. Guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research, Vol.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.