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10 Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Exposure to Cannabis
Pages 245-266

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From page 245... ... The issue of exposure to cannabis during pregnancy reflects concerns that two different individuals may experience the potential adverse effects of cannabis, which is the illicit drug used most frequently by women of childbearing age. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that in 2015, 3.4 percent of pregnant women ages 15 to 44 had used marijuana during the previous month (CBHSQ, 2016) Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... Several lower-quality systematic reviews (Fryers and Brugha, 2013; Irner, 2012; Savitz and Murnane, 2010; Williams and Ross, 2007) , narrative reviews (Andrade, 2016; Forray et al., 2015; Hashibe et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2015; Huizink, 2014; Metz and Stickrath, 2015; Schempf, 2007; Viteri et al., 2015) Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... . Primary Literature The committee did not identify any good-quality primary literature that reported on the association between cannabis use and fetal distress and that were published subsequent to the data collection period of the most recently published good- or fair-quality systematic review addressing the research question. Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... . These studies examined the association between cannabis exposure and the following outcomes: anemia, precipitate labor, manual removal of the placenta, maternal diabetes, rupture of membranes, premature onset of labor, use of prenatal care, duration of labor, secondary arrest of labor, elevated blood pressure, hyperemesis gravidarum, maternal bleeding after 20 weeks, antepartum or postpartum hemorrhage, placental abruption, maternal weight gain, maternal postnatal problems, and duration of maternal hospital stay. Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... CONCLUSION 10-1 There is limited evidence of a statistical association between maternal cannabis smoking and pregnancy complications for the mother. FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Is There an Association Between Cannabis Use and Fetal Growth and Development? Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... (2002) also reported lower mean birth weights for infants prenatally exposed to cannabis. Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... . Primary Literature The committee did not identify any good-quality primary literature that reported on the association between cannabis use and head circumference and that was published subsequent to the data collection period of the most recently published good- or fair-quality systematic review addressing the research question. Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... . In other studies of marijuana exposure during pregnancy, the cause of the fetal growth 3 The authors found higher rates of association between cannabis use and the following birth defects: encephalocele, hydrocephaly, microcephaly, anotia/microtia, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, pulmonary valve atresia/stenosis, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, cleft palate alone, cleft lip with/without cleft palate, pyloric stenosis, anal/rectal/large-intestinal atresia/stenosis, obstructive genitourinary defect, polydactyly, syndactyly, reduction deformity of upper limbs, gastroschisis, and trisomy 21 (Forrester and Merz, 2006) Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... . Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission Systematic Reviews Gunn et al. Read the entire page →
From page 254... ... This pattern may reflect protocols requiring admission of all infants whose mothers have a history of substance use in pregnancy or failed toxicological screens during labor, rather than the health of the infant per se, particularly as there appears to be no increase in length of neonatal stay. CONCLUSION 10-3 There is limited evidence of a statistical association between maternal cannabis smoking and admission of the infant to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Read the entire page →
From page 255... ... . Prenatal cannabis use was expressed as average daily joints for each trimester of pregnancy separately, although there was some overlap. Read the entire page →
From page 256... ... Data on the resulting children up to age 6 were used in this report. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Systematic Reviews The committee did not identify a good- or fairquality systematic review that reported on the association between cannabis exposure and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Read the entire page →
From page 257... ... Cognition/Academic Achievement Systematic Reviews The committee did not identify a good- or fairquality systematic review that reported on the association between cannabis exposure and cognition and academic achievement of the child. Primary Literature The committee reviewed this literature in terms of preschool cognitive development and later cognitive development. Read the entire page →
From page 258... ... . Behavior Systematic Reviews The committee did not identify a good- or fairquality systematic review that reported on the association between cannabis exposure and later child behavior. Read the entire page →
From page 259... ... . Mental Health and Psychosis Systematic Reviews The committee did not identify a good- or fairquality systematic review that reported on the association between cannabis exposure and later mental health and psychosis in the child. Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... CONCLUSION 10-4 There is insufficient evidence to support or refute a statistical association between maternal cannabis smoking and later outcomes in the offspring (e.g., sudden infant death syndrome, cognition/academic achievement, and later substance use) Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... This may be due to a number of limitations faced by many of the research studies reviewed in this chapter, including an almost exclusive reliance on self-reporting to ascertain cannabis exposure, as is true in many areas of this report. While many studies used standardized questions regarding frequency and duration of cannabis use, others relied on data extracted from the medical record. Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... (10-3) There is insufficient evidence to support or refute a statistical association between maternal cannabis smoking and: • Later outcomes in the offspring (e.g., sudden infant death syndrome, cognition/academic achievement, and later substance use) Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... 2010. Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth. Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... 2014. Prenatal cannabis exposure and infant outcomes: Overview of studies. Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... 2007. Consequences of prenatal toxin exposure for mental health in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Read the entire page →

From page 245...

... The issue of exposure to cannabis during pregnancy reflects concerns that two different individuals may experience the potential adverse effects of cannabis, which is the illicit drug used most frequently by women of childbearing age. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that in 2015, 3.4 percent of pregnant women ages 15 to 44 had used marijuana during the previous month (CBHSQ, 2016)

10 Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Exposure to Cannabis Pages 245-266

10 Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Exposure to Cannabis
Pages 245-266