The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research (2017) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Cannabis
2 Cannabis
Pages 43-60
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 43... ...
. At approximately the same time, French physician Jean-Jacques Moreau de Tours experimented with the use of cannabis preparations for the treatment of mental disorders (Moreau de Tours, 1845)
|
From page 44... ...
. On the basis of genetic variations, a multitypic genus with at least two putative species, Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, has been proposed by some researchers (Clarke and Merlin, 2015; Hillig, 2005)
|
From page 45... ...
or seed oil in which the content of D9-THC does not exceed 0.3 percent on a dry-weight basis (Chandra et al., 2013)
|
From page 46... ...
. In the late 1980s William Devane and Allyn Howlett first postulated the existence of cannabinoid receptors by showing how synthetic molecules designed to mimic the actions of D9-THC were able to bind a selective site in brain membranes, thus inhibiting the intracellular synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
|
From page 47... ...
. It can also enhance adenosine receptor signaling by inhibiting adenosine inactivation, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in pain and inflammation (Carrier et al., 2006)
|
From page 48... ...
2-AG 2-AG is generated by the enzymatic activity of a membrane-associated diacyl glycerol lipase (DGL) , which converts Sn2-arachidonic acid containing diacylglyc erols into 2-AG (see Figure 2-2)
|
From page 49... ...
After release into the extracellular milieu, anandamide is captured by neurons and glia through carrier-mediated transport and is subsequently hydro lyzed to arachidonic acid by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) , a postsynaptic serine hydrolase expressed throughout the CNS.
|
From page 50... ...
These different modes are used to consume different cannabis products, including cannabis "buds" (dried cannabis flowers) ; cannabis resin (hashish, bubble hash)
|
From page 51... ...
seizures record a substantial increase in average potency, from 4 percent in 1995 to roughly 12 percent in 2014, both because high-quality U.S.-grown cannabis has taken market share from Mexican imports and because cannabis from both sources has grown in potency (ElSohly et al., 2016; Kilmer, 2014)
|
From page 52... ...
In Washington State, herbal cannabis remains dominant, having accounted for two-thirds of all sales revenues in June 2016, but it is losing market share as "cannabis extracts for inhalation" become more popular, at 21 percent in June 2016 as compared with 12 percent 1 year prior. The sales of liquid and solid edibles (9 percent)
|
From page 53... ...
. Furthermore, as legalized medical and recreational cannabis availability increase nationwide, the impairment of driving abilities during acute intoxication has become a public safety issue.
|
From page 54... ...
extract from two Cannabis plant varieties Tetrahydrocannabinol Oral capsule Active cannabinoid (THC) Smoked of Cannabis plant Oromucosal spray THC/CBD Oral capsule Combination of cannabinoids Synthetic Ajulemic acid (AjA)
|
From page 55... ...
2) , people using these various blends have been admitted to Poison Control Centers reporting "rapid heart rate, vomiting, agitation, confusion, and hallucinations." Synthetic cannabinoids can also raise blood pressure and cause a reduced blood supply to the heart (myocardial ischemia)
|
From page 56... ...
. CANNABIS CONTAMINANTS AND ADULTERANTS The large economic potential and illicit aspect of cannabis has given rise to numerous potentially hazardous natural contaminants or artificial adulterants being reported in crude cannabis and cannabis preparations.
|
From page 57... ...
2011. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes.
|
From page 58... ...
2009. Whole plant cannabis extracts in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.
|
From page 59... ...
1990. Struc ture of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA.
|
From page 60... ...
1942. Isolation of a physiologically ac tive tetrahydrocannabinol from Cannabis sativa resin.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.