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Appendix B: Case Studies on Chemical Assessments
Pages 143-161

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From page 143... ... . Other studies show effects on the reproductive 21st century science can be used for chemical assess- system, although by different routes, such as parenteral ment, including any component of the risk-assessment injection, or at higher oral doses (see, for example, Hosprocess (hazard identification, dose–response assessment, saini et al. Read the entire page →
From page 144... ... Abbreviations: ER, estrogen receptor; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PXR, pregnane X receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor. Read the entire page →
From page 145... ... in the last several decades have epidemiological studies • Characterizing the exposure–response relationconvincingly linked air-pollution exposure to premature ship. Read the entire page →
From page 146... ... Thus, measurement error was implicit Identifying Key Mixture Components in those studies, which nonetheless found associations with indicators of PM exposure, most likely because it Current epidemiological tools are unlikely to offer was possible to exploit the high temporal resolution and direct answers to the related problems of characterizing fluctuations in air pollutants, especially in assessing shortrisk precisely at low doses and determining the shape term effects, such as in the time-series studies of mortality. of the exposure–response curve partly because there are New tools are being developed to capture spatial limits to the size of cohorts that can be assembled and variation in effects better (Coker et al. Read the entire page →
From page 147... ... Combined with regional or national surveys on New and emerging approaches also will be helpful time-use, those data constitute a rich additional source for for addressing the other challenge noted above that is re- personalized exposure models. Detailed data on personal lated to characterizing the specific mixture components and population-wide air-pollution exposures and space– and the corresponding sources that drive lung-cancer risk. Read the entire page →
From page 148... ... Thus, the study suggests that appendix allows the study of changes -- for example, in the carcinogenicity caused by smoking (and possibly air blood or urine -- that can help to characterize adverse pollution) could be due to the PAH component in smoke effects of air pollutants, to refine exposure, to identify (or ambient air) Read the entire page →
From page 149... ... the high sensitivity of adductomics reduces misclassificaSpecifically, exposure to air pollution leads to increased tion and uncertainty. That research would require repeat or decreased expression of genes that are relevant to im- samples from prospective cohorts, and one of the pilmune or inflammatory actions. Read the entire page →
From page 150... ... Annotation is another limiting goal is to couple external exposome approaches to reduce factor; researchers are unable to characterize features de- measurement error at the individual level with a suite of tected with, for example, mass spectrometry without ad- -omics investigations that characterize the various steps ditional chemical analyses. In principle and with likely involved in carcinogenesis by investigating, for example, future technical developments, however, metabolomics mutational spectra, epigenetic changes, inflammation, could become a useful tool for achieving several goals, and cell proliferation in human samples. Read the entire page →
From page 151... ... not observed consistently at all ages at which the children were examined. An additional cohort study in the United Neurodevelopmental Effects and Particulate States linked adverse neuro-developmental effects (IQ Air Pollution: Determining Whether and attention disorders) Read the entire page →
From page 152... ... women in New York, monitored during pregnancy with development at ages 12, 24, and However, high prenatal exposure NY, mother–child personal air sampling. 36 months to generate an MDI and to PAHs (the upper quartile of the pairs recruited in corresponding PDI. Read the entire page →
From page 153... ... and the and tobacco smoke, BC exposure birth cohort study greater Boston area were used to WRAML (evaluates a child's ability was associated with decreases in the (1986–2001) complete a spatiotemporal LUR model to actively learn and memorize a vocabulary (˗2.2) Read the entire page →
From page 154... ... 2008 Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BC, black carbon; CO, carbon monoxide; CPT, Continuous Performance Test; DQ, developmental quotient; GDS, Gesell Developmental Schedules; Hg, mercury; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; HRT, hit reaction time; K-BIT, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test; LD, learning disability; LUR, land-use regression; MDI, mental-development index; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NMHC, nonmethane hydrocarbon; NOx, nitrogen oxides; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; O3, ozone; PAH, polyaromatic hydrocarbon; Pb, lead; PDI, psychomotor-development index; PM, particulate matter; RCPM, Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices; SE, special education; SO2, sulfur dioxide; TBCS, Birth Cohort Study Scale; THC, total hydrocarbon; WPPSI-R, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised; WRAML, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning. Read the entire page →
From page 155... ... . In mice, developmental exposure to ultrafine populations in epidemiological studies, the complexity particles induced sex-specific neurotoxicity (including of capturing the full array of relevant exposures before excitotoxicity and glial activation) Read the entire page →
From page 156... ... have helped to identify better ways to integrate emerging Tox21 approaches, including DNT assays, could also tools and approaches for DNT but require the inclusion of be used to address the challenges of identifying the air- more neuroscientists and developmental endocrinologists pollution components that are contributing to neural dis- to ensure that fundamental pathways in neurophysiology ease. They could allow rapid testing of specific particle are evaluated and that sexual dimorphisms, region-specifneurotoxicity and could help to identify markers of par- ic sensitivity, and dynamic critical windows of exposure ticle sources responsible for greater toxicity. Read the entire page →
From page 157... ... Torres-Jardón, R.J. Kulesza, Cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms S Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... Cesaroni, at 5 years of age in a prospective cohort study in Poland. Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... 2014. Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and chil- Castro, M Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... 2006. Effects of prenatal exposure to airborne the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on neurodevelopment An ENVIRONAGE Birth Cohort Study. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... outcomes: A prospective cohort study. Environ Health Daston, and K Read the entire page →

From page 143...

... . Other studies show effects on the reproductive 21st century science can be used for chemical assess- system, although by different routes, such as parenteral ment, including any component of the risk-assessment injection, or at higher oral doses (see, for example, Hosprocess (hazard identification, dose–response assessment, saini et al.

Appendix B: Case Studies on Chemical Assessments Pages 143-161

Appendix B: Case Studies on Chemical Assessments
Pages 143-161