Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations (2017) / Chapter Skim
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4 Advances in Epidemiology
4 Advances in Epidemiology
Pages 79-91
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From page 79... ...
. Identification of lution and mortality, arsenic exposure and cancer, and risk factors for disease and inference of causal associations childhood lead exposure and neuropsychological develfrom epidemiological studies provide important informa- opment.
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Epidemiological studies of noncom- ers and risk factors and contribute to the foundation for municable disease, carried out beginning in the 1950s, translational research and precision medicine. Cohort focused on risk factors at the individual level; some later studies, if started early enough, can be informative on studies began to incorporate risk determinants at higher the importance of early life exposures and their influence levels of social or organizational structure, including the throughout the life course.
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From page 81... ...
Thus, new data streams New Data Opportunities and technologies, although promising, raise important methodological concerns and challenges and are driv Epidemiology has always been a discipline that uses ing the need to develop new study designs and analytical large quantities of information with the goal of identify- methods to account for technology-specific peculiarities ing risk factors that can be targeted in individuals or popu- (Khoury et al.
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From page 82... ...
ics, computational biology, mathematics and biostatistics, In evaluating risks posed by environmental agents, and exposure sciences. Adaptation of technological ad- epidemiologists and exposure scientists typically work vances, such as cloud computing, and strategic formation together to enhance exposure estimates used in epidemiof new academic–industry partnerships to facilitate the ological studies by broadening the variety of exposures integration of state-of-the-art computing into biomedical considered, increasing precision of exposure measures, research and health care (Pechette 2012)
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From page 83... ...
Obtaining data -omics technologies have emerged, they have been inte- from human population studies that are parallel to data grated into current studies and have affected study design, that can be obtained from in vitro and in vivo toxicity asparticularly specimen collection and management. The sessments is already possible and offers the possibility of incorporation of -omics approaches dates back about 2 harmonizing comparisons of exposure and dose.
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From page 84... ...
(that is, generate new hypotheses on disease etiology) , A recent study of epigenetics and lung cancer but external exposure assessments are needed to identify (Fasanelli et al.
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The After the initial discovery phase, the experimental design two study designs -- one that looks for internal changes can be improved by a testing (replication) phase with a starting from external measurements (external-exposome prospective context (a case-control study that is nested assessment)
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From page 86... ...
short-lived and exposure not too sporadic to be captured Pathway analytical approaches are increasingly by only one or a few biospecimens obtained in a cross- used for integrating and interpreting high-dimensional sectional survey or cohort study. data generated by multiple -omics techniques; these ap The committee notes that use of retrospective case– proaches have enabled analyses of relationships between control design for EWAS makes it impossible to be cer- multiple exposures and multiple health outcomes.
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From page 87... ...
Needed to Advance the Science The Bayesian model–based clustering technique has been used, for example, to identify a cluster in a high-risk set Challenge: When used in epidemiological studies, for lung cancer -- a group who has the characteristics of particularly ones with large biobank cohorts that might living near a main road, having high exposure to PM10 reach a million or more participants, -omics assays can (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm) generate large databases that need to be managed and and to nitrogen dioxide, and carrying out manual work curated in ways that will facilitate access and analysis.
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From page 88... ...
-- lection of exposure data to ensure that the best and most is developing "a robust data infrastructure and exchange comprehensive data possible are collected in this context. standards for metabolomics data and other metadata" Finding ways to capture exposure information will be par(Salek et al.
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:D481-D487. formative on the risks posed by environmental exposures Fasanelli, F., L
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factors using exposure risk profiles: Lung cancer in nonKhoury, M.J., T.K.
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From page 91... ...
Modeling exposures for DNA methylation profiles. chain fatty acids as biomarkers of colorectal cancer risk.
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