2015-2016 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory (2017) / Chapter Skim
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7 Human Sciences
7 Human Sciences
Pages 159-182
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From page 159... ...
projects of the ARL Human Sciences Campaign and the Analysis and Assessment Campaign at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, on July 14-16, 2015, and at the SFC Paul Ray Smith Simulation and Training Technology Center, Orlando, Florida, on June 14-16, 2016. The human sciences project areas reviewed were as follows: • Humans in multiagent systems.
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The goal of the training program is to discover and develop methods, models, tools, and technologies that will increase soldier readiness by improving training methods and training technologies. • Integration technologies.
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Many of the real-world research questions that ARL is dealing with urgently require more effort with respect to subject populations and the representation of mission contexts. A number of studies presented drew upon ARL researchers as subjects to a worrisome degree.
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From page 162... ...
HUMANS IN MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS Accomplishments ARL human sciences work in multiagent systems addresses sociotechnical network operations, focusing on distributed collaboration and decision making in complex operational environments; sociocultural competency skills needed to support, inform, and influence operations in complex environments; human–robot trust; teaming of humans and intelligent systems; and human control of multiple robots. ARL appears primed to make important contributions to this paradigm and demonstrated a sound awareness of the key trends driving the research challenges in this area (i.e., the rise of the networked organization, increasing autonomy, and the need for cultural competency in military operations)
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From page 163... ...
There is an opportunity to use this knowledge in the design of joint human–machine action. Missing out on this wealth of knowledge means that the algorithms developed by the Human Sciences Campaign may miss out on a variety of behaviors and constraints that are well studied and well modeled by individuals with mathematical, mechanical, electrical engineering, and computer science training.
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From page 164... ...
REAL-WORLD BEHAVIOR Accomplishments The collection and analysis of human behavioral data within dynamic, complex, natural environments is an ambitious and challenging undertaking. Not surprisingly, the accomplishments in this area are only somewhat incremental given the immature state of the art and the groundbreaking challenges to develop needed enabling technology and methodology.
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From page 165... ...
Challenges and Opportunities Measuring and understanding behavior in the real world is an audacious objective given the limits to the current understanding of nonlinear causal propagation and emergence in complex real-world systems and environments. True multidisciplinary projects are generally rare but are essential in order for this area to mature to yield meaningful and valuable outcomes.
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From page 166... ...
Two components of this research initiative were presented: (1) cognitive neuroscience research and development with a focus on real-world measurement designed to illuminate the connection between brain states and behavior and their potential implications for brain–computer interfaces and (2)
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One of the core challenges faced by this work -- as in other initiatives addressed earlier -- is the availability of suitably representative human subject populations for research testing. These might include
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Unique high-impact studies of individual differences and intra-individual variability as it relates to stress, fatigue, and other psychophysiological states in targeted operational environments could also provide significant benefits, beyond those envisioned by ARL, to external university or industry research efforts that generally do not have direct access to these operational contexts. TRAINING Accomplishments and Advancements Effective execution of the ARL Training program is a challenging endeavor.
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From page 169... ...
The Adaptive Training and Education subarea seeks to improve the effective TABLE 7.1 Seven 2016 Training Research Projects, as Aligned within the Army Research Laboratory's Human Systems Campaign's Training Taxonomy ARL Training Taxonomy Effectiveness and Training Methods Simulation and Training Technology Adaptive Training and Training Effectiveness Enabling Technologies Technology Applications Education Subarea Subarea Subarea Subarea Generalized Instructional An Empirical Assessment Head Mounted Displays Simulated Human Tissue Framework for Tutoring of Live vs Virtual Training for Augmented Reality Performance (GIFT) Method for Dismounted Training Infantry Soldier Skills Lithographic VerticalModels of Expert Training Virtual Human Cavity Surface-Emitting Performance for Technology Lasers (VCSELs)
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Successful expansion of adaptive intelligent tutoring to include psychomotor skills training offers significant payoffs across a wide variety of areas, including medicine to sports. Virtual World Research -- Soldier Training Effectiveness In an effort to reduce live training demands for dismounted soldiers, ARL is investigating the use of virtual world technology that combines aspects of both virtual and constructive simulations.
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However, training applications involving augmented reality are hindered by displays that have narrow field of view and poor resolution and that are overwhelmed by ambient light. This project is specifically addressing those limitations for live training.
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Development of both augmented reality and virtual world technologies, combined with the development and evaluation of training strategies, offers potentially effective and affordable simulation media for dismounted soldiers. The virtual human technology project conducted at the ICT at the University of Southern California has developed several avatars with realistic nonverbal cues to support interactive training across a variety of areas (e.g., junior leadership, interpersonal skills, and sexual harassment and assault prevention)
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INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIES Accomplishments and Advancements The integration technologies technical program within the Human Sciences Campaign focuses on supporting improved and effective bidirectional integration and mutual adaptation of soldier-technology systems for robust and optimal functioning in diverse operational environments and conditions. The goal of this campaign is to integrate operational systems and technological devices to optimize outcomes.
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From page 174... ...
This demonstration project combined computer-image analysis as one expert system with EEG responses of humans searching for targets in rapid sequence to achieve optimized target recognition from high-throughput image sequences. Using deep learning neural network models (hierarchical convolution networks)
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ARL noted that the cybernetics project within the Human Sciences Campaign is in its early stages. The project would benefit from a strong theoretical framework and specific use cases that will take the proposed project through the entire research cycle.
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The ARL augmentation team will likely need to develop and work with these kinds of frameworks. The effort to develop metrics for the effects of augmentation needs to be complemented by development of metrics for the overhead imposed by augmentation.
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From page 177... ...
and could push further with work on more realistic nonlinear mathematical models to explore aspects of nonlinear controllability.4 In general, the augmentation research efforts could be advanced by consideration of the following challenges and opportunities discussed below. Increased interdisciplinary collaboration across military, academia, and industry would better inform the exoskeleton work.
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Often, there are multiple feedback loops among these three parts of the design cycle that lead to the refinement of the theory, generation of more detailed predictions, and the achievement of more accurate validation. This design flow is particularly relevant to the augmentation program because of the added complexity of having a human in the loop of the systems and interaction with the real world.
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From page 179... ...
ASSESSING MISSION CAPABILITY OF SYSTEMS Accomplishments The work in this area is comprised of human-centered engineering and decision support methods, models, and tools supported under ARL's Analysis and Assessment Campaign. Most of the projects that were presented in this area are responding to important and specific Army customer needs, such as the efforts dealing with human modeling, field assistance in S&T, human behaviors negatively affecting engineering solutions, and fire suppressant effectiveness.
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From page 180... ...
If the linkage between ARL human sciences research and HSI applications were more transparent, it could facilitate investment by external operational customers in the work. For example, ARL researchers indicated strong desires to connect research-based findings with field-based operational effectiveness and customer-responsive work.
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From page 181... ...
The KCIs are promising in this regard; it may take some time to transform the current program of work and its representation to consistently align with this new core competency structure that links expertise across ARL directorates. Taken individually, each area of the Human Sciences Campaign (humans in multiagent systems and real-world behavior and human variability)
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From page 182... ...
Using deep learning neural network models (hierarchical convolution networks) of human brain responses and computer image analysis, the goal of this project is to combine both sources to achieve maximized target detection, a task with clear military-relevant applications.
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