Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (2020) / Chapter Skim
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9 Remaining Gaps for Understanding and Controlling Brucellosis
9 Remaining Gaps for Understanding and Controlling Brucellosis
Pages 153-168
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From page 153... ...
The relative proportion of ranchlands that turn over from livestock production to subdivisions or amenity owners that restrict hunting access is likely to be critical to the future ecological dynamics of wildlife winter ranges in the GYA and is an important aspect for future research. There are benefits and drawbacks for expanding the existing boundaries of the designated surveillance areas (DSAs)
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From page 154... ...
To determine if scavenging is an important factor in reducing cattle risk of infection or elk-to-elk transmission, studies need to be conducted on the potential negative effects of coyote control efforts by the Wildlife Services division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS)
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From page 155... ...
However, they are less likely to be developed for treating Brucella-infected wildlife or domestic livestock in the near term but could be considered as part of the long-term research goals. 4.1 Tools to Measure Immune Responses Defining the nature of a protective immune response to virulent field strains of Brucella spp.
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From page 156... ...
Hence, tools are needed to evaluate all aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses to understand why elk fail to produce robust cellular immune responses compared to the Brucella vaccines and other bacterial vaccines that stimulate appropriate immune responses in cattle and bison. This may require the development of species-specific brucellosis vaccines.
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From page 157... ...
While live Brucella vaccines have been shown to be necessary to induce protective immune responses in cattle, there is evidence that this can be mimicked by taking genes that code for components of Brucella and placing them into another microbe, which acts as a vector for the Brucella genes and mimics a live vaccine, but which may be safer than live, attenuated whole Brucella organisms (Dorneles et al., 2014)
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From page 158... ...
Modification of S19 or RB51 vaccines to improve immunogenicity by adding in genes that code for antigens that stimulate immune responses could be considered even though initial attempts to improve RB51's immunogenicity were successful in mice, but failed in bison and elk (Olsen et al., 2009; Nol et al., 2016)
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From page 159... ...
To efficiently conduct research on immune responses to existing or new vaccines or immunotherapeutics, it will be necessary to remove B abortus from the Select Agent list.
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From page 160... ...
. Genome analysis in cattle and water buffalo shows distinct genome markers that code for susceptibility to infection, protective immune responses, and other characteristics of genetic resistance, and the results have direct application to bison genetics (Adams and Templeton, 1998; Capparelli et al., 2007; Adams and Schutta, 2010; Martinez et al., 2010; Elsik et al., 2016)
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From page 161... ...
7.3 Priorities for Diagnostic Testing Research Improved timeliness of results and enhanced accuracy, along with better differentiation of vaccinated and infected animals using a single test, would enhance serological testing for all ruminant species that are the focus of brucellosis control in the GYA. As noted earlier, the success of the eradication program using currently available diagnostic assays for cattle suggests that improved diagnostics for cattle may not be the highest priority for development.
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From page 162... ...
Elk diagnostic testing will become increasingly important in the future if B abortus infected elk continue to spread beyond current DSAs and prevalence in elk continues to increase.
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From page 163... ...
2009b. Oral vaccination with microencapsuled strain 19 vaccine confers enhanced protection against Brucella abortus strain 2308 challenge in red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus)
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From page 164... ...
American Journal of Veterinary Research 62:1328-1331. Elsik, C.G., R.L.
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From page 165... ...
American Journal of Veterinary Research 59:1575-1578. Ezenwa, V.O., and A.E.
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From page 166... ...
2004. Economic Analysis of Alternative Bison and Elk Management Practices on the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park: A Comparison of Visitor and Household Responses.
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From page 167... ...
2009. Immune responses and protection against experimental challenge after vaccination of bison with Brucella abortus strain RB51 or RB51 overexpressing superoxide dismutase and glycosyltransferase genes.
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From page 168... ...
2016. Prime-booster vaccination of cattle with an influenza viral vector Brucella abortus vaccine induces a long-term protective immune response against Brucella abortus infection.
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