Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, Third Edition (2013) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 618-716
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 618... ...
1. User's Guide 2.
|
From page 619... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 5.
|
From page 620... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit 10-1 Example Transit Station Security Elements ......................................................... 10-4 Exhibit 10-2 Examples of Passenger Amenities at Transit Stations ..................................
|
From page 621... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Exhibit 10-37 Calculation Example 1: Bus Routes Planned to Use Proposed Transit Center ............................................................................................................ 10-73 Exhibit 10-38 Calculation Example 1: Maximum Design Year Berth Needs ...................
|
From page 622... ...
Organization of Chapter 10. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 1.
|
From page 623... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition OTHER RESOURCES Other TCQSM material related to station capacity includes: • The "What's New" section of Chapter 1, User's Guide, which describes the changes made in this chapter from the 2nd Edition; • The "Passenger Load" section of Chapter 5, Quality of Service Methods, which presents information on the amount of space taken up by passengers holding or carrying various items; • Chapter 9, Ferry Transit Capacity, which refers readers to this chapter for information on sizing ferry terminal elements; and • The manual's CD-ROM, which provides links to the electronic versions of the TCRP reports referenced in this chapter. STATION DESIGN CAPACITY Design capacity is determined by passenger demand volumes under typical peakperiod conditions, additional demand that builds during service disruptions and special events, and emergency evacuation situations.
|
From page 624... ...
http:/ /www.accessboard.gov/adaaba/ada-standardsdot.cfm NFPA 130 establishes standards for the evacuation of fixed guideway transit and passenger rail stations. NFPA 130 specifies facility element capacities and pedestrian speeds to be used in evacuation analysis.
|
From page 625... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition complex or higher-capacity stations, the number of platforms may also need to be addressed from both daily use and emergency perspectives. The number and configuration of platforms directly affects potential platform access, particularly when vertical circulation is required to access and egress platforms.
|
From page 626... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition 2. STATION TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS OVERVIEW Various types of transit stops, stations, and terminals provide service tailored to the specific needs of a transit system or a particular locale.
|
From page 627... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition disadvantages of near-side, far-side, and mid-block on-street bus stops on pages 6-11 and 6-12. Bus stops can be placed on the near side of an intersection, on the far side, or mid-block.
|
From page 628... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition facilities (3) , and corresponding local standards or best practice elsewhere, should also be incorporated into a transit center's design.
|
From page 629... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition LIGHT RAIL AND STREETCAR STATIONS Light rail stations are typically 180 to 400ft (55 to 120m) long.
|
From page 630... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Most heavy rail stations have fare control arrays and enclosed paid zones, although some European systems use proof-of-payment systems. Depending on the fare payment system, fare-collection machines may be located both inside (e.g., addfare)
|
From page 631... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition other types of rail stations, Section 4 addresses sizing station access features, while Section 5 addresses sizing passenger circulation and waiting area elements. FERRY DOCKS AND TERMINALS Ferry docks and terminals can vary from simple waterside facilities with limited shelters and relatively small passenger flow volumes to major terminals with multiple ferries receiving and discharging large numbers of passengers and vehicles.
|
From page 632... ...
Exhibit 10-2 Examples of Passenger Amenities at Transit Stations Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition various passenger amenities are summarized in Exhibit 10-2. Examples of passenger amenities at transit stops and stations are illustrated in Exhibit 10-3.
|
From page 633... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition (a) Shelter & bench (Denver)
|
From page 634... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition 3. PASSENGER CIRCULATION INTRODUCTION This section introduces the concept of pedestrian level of service (LOS)
|
From page 635... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition · -- ~ -- -~0 0 0 0 I \ I \ I o o I _o _________.: ~ -- ~ -- -~ -- ~ I \ : \ -- -- -- -·-· -- -.!
|
From page 636... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Pedestrian performance is often reported in terms of the average LOS of a space over time (typically over the busiest 15-min period of activity)
|
From page 637... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition schedules, fare information, and neighborhood maps provide information for passengers. While most stations or stops will include at least minimal signage, more complex stations require more extensive wayfinding systems.
|
From page 638... ...
Exhibit 10-7 Doorway Example (New York) Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Public Address Systems Public address systems may be provided in stations both for public information and for security.
|
From page 639... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Fare Purchase Higher-capacity transit services typically require passengers to purchase their fare before boarding a transit vehicle. Fare purchase is one of the least-standardized elements of transit service, as it depends on the particular characteristics of the transit system's fare structure and the equipment used to purchase tickets (Exhibit 10-8)
|
From page 640... ...
Exhibit 10-9 Faregate Examples Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition addfare machines are usually placed inside the fare-paid area so that passengers with insufficient value left on their ticket can pay the balance of the fare. Fare Control Faregates limit the capacity of a circulation route by imposing restricted lateral spacing and by requiring pedestrians to perform an activity that consumes additional time.
|
From page 641... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Despite increasing concern for security, screening is not currently undertaken in most transit stations. However, planners of new stations or those in particularly sensitive locations may wish to make provision for screening either in the future or on an as-needed basis.
|
From page 642... ...
Exhibit 10-10 Pedestrian Speed on Walkways The full walkway width will nat be used by pedestrians. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Exhibit 10-10 shows the relationship between walking speeds and average pedestrian space (the inverse of density)
|
From page 643... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition converging pedestrians from viewing one another, and areas where wayfinding decision making (or other activities that distract pedestrians) may occur.
|
From page 644... ...
Exhibit 10-12 Examples of Multiple Pedestrian Activities Within a Transit Station Time-space analysis is used ta study complex passenger circulation patterns involving multiple activities. Exhibit 10-13 Moving Walkway Examples (New York)
|
From page 645... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Design Factors When planning moving walkways, the following factors should be considered: • The pedestrian volumes moving in each direction. For longer multi-unit moving walkway systems, the volumes may differ in various segments as pedestrians access intermediate destinations.
|
From page 646... ...
Critical passenger flows on stairways occur in the ascending direction. Exhibit 10-15 Pedestrian Ascent Speed on Stairs Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Because pedestrians are required to exert a higher amount of energy to ascend stairs as compared with descending stairs, lower flow rates typically occur in the ascending direction.
|
From page 647... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Exhibit 10-16 illustrates the relationship between flow rate on stairs in the ascending direction and pedestrians' space. As observed in this exhibit, the maximum ascending flow rate occurs at a pedestrian space of approximately 3 ft2/p (0.3 m2/p)
|
From page 648... ...
Exhibit 10-17 Escalator Configuration Examples The size of the queuing area provided at the exiting end of an escalator is an important consideration. Ramps, lifts, or elevators are required in new or modified gradeseparated facilities to meet ADA requirements.
|
From page 649... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition (8.3%) , an even more gradual slope (1 :20 to 1:16, or 5% to 6.25%)
|
From page 650... ...
Exhibit 10-19 Transit Station Platform Configurations ADA considerations for station platforms. Shelters provide protection from rain, wind, and sun.
|
From page 651... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition additional function of providing a fare-controlled area and may encompass a raised platform to provide high-level boarding. Shelters often have a modular design for cost effectiveness, branding consistency, and to provide flexibility for installing multiple modules at busier stations or single modules at stations with lighter traffic.
|
From page 652... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 4. VEHICLE CIRCULATION AND STORAGE TRANSIT VEHICLES Off-Street Bus Stops Off-street bus stops are typically provided as part of an all-bus transit center or in conjunction with a rail station.
|
From page 653... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition construction costs are significant constraints, the number of berths can be reduced by investigating the potential to share berths: • Routes that would not use the station at the same time (because they operate at different times of day or pass through the station at different times during the hour) could share berths.
|
From page 654... ...
Exhibit 10-20 Bus Berth Designs and Examples Photo locations: (a) Newport, Rl; {b)
|
From page 655... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition sometimes used in intercity bus terminals, where buses occupy berths for long periods of time, and staff may be available to guide bus drivers out of the berths. The National Transportation Safety Board recommends that transit facility designs incorporating sawtooth berths, or other types of berths that may direct errant buses towards pedestrian-occupied areas, should include provisions for positive separation (such as bollards)
|
From page 656... ...
Kiss-and-ride facility capacity is governed by space required for passenger pick-ups. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition can also be moved 100 to 300ft (30 to 90 m)
|
From page 657... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition (a) Denver (b)
|
From page 658... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Exhibit 10-23 Bicycle Parking Examples Exhibit 10-24 Summary of Secure Bike Storage Options (a) Bicycle racks (Clearwater, FL)
|
From page 659... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition 5. STATION ELEMENTS AND THEIR CAPACITIES INTRODUCTION This section provides computational methods for sizing the basic elements that might be found in a transit station, working from the outside of the station inward to the transit platform, following the same pattern used in Section 3.
|
From page 660... ...
Exhibit 10-25 Doorway LOS Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition STATION ACCESS Doorways Doorway Level of Service The LOS criterion selected to evaluate doorways (Exhibit 10-25) should be the same as that used for evaluating walkways.
|
From page 661... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Type of Entrance Free swinging Revolving, per direction Source: Fruin (2)
|
From page 662... ...
Equation 10-1 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition equipment provides unobstructed egress during an emergency, gates must provide at least half of the exit capacity. Fare Purchase Ticket Vending Machine Service Times Because of the range of ticket vending machines (TVMs)
|
From page 663... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Ticket Validators Where a proof-of-payment fare system is utilized, ticket validators may be used to validate or cancel a ticket with a time stamp to indicate that the ticket has been used and is valid for travel during a specific time period. Ticket validators are placed both for convenience and clarity to travelers and in a position that is consistent with local policy on where tickets must be validated (i.e., the extent of fare-paid areas)
|
From page 664... ...
Equation 10-2 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Magstripe and smart card readers can theoretically process substantially more passengers per minute than the values suggested by Exhibit 10-27. For example, in a controlled test of the New York subway's faregates using clean card readers and trained staff, between 38 and 53 pjmin could be processed, depending on the protocol used for using the faregate (e.g., looking at the faregate's display or not)
|
From page 665... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition where v = pedestrian flow per unit width (p/ft/min, pjmjmin) , S = pedestrian speed (ft/min, m/min)
|
From page 666... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Pedestrian Demand When estimating the pedestrian demand for a particular facility, it is important to consider short peak periods and surges within the peak. For general design purposes, a 15-min peak period is usually recommended.
|
From page 667... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition concentrations of pedestrians and constrains the ability of station elements to accommodate growth in passenger volumes. Designing for Emergency Evacuation For emergency evacuation design purposes, the NFPA 130 capacity and pedestrian travel speed values for platform, corridor, and ramps of 4% slope or less should be used in place of the values presented above.
|
From page 668... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 7. Calculate the time-space demand by multiplying the number of persons and the number dwelling by the time for walking through and the dwell time for various activities and by the space used by a person engaged in each activity.
|
From page 669... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition VERTICAL Cl RCU LA TION Stairways Levels of Service for Stairways The required width of a stairway is based on maintaining a desirable pedestrian LOS. Stairway levels of service are based on average pedestrian space and average flow rate.
|
From page 670... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition The following steps are necessary to calculate the width of stairway, stairway capacity, and queuing area required for a given peak pedestrian volume. Determining Required Stairway Width by the LOS Method This procedure to determine the required stairway width is based on maintaining a desirable pedestrian LOS.
|
From page 671... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition lanes of 28 to 30 in.
|
From page 672... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 3. Compute the pedestrian capacity (p/h)
|
From page 673... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Width at Tread Incline Speed Nominal Capacitl£ Type (in.)
|
From page 674... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition considered as emergency exits. The 2010 NFPA 130 values for stopped escalator capacity and pedestrian travel speed may be found in the preceding section on stairways.
|
From page 675... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition • Distance traveled (height of shaft) , • Elevator speed, • Elevator acceleration and deceleration rates, and • Elevator door opening and closing times.
|
From page 676... ...
Exhibit 10-32 Levels of Service for Queuing Areas Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition PLATFORMS AND WAITING AREAS Levels of Service for Bus Stops and Station Platforms Levels of service for passenger queuing and waiting areas, such as station platforms, are shown in Exhibit 10-32. The thresholds were developed based on average pedestrian space, personal comfort, and degrees of internal mobility.
|
From page 677... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition • Waiting area buffers (adjacent to the platform edge and to waiting areas) , with the platform edge denoted by a 18-in.
|
From page 678... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 7. Consider the additional platform space that will be unused, including dead areas and physical obstructions; 8.
|
From page 679... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition could be conducted using a space per pedestrian that is between the walking criteria shown in Exhibit 10-28 and the queuing criteria presented in Exhibit 10-32. The desirable number of seats is a question of the maximum number of people who would choose to sit, the average waiting time, and such design issues as the space available for seating and the cost of installing and maintaining seats.
|
From page 680... ...
Platform exit capacity is a key consideration in heavily used stations. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition more refined numerical measure is desired.
|
From page 681... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Passengers/train .
|
From page 682... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Excessive platform clearance time or excessive time on specific elements may suggest the need for additional exit capacity, which is added by introducing additional stair lanes (or other egress elements)
|
From page 683... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 6. APPLICATIONS This section presents examples of some the real-world situations that this chapter's methods can be applied to.
|
From page 684... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition ALTERNATIVE STATION LOCATION AND FEATURES COMPARISONS Once a mode, basic alignment, and conceptual station locations have been identified for a new transit facility or service, the development of station plans is advanced to a greater level of detail along with other elements of the project. The emphasis on station design is increasingly focused on meeting the projected demand and unique constraints and opportunities at each station location.
|
From page 685... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition 3. Apply the requirements ofNFPA 130 and the ADA to the design to provide for safe and accessible facilities and to verify the design's compliance with these standards.
|
From page 686... ...
Exhibit 10-34 Sample Pedestrian Flow Diagram Through a Transit Terminal Exhibit 10-35 Elements of Passenger Circulation in a Transit Station Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Pedestrian System Requirements An initial step in evaluating a transit station design is to outline the pedestrian system requirements. Determining passenger circulation and queuing requirements begins with a detailed understanding of the pedestrian flow process through a station in the form of a flowchart.
|
From page 687... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition plotted graphically to illustrate volume and direction. Pedestrian walking times, distances, and waiting and service times can also be entered into this diagram.
|
From page 688... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Step 4: Load Inbound Passengers onto the Network Inbound passenger volumes for the analysis period are assigned to applicable links and nodes. Step 5: Load Outbound Passengers onto the Network Outbound passenger volumes for the analysis period are assigned to applicable links and nodes.
|
From page 689... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition replication of a range of pedestrian characteristics in any population has evolved, from simpler hydraulic models (in which pedestrian movement is governed solely by external forces) to agent-based models that capture individual human behavior as well as movement.
|
From page 690... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition • Various timing schedules may be required to indicate such events as the arrival and departure of transit vehicles, pedestrian crossing signals, announcements or calls to board, elevator movements, and other periodic or timed events. • Population profiles indicating movement characteristics such as walking speeds, preferred interpersonal spacing, and other factors may be selected from standard profiles provided by the software, or may be created based on survey data.
|
From page 691... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition • Number of people within a zone. • Space utilization-the amount of time during an analysis period that specific areas are occupied.
|
From page 692... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition • Video clips showing movements of people, changes in mapped data over time, or both. Movements of people can be represented either on a two-dimensional plan (usually as dots)
|
From page 693... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Standards of Performance and Interpretation of Results with Simulations As microsimulation has both introduced myriad ways to analyze pedestrian circulation, and also shed new light on traditional methods, it suggests a need for new standards for what constitutes preferred or acceptable pedestrian flow in various circumstances. Since simulations offer so many ways to summarize and present data, a key principle in applying these capabilities is to use only those outputs that relate to the issues or questions at hand, rather than "showing off' the capabilities of the software.
|
From page 694... ...
Exhibit 10-36 List of Calculation Examples Based on a BRT planning study in the Vancouve~ Canada region. Exhibit 10-37 Calculation Example 1: Bus Routes Planned to Use Proposed Transit Center Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 7.
|
From page 695... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition • Much of the BRT ridership is anticipated to be park-and-ride based. • Three versions of BRT service will be provided: (a)
|
From page 696... ...
Exhibit 10-38 Calculation Example 1: Maximum Design Year Berth Needs Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Berth Allocation Peak Headway Recovery at Transit Berth Boarding Layover Route Route Type (min) Center (min)
|
From page 697... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition CALCULATION EXAMPLE 2: STAIRWAY SIZING The Situation A new rail station will be constructed below grade. This three-level station (platform, mezzanine, and surface)
|
From page 698... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition • The loads of one train on each track during the peak 15 min, assuming each train is running one headway late (i.e., is carrying twice its normal load, but no more than a full [maximum schedule] load)
|
From page 699... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition The greatest exiting or entering volumes under typical daily conditions occur during the a.m. peak hour.
|
From page 700... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition the surface or a point beyond fire doors) would need to be evaluated.
|
From page 701... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 4. Calculate the required waiting space.
|
From page 702... ...
Derived from a problem in Fruin {2}. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition areas is 5 ft2 jp, which allows passengers to wait without touching one another.
|
From page 703... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition are discharged uniformly along the length of the platform and the escalator is located in the center of the platform, arrival time can be approximately represented on the clearance diagram by determining the time required to walk half the platform length. A commuter walking speed of 91.4 mjmin (300 ftjmin)
|
From page 704... ...
Derived from an example in Benz {33)
|
From page 705... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition accumulation of waiting passengers, if large enough, can easily affect the cross passageway width available to handle longitudinal flow. • As shown in Exhibit 10-41, the cross passage way is 140ft long with an effective width of 25 ft (i.e., the width actually available for passenger activities: the wallto-wall dimension minus the width occupied by obstructions and columns and the boundary or "cushion" maintained by pedestrians along walls)
|
From page 706... ...
Derived from a study of Town Hall Station in Sydney, Australia. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition I,94o £e = 13 .9 ft 140ft This leaves 11.1 ft available for the flow of the 16 7 circulating passengers who would walk through the cross passageway during the 1-min peak queue period.
|
From page 707... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Station Concourse ~~+-~~ ~~~~~~) 1 'I_ j .• ® Upper Platform Level Computational Steps Outline of Solution This example presents an approach based on traditional time-space analysis using a computer spreadsheet model to assess circulation.
|
From page 708... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition The data are input into the model in the form of a.m.
|
From page 709... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition standard of 1.4 m2 per person. The demand for dwell time-space is calculated by multiplying pedestrian volumes in each zone by the dwell percent, the average dwell time, and an assumed dwell space of 0.65 m2 per person.
|
From page 710... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Model Development Steps Step 1: Collect and Format Data When creating a model, the first elements required are some form of pedestrian flow data for the area and plans of that area. Data should be summarized to the appropriate time frame of the simulation.
|
From page 711... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition • Windows, • Door jambs, • Furniture, and • Vehicles. The more CAD lines that are retained for use in a simulation, the longer a simulation may take to run, so the simulation CAD layer should be the minimum CAD necessary to define the pedestrian-accessible space.
|
From page 712... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 8.
|
From page 713... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition 14. American Public Transportation Association.
|
From page 714... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 26. Kittelson & Associates, Inc.; KFH Group, Inc.; Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglass, Inc.; and K
|
From page 715... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition APPENDIX A: EXHIBITS IN METRIC UNITS 100 90 I 80 70 c: ·e ......
|
From page 716... ...
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Exhibit 10-15m 50 Pedestrian Ascent Speed on Stairs 45 _ _J I ~ 40 + 35 - - + c ·e 30 ......
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.