An Assessment of ARPA-E (2017) / Chapter Skim
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From page 183... ...
An Assessment of ARPA-E Appendix D Case Studies Used to Assess ARPA-E's Operations and Potential to Achieve Energy Impacts Case studies were one of the methods used by the committee to assess ARPA-E's operations and its progress toward achieving its statutory mission and goals. This appendix presents the findings from the case studies; the approach used in conducting the case studies is described in Appendix C
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 184 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E on a portfolio of electricity storage projects; and the third on 10 individual cases studies grouped into three categories -- successful, cancelled, and other projects. ONE PROGRAM: SWITCHES To understand the implementation of and impacts from a broad set of projects, the committee undertook a case study of a single program -- SWITCHES -- and the broad set of projects on electric battery storage described in the next section.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 185 with those of silicon transistors while offering better performance. The program encompasses four major tasks: (1)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 186 TABLE D-1 Projects Funded under the SWITCHES Program PI and Project Lead Collaborators Description Remarks Years P Doped Diamond Power ASU Diamond, Use innovative diamond growth 2014–2016 Transistors vertical devices approach Vertical GaN Transistors on Avogy ABB, NCSU, Vertical devices 30 times smaller transistor than 2014–2017 Bulk GaN ORNL, Soraa Si, cost parity with Si in 3 years Vertical GaN Power Columbia IBM, IQE, MIT, Vertical devices Spalled GaN layers from bulk 2014–2017 Transistors on Spalled GaN Veeco GaN that are transferred to Si Layers Polar JFET Cornell IQE, Triquint, Vertical devices 2015–2017 United Tech. GaN Single Crystal Fairfield Stony Brook Bulk GaN Use unique boule growth 2014–2015 Substrates crystal Vertical GaN Transistor HRL Kyma, Malibu, Vertical devices Develop a vertical GaN 2014–2017 Virginia Tech transistor process GaN on Flexible Metal Tape iBeam Los Alamos and Thin-film GaN Develop GaN thin films using 2014–2016 materials Sandia National ion beam alignment on metal Laboratories tapes using superconductor film technology Transformational GaN Kyma Avogy, Soraa, Bulk GaN Convert seeds to boules using 2014–2018 Substrate Technology White Light, PSU HVPE Diamond Diode and Michigan Fraunhofer Diamond Diamond -- better way of 2014–2016 Transistors State doping diamond and making devices with doped components Copyright National Academy of Sciences.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E TABLE D-1 Continued PI and Project Lead Collaborators Description Remarks Years Vertical Junction FETs on Micro Ammono, ND, Vertical junc. Use epitaxial lift-off techniques 2014–2017 Epitaxial Liftoff Substrates Link VPI, Triquint FETs to reuse GaN substrates Advanced Manufacturing and Monolith RPI SiC Use existing SiC manufacturing 2014–2016 Performance Enhancements facilities, but design efficient for Reduced Cost SiC process flows and device Devices designs to make more efficient/cheaper high-power SiC transistors HVPE of GaN on GaN Six Point Cornell, ND GaN substrates Will do HVPE on bulk GaN 2014–2017 Wafers -- Homoepitaxy High-quality GaN Substrates Soraa GaN substrates GaN substrates growth in 2014–2015 ammonothermal reactor Current Aperture Vertical UCSB Transphorm, U.S.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 188 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E switching. The scope of the work is intended to bring to practice complete devices (working prototypes)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 189 high-voltage (approximately 200−2,000 V) , high-current power semiconductor devices and circuits that, upon ultimately reaching scale, would have the potential to offer affordable breakthrough performance in terms of low losses, high switching frequencies (and therefore smaller packages)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 190 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E engineers will find applications not fully conceived of today. Thus, ARPA-E's efforts in the SWITCHES program are consistent with its goal of bringing potentially transformational technologies beyond discovery into the demonstration phase.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 191 Committee Assessment The SWITCHES program clearly aspires to have a transformational impact on power semiconductor devices. As described in the Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 192 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E The path to developing a semiconductor technology can be complicated. At the end of a typical 3-year project cycle, a good technical concept that has undergone a well-executed development process will lead to a promising technology -- typically one for which most of the risk elements entailed in feasibility and scalability demonstration have been eliminated.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 193 and lithium-air designs. The projects in the RANGE program, which began in 2013, continued efforts to develop rechargeable battery technologies for plug-in electric vehicles (focusing on battery designs that would enhance safety)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 194 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E Project Funding Characteristics As shown in Figure D-3, ARPA-E funded 63 electricity storage projects through 2014; 5 have been cancelled, 30 are still active, and 28 have been completed. This record can be compared with ARPA-E's overall project funding: according to the agency's website, 2 a total of 484 projects have been funded, 25 have been cancelled, 249 are still active, and 210 have been completed.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E TABLE D-2 Funding for Electricity Storage Projects, 2009−2014 Total ARPA-E Funding $170,738,843 Total Cost Share $64,422,468 Total Funding $235,161,311 ARPA-E Total Average Per Program Name # of Awards Funding ($) Cost Share ($)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 196 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E project lasted 2.7 years and consumed approximately $980,000 per year of ARPA-E funding; however, funding levels and durations varied by project. For example, the longest project stretched just over 6 years, and the most expensive project received more than $10 million in funds.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 197 FIGURE D-5 Focus of the ARPA-E electricity storage projects funded 2009−2014. these projects was not solely technical; some were focused mainly on safety, and others on durability.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 198 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E FIGURE D-6 Performer collaboration types of electricity storage projects funded by ARPA-E, 2009–2014. performers, as mandated by the ARPA-E funding rules.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 199 TABLE D-3 Impact Analysis of the 63 Electricity Storage Projects Funded by ARPA-E from 2009 to 2014 Total publications 115 Publications in high-impact journals 37 Number of highly cited papers 5 Total number of patents 22 Number of companies formed 6 Number of projects receiving follow-on funding 20 Number of projects receiving private funding 12 Number of projects receiving subsequent public funding 14 Number of companies with a product in the market in 2015 4 that the electricity storage portfolio has produced similar or slightly better outcomes in terms of funding and technical development relative to all ARPA-E projects. In total, there have been 15 different program directors for these electricity storage projects, and in nearly every case, the projects were transferred to new directors.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 200 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E FIGURE D-7 Degree of novelty and prior support for ARPA-E electricity storage projects. significant evidence of prior similar work being conducted at either the principal investigator's or another institution (Figure D-7)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 201 ARPA-E after being founded, and in most cases had a well-defined technical path forward. In these cases, the most common scenario is one in which ARPA-E funded either demonstration projects or product improvements.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 202 TABLE D-4 ARPA-E Individual Project Case Studies Company Company Name Short Project Title OPEN/Focused Type Successes -- projects that the committee or the agency considers likely to have or that have had market success in the energy sector and that have received follow-on funding 1366 Technologies Cost-Effective Silicon Wafers for Solar Cells OPEN 2009 Small Co. Foro Energy Laser-Mechanical Drilling for Geothermal Energy OPEN 2009 Small Co.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 203 for new technologies to be adopted by the market, 4 and thus this early assessment allows for the capture of only early outputs and outcomes (Powell and Moris, 2002)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 204 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E like to have had more input on potential customers and funders. The five projects are as follows: • 1366 Technologies is developing a process to reduce the cost of solar electricity by up to 50 percent by 2020 -- from $0.15 per kWh to less than $0.07 per KWh.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 205 These wafers have been made the same way for decades. Instead of growing expensive crystals and cutting them into thin fragile wafers, 1366 casts the wafers directly from molten silicon and can make shapes that are more durable and use less material.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 206 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E Technology overview 1366 Technologies has been consistent in its stated goals and has not wavered in its efforts to manufacture low-cost silicon PV cells. A spin-out of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 207 Hanwha Q Cells, which has also committed to purchasing 700 MW from the commercial facility during its first 5 years. At the time of the ARPA-E solicitation, 1366 was a young company seeking funding.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 208 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E 1366 Technologies and the program director believe this is likely the best scenario, with a single director providing whatever the performer requires so that the project's direction can pivot to address its greatest challenge. In the case of 1366, this was a technical challenge; in other cases, the challenge relates to the product.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 209 FIGURE D-10 Funding history for 24M. NOTES: The figure shows the timing for the company's inception, for the ARPA-E funding (purple)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 210 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E rebuttals, and the project was not funded. However, Dr.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 211 structures. 5 With this knowledge, 24M made a significant pivot and abandoned the entire concept of a flow cell to start working on thick electrode batteries that do not flow at all but can be made cheaply and efficiently relative to traditional battery structures (Figure D-11)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 212 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E Technology-to-market prospects Although 24M raised funding from U.S. based venture capitalists in its Series A round, it was unable to attract U.S.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 213 SLIPS was inspired by the slippery surface of the carnivorous pitcher plant, which uses liquids and a mechanical trap to catch insects. By copying the plant's systems, the Harvard team developed a porous material that could hold liquid similarly to the way a sponge holds water.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 214 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E FIGURE D-12 Funding history for SLIPS. NOTES: Harvard University received an ARPA-E award of $2.750 million as part of the 2012 OPEN Funding Opportunity Announcement.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 215 Given the many potential applications for SLIPS, ARPA-E asked Dr. Aizenberg to spend the first few months of the project evaluating 10 different energy sectors through small proof-of-concept experiments, market research, and discussions with potential industrial partners.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 216 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E meaningful technology goals.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 217 Project funding characteristics Foro Energy received an ARPA-E award of $9,141,030 as part of the OPEN 2009 competition. The project term was from January 15, 2010, to September 30, 2013.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 218 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E compact, transportable, and efficient became available. Optical fiber technology was readily available for the communication industry.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 219 Foro obtained follow-on support from a customer to continue its system development, including building on the original platform to increase the bit size and significantly increase the laser power. These system enhancements are operational as an ongoing program.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 220 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E throughout the project. He also helped with billing and other logistics.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 221 Distributed Power Flow Control (Smart Wires) Project description Modernizing the electrical grid requires the ability to integrate renewable energy sources into the grid and increase controllability to obtain more throughput.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 222 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E FIGURE D-14 Funding history for Smart Wires. NOTES: The figure shows the timing of the company's start-up, the ARPA-E funding (purple)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 223 been high. Given this reality, even if a new technology appeared to be very compelling, investors were resistant to business plans based on a protracted effort to sell a new technology to utilities.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 224 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E congestion on overloaded lines and redistributed power, thereby optimizing operations of the transmission system. Outcomes and ARPA-E's role Smart Wires is currently facing a different challenge than it did in its early stages -- scaling up to meet demand from utilities for its technologies.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 225 18–24 months behind where it is today. ARPA-E's funding, and the field testing it enabled, served to "derisk" the technology for follow-on investors and made it easier for the company to raise capital going forward.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 226 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E power flows can be controlled. The principles behind Smart Wires are modularity with rapid deployment and ease of redeployment.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 227 Cancelled Project: Nanostructured Scalable Thick-Film Magnetics (General Electric) As noted earlier, ARPA-E cancels projects before their original end date if they are not meeting their goals and appear unlikely to do so eventually.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 228 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E The ubiquity of these devices means that improvements in available materials will have large impacts. The cost and performance for power electronics are often limited by the magnetics, which are materials such as iron or ferrite (an iron oxide ceramic)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 229 team with materials science expertise might have supported. The GE team did not work with the T2M team because of the nature of the project.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 230 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E This research had the potential to enable buildings, cars, and electronics to cool without using electric power, a concept that was widely thought to be impossible. The project did not achieve the expected preliminary cost reductions, and its applications appear distant, but it had the effect of changing all engineering understanding of the limits of practical systems in thermal management.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 231 FIGURE D-15 Funding history for Agrivida. NOTES: The figure shows the timing of the company's start-up, the ARPA-E funding (purple)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 232 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E believes this was due to the lack of synergies with other programs within ARPA-E and the soft market for new biofuel technology. Committee assessment This project is good example of plus-up funding being used in an attempt to provide a ramp to the next step for a project.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 233 FIGURE D-16 Funding history for Ceres. NOTES: The figure shows the timing of the company's start-up, the ARPA-E funding (purple)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 234 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E follow a path similar to that of first-generation renewable fuels, which contributed more than $53 billion to the nation's 2009 gross domestic product. Outcomes and ARPA-E's role Ceres' research produced good results for genes that enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, so it sought ARPA-E funding to bring different groups of these genes forward as commercial embodiments.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 235 The traits being researched were known at the time of the funding. Field testing and commercially proving out technology is a difficult but necessary part of moving technology forward.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 236 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E Outcomes and ARPA-E's role ARPA-E benchmarked the project on a regular basis, pushing for cost analysis, competitive analysis, and a T2M strategy. The agency was responsive and flexible, accommodating a delay in schedule and helping to prioritize when the delivery of a large metalorganic chemical vapor deposition reactor for synthesizing the material was delayed.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 237 industrial R&D laboratory, is not a manufacturer of GaN power semiconductor devices. Radiative Coolers for Rooftops and Cars (Stanford University)
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 238 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E Project funding characteristics Stanford University received an ARPA-E award of $2,943,851 as part of the 2012 OPEN competition. The project term was from February 20, 2013, to September 8, 2016.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E APPENDIX D 239 The timing happened to be right, and the group submitted its proposal. If the group had not received funding from ARPA-E, it probably would have submitted its proposal elsewhere.
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An Assessment of ARPA-E 240 AN ASSESSMENT OF ARPA-E • Zhu, L., A Raman, and S
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