Use and Potential Impacts of AFFF Containing PFASs at Airports (2017) / Chapter Skim
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A-1 A p p e n d i x A Survey Methodology and Findings
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A-2 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports CONTENTS I
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-3 A-2 I INTRODUCTION The research findings presented in this report derive from a survey of North American airports that was commissioned by Dillon Consulting on behalf of the Airport Cooperative Research Program and conducted by JD Franz Research of Sacramento.
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A-4 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-3 Transcriptions of Open-Ended Responses to all of the survey's questions of this nature.2 Attachment D contains Statistically Significant Cross-Tabulations by County, and Attachment E includes Statistically Significant Cross-Tabulations by Airport Size. 2 Attachment C is not published herein but is available upon request from Cooperative Research Programs Senior Program Officer Joe Navarrete, at jnavarrete@nas.edu.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-5 A-4 II. RESEARCH METHODS Instrument Design The instrument that was used to conduct this survey was designed by the President of JD Franz Research in consultation with representatives of Dillon Consulting and Mead & Hunt.
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A-6 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-5 briefing for this particular survey, which included an in-depth introduction to the subject matter as well as a question-by-question review of the instrument, was conducted by the President of JD Franz Research. Survey Implementation Interviewing for the survey was conducted from PMR's centralized, CATI-equipped, and fully monitored facility.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-7 A-6 Table 1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES BY COUNTRY Unduplicated Valid Sample Completed Interviews Percent of Sample United States 199 149 75% Canada 26 18 69% Total 225 167 74% Table 2 portrays the distribution of the responses by airport size. Here again, all of the response rates are majorities, with the largest, perhaps not surprisingly, representing the smallest airports.
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A-8 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-7 Table 3 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES BY COUNTRY AND AIRPORT SIZE CATEGORY United States Canada Combined Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Category A 37 22% 3 2% 40 24% Category B 17 10% 5 3% 22 13% Category C 65 39% 4 2% 69 41% Category D 16 10% 3 2% 19 11% Category E 14 8% 3 2% 17 10% Total 149 89% 18 11% 167 100% Data Coding, Tabulation, and Analysis Coding Coding of the survey's closed-ended questions was accomplished by the interviewers as they conduct the interviews. Coding of the survey's open-ended questions was then undertaken by the President of JD Franz Research, who reviewed all of the responses to each question, developed the appropriate codebooks, and coded the responses.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-9 A-8 closed-ended items) , and second, because alternative designs would have greatly added to an already lengthy interview.
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A-10 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-9 III. FINDINGS Findings from the survey are presented here in the same order in which the questions were posed to airport representatives.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-11 A-10 concrete floor. Least likely to characterize the places where AFFF is stored are double containment, underground storage tanks, and earth or gravel floors.
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A-12 Use and Potential Impacts of AFFF Containing PFASs at Airports A-11 The extent to which double containment is used for AFFF storage varies by airport size, as Table 6 indicates. While the relationship is not linear, the larger airports are more likely than the smaller ones to use double containment.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-13 A-12 Table 8 PROCESSES AND SOLUTIONS FOR REMOVING AFFF FROM EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEMS Frequency Percent Drained Or Pumped Into Containers (Training Pit, Trailer, Holding Tank, Drums, Barrels, Totes) 89 53.3 Pumped From The Truck – Mechanism Not Specified 70 41.9 Drained From The Truck/Gravity Fed From Truck 30 18.0 Pumped By Mechanical Or Electric Pump From The Truck 24 14.4 Have Never Done This 13 7.8 Use The Nozzles On The Truck 7 4.2 Flushed And Treated As Runoff/Diluted With Water 7 4.2 Pumped By Hand From The Truck 6 3.6 It Is Flushed Out And Contained 4 2.4 Other 14 8.4 Don't Know 5 3.0 Conduct of Foam Tests As shown in Figure 2, almost all airports conduct foam tests, meaning tests of both the AFFF foam mixture and the equipment.
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A-14 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-13 EXTENT TO WHICH AIRPORTS CONDUCT FOAM TESTS Yes 97.6% No 2.4% Figure 3 indicates that a majority of the airports that conduct foam tests do so between every six months and once a year; the second largest group conducts such tests every four to six months. When these figures are summed, they total almost nine in ten airports (88 percent)
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-15 A-14 The frequency of foam testing varies by country, as illustrated in Table 9. Almost all Canadian airports conduct these tests between every six months and once a year.
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A-16 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-15 Table 10 FREQUENCY OF FOAM TESTING BY AIRPORT SIZE Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E Percent Once A Month 10.0 - 10.4 10.5 6.3 Once Every Two To Three Months - - 4.5 15.8 - Once Every Four To Six Months 22.5 38.1 38.8 42.1 18.8 Between Every Six Months And Once A Year 67.5 61.9 46.3 31.6 75.0 (p=.039) As illustrated in Figure 4, only seven percent of airports conduct tests of hangar foam systems.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-17 A-16 NATURE OF HANGAR FOAM SYSTEM TESTS Sprinkler System 8.3% Both 91.7% Figure 6 shows that over two-thirds of airports discharge the AFFF used in foam tests onto the ground. Only about a third discharges it into an engineered containment system.
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A-18 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-17 subdivided into two categories: those that relate to capture and containment and those that address disposition. The latter category is quite small and does not appear to suggest any particularly prominent practices.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-19 A-18 Figure 8 indicates that close to one in five airports replace AFFF in circumstances other than those listed in the previous question. These circumstances are depicted in Table 12.
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A-20 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-19 Table 12 OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH AFFF IS REPLACED Frequency Percent Given To Another Agency When They Needed It 5 17.2 Foam Fails Testing Or Doesn't Work 5 17.2 Breakdown Of Equipment With Foam Loss Or Contamination 3 10.3 Inventory Goes Below Required Minimum 3 10.3 Foam Gets Contaminated 3 10.3 Bad Batch/Manufacturer Buyback/Manufacturer Recall 2 6.9 Used In An Emergency 2 6.9 Other 6 20.7 Figure 9 shows the mean extent to which airports dispose of spent or unused AFFF in various ways. The data in this figure are calculated on a scale of one to five where one equals never and five equals always.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-21 A-20 even achieve the level of "rarely," and half are closer to the level of "never." Most prominent are using a wastewater management contractor and letting it infiltrate into the soil. The use of wastewater management contractors varies by country, as portrayed in Table 13.
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A-22 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-21 Handling Materials That Come Into Contact With AFFF Figure 10 illustrates the mean degree to which airports handle containers and other materials that come into contact with AFFF in various ways. Here again, the scale contains five points ranging from one for never to five for always.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-23 A-22 Table 14 EXTENT TO WHICH AIRPORTS HANDLE MATERIALS THAT COME INTO CONTACT WITH AFFF ON-SITE BY COUNTRY US Canada Percent Never 40.9 27.8 Rarely 4.0 5.6 Sometimes 12.8 11.1 Usually 4.0 22.2 Always 38.3 33.3 (p=.044) Firefighter Training As depicted in Figure 11, close to nine in ten airports have held firefighter training on their premises at some point in time.
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A-24 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-23 EXTENT TO WHICH AFFF HAS BEEN USED IN TRAINING EXERCISES No Exercises 23.0% Selected Exercises 72.3% All Exercises 4.7% Figure 13 shows that by far the majority of the airports using AFFF in firefighter training discharge it onto the ground. Slightly over one in five discharge it into engineered containment systems.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-25 A-24 evaporate, dissolve, or dissipate. This is followed by discharging the material onto the ground where it is left to soak in or infiltrate and by discharging it onto the ground and diluting it.
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A-26 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-25 Table 16 ENGINEERED CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS USED FOR COLLECTING AFFF FROM FIREFIGHTER TRAINING Frequency Percent Capture and Containment: Captured In Collection Facility/Training Pit 16 66.7 Use Separator (Water/Foam, Oil/Water) /Water Reclamation System 9 37.5 Dispersed Onto A Paved Surface 2 8.3 Disposition: Goes to Retention Pond/Tank 4 16.7 Dispersed or Released – Unclear Where 3 12.5 Vacuumed Up With Vacuum Truck 2 8.3 Taken Away By Contractor 2 8.3 Goes To Treatment Plant/Sanitary System 2 8.3 Other 3 12.5 Staff and Trainee Handling of AFFF Figure 14 illustrates the extent to which staff and trainees who handle AFFF wear various types of protective gear when doing so.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-27 A-26 Best Management Practices for Preventing Spills during AFFF Handling Table 17 presents airports' assessments of the best management practices for preventing spills during the handling of AFFF. The two leading practices, mentioned by equal numbers of airports, are taking one's time or using caution and using some form of containment or containers.
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A-28 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-27 Table 17 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING SPILLS Frequency Percent Use Caution/Be Careful/Take Your Time/Pay Attention/Attend To Detail 36 21.6 Use Containment/Containers 36 21.6 Provide Thorough Training On Procedures 27 16.2 Make Sure Connections Are Correct/Are Tight 26 15.6 Follow Procedures 26 15.6 Use Pumps 20 12.0 Have Clear Procedures/Checklists 20 12.0 Use The Right Equipment/Make Sure Equipment Is Set Up Properly 19 11.4 Do Not Do It Alone/Involve Multiple People 17 10.2 We Have Never Had An Issue or Problem/We Don't Spill 14 8.4 Use Safety Gear 13 7.8 Work In A Contained Area/ Closed Area/Safe Area 13 7.8 Put Safety First/Make Safety A Priority/Use Safety Precautions 8 4.8 Maintain Trucks Well/Maintain Equipment Well 7 4.2 Make People Aware That The Goal Is Not To Have A Spill 7 4.2 Use A Closed System 6 3.6 Have Absorbent Material Available 6 3.6 Make Sure Spill Containment Is Available If Needed 2 1.2 Make People Aware Of The Foam's Cost 2 1.2 Other 37 22.2 Don't Know 2 1.2 Experiences with AFFF in Firefighting Figure 15 demonstrates that close to three-quarters of airports have used AFFF for actual firefighting purposes. Of these, as shown in Table 18, the largest proportion has used AFFF in firefighting between six and ten times.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-29 A-28 EXTENT TO WHICH AFFF HAS BEEN USED AT AIRPORTS FOR FIREFIGHTING PURPOSES Yes 71.3% No 28.7% Table 18 NUMBER OF TIMES THIS HAS OCCURRED IN THE PAST TEN YEARS Frequency Percent 1 15 12.6 2 18 15.1 3 17 14.3 4 7 5.9 5 15 12.6 6 To 10 29 24.3 More Than 10 18 15.0 The extent to which AFFF has been used for actual firefighting purposes varies by airport size, as illustrated in Table 19. Here, the trend is virtually linear, with the largest airports having the highest frequency of use and the smallest airports having the second lowest.
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A-30 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-29 Table 19 USE OF AFFF IN ACTUAL FIREFIGHTING BY AIRPORT SIZE Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E Percent Yes 57.5 50.0 78.3 78.9 94.1 No 42.5 50.0 21.7 21.1 5.9 (p=.005) Figure 16 indicates that only three percent of the airports that have used AFFF in firefighting have a history of known contamination as a result of these activities.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-31 A-30 Figure 17 demonstrates that none of the airports with a known history of contamination as a result of firefighting activities changed their AFFF management practices as a result of these incidents. Thus none were offered the opportunity to discuss any changes they might have made.
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A-32 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-31 EXTENT TO WHICH AIRPORTS HAVE CONDUCTED ANY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES RELATIVE TO AFFF Yes 10.8% No 89.2% The extent to which airports have conducted environmental site investigations relative to the release of AFFF into the environment is a function of airport size, as illustrated in Table 20. Figure 18 Figure 19 Percent
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-33 A-32 Here, the relationship is virtually linear, with Category E airports being most likely to say they have and Category B airports being most likely to say they have not. Category A airports are somewhat more likely to say yes than Category B airports, but the difference represents only a single airport.
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A-34 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-33 Figure 21 displays the extent to which the airports' environmental site investigations relative to AFFF have included various activities. As this graphic illustrates, the activities most likely to be included are an environmental risk assessment, a human health risk assessment, specialized field methods for sampling for PFAS, specialized analytical methods for testing for PFAS, and measurement of the prevalence of PFAS in soil.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-35 A-34 EXTENT TO WHICH THE INVESTIGATIONS LED TO ANALYSES OF REMEDIAL OPTIONS Yes 11.1% No 33.3% Don't Know 55.6% As shown in Figure 23, one of the two airports actually implemented the remedial options that were considered and recommended. This airport's description of what was implemented can be found below.
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A-36 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-35 EXTENT TO WHICH THE REMEDIAL OPTIONS WERE ACTUALLY IMPLEMENTED Yes 50.0% No 50.0% • The analysis, everything was implemented was the way we handled that. To isolate whenever we test or flow AFFF for training or testing.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-37 A-36 AWARENESS OF ALTERNATIVE FORMULATIONS OF AFFF Yes 23.4% No 76.6% Table 21 ALTERNATIVES OF WHICH AIRPORTS ARE AWARE Frequency Percent There Are Different Types/Manufacturers – Not Specific, Can't Remember Names 13 34.2 Mentions Unique Specific Types or Names 9 23.7 Alcohol-Based Product/Alcohol-Resistant Product 5 13.2 Fluorine-Free Foams/Fluoride-Free Agent/PFAS and PFOA Free 5 13.2 Environmentally Friendly Foams/Bio-Friendly Foams 5 13.2 Training Foams 5 13.2 Mentions Europe or European 4 10.5 Other 4 10.5 Among those who are aware of alternative formulations of AFFF, as illustrated in Figure 25, about a quarter actually uses alternatives. Verbatim reasons for using these alternatives among the nine airports that do so are presented below.
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A-38 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-37 displayed in Table 22. Chief among these is that the alternatives are not in compliance with government regulations.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-39 A-38 Table 22 REASONS FOR NOT USING ALTERNATIVES TO AFFF Frequency Percent They Do Not Conform To Specifications/They Are Not In Compliance With Regulations/They Are Not Mil Spec 19 63.3 We Are Using What We Have Always Used 4 13.3 AFFF Is Compatible With Our Equipment/What We Already Have 4 13.3 We Are Looking At Alternatives For Future Procurements/We Have Just Received Approval To Use An Alternative 3 10.0 Alternatives Are More Expensive 3 10.0 Other 2 6.7 Don't Know 2 6.7 Concluding Comments At the close of the interview, respondents were asked, "Before we conclude this conversation, is there anything you would like to add about the procurement, storage, handling, use, or mitigation of AFFF? " As shown in Table 23, by far the majority of airports answered this by saying either "None," "Nothing," or something similar.
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A-40 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-39 Cold Fire, it bonds with a molecular level, but it's not a foam. It nerves the fuel molecule and you cannot light it.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-41 A-40 ATTACHMENT A Survey Instrument
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A-42 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-41 AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM SURVEY ABOUT THE USE OF AQUEOUS FILM-FORMING FOAM (AFFF) AT NORTH AMERICAN AIRPORTS Respondent Selection IF RESPONDENT NAME IS PROVIDED, ASK FOR RESPONDENT BY NAME.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-43 A-42 reported in the aggregate; individual responses will be kept strictly confidential and will not be attributed to particular airports. Is this a convenient time to talk for about XX minutes?
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A-44 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-43 3. When AFFF needs to be removed from firefighting equipment or systems, what processes and solutions do you use?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-45 A-44 IF YES, ASK: 7. During hangar system tests, do you test the sprinkler system, the foam generation system, or both?
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A-46 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-45 10. Now turning to the disposal of AFFF … Do you replace the AFFF at your airport when ________________?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-47 A-46 13. Does your airport always, usually, sometimes, rarely, or never dispose of spent or unused AFFF by ______________?
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A-48 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-47 IF YES, ASK: 16. And has AFFF been used in all of the training exercises, in selected training exercises, or in no training exercises?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-49 A-48 IF ENGINEERED CONTAINMENT SYSTEM, ASK: 19. Could you please describe the engineered containment system that is used in collecting the foam used in training exercises?
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A-50 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-49 21. From your perspective, what are the best management practices for preventing spills during the handling of AFFF?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-51 A-50 IF YES, ASK: 25. Could you please describe what happened?
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A-52 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-51 IF YES, ASK: 28. And what was changed?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-53 A-52 32. Did (this investigation)
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A-54 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-53 35. Were any of the options actually implemented?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-55 A-54 IF ALTERNATIVES ARE USED, ASK: 40. And why do you use them?
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A-56 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-55 RECORD AIRPORT CODE: ____ ____ ____ RECORD AIRPORT CLASS: 1 I 2 II 3 III 4 IV NAME OF RESPONDENT: ____________________________ TITLE OF RESPONDENT: ____________________________ DATE COMPLETED: ___ ___/___ ___/___ ___ INTERVIEWER: _____________________________
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-57 A-56 ATTACHMENT B Detailed Data Tabulations for Responding Airports
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A-58 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-57 Country Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 US 149 89.2 89.2 89.2 2 Canada 18 10.8 10.8 100.0 Total 167 100.0 100.0 Sample Group Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 SAMPLE GROUP1 - CAT E AIRPORTS 17 10.2 10.2 10.2 2 SAMPLE GROUP2 - CAT D AIRPORTS 19 11.4 11.4 21.6 3 SAMPLE GROUP3 - CAT C AIRPORTS 69 41.3 41.3 62.9 4 SAMPLE GROUP4 - CAT B AIRPORTS 22 13.2 13.2 76.0 5 SAMPLE GROUP5 - CAT A AIRPORTS 40 24.0 24.0 100.0 Total 167 100.0 100.0 $Q1 Thinking first about the acquisition of AFFF, what are your airport's most important procurement criteria? Responses Percent of Cases (166)
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-59 A-58 Q2A. Considering all of the places where AFFF is stored at your airport, would you say that all, most, some, or none of them are enclosed?
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A-60 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-59 Q2E. How about have a cement or concrete floor?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-61 A-60 $Q3 When AFFF needs to be removed from firefighting equipment or systems, what processes and solutions do you use? Responses Percent of Cases (167)
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A-62 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-61 Q6. Do you ever conduct tests of hangar foam systems?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-63 A-62 $Q9 Could you please describe the engineered containment system that is used for collecting AFFF from foam tests? Responses Percent of Cases (50)
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A-64 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-63 Q10D. How about when it is lost due to leaking containers?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-65 A-64 $Q12 And what would those be? Responses Percent of Cases (29)
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A-66 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-65 Q13C. How about by using a wastewater management contractor?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-67 A-66 Q14A. And does your airport always, usually, sometimes, rarely, or never handle containers and other materials that come into contact with AFFF by using them again?
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A-68 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-67 Q15. Has firefighter training ever been held at your airport?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-69 A-68 $Q18 How has the discharged AFFF been handled? Responses Percent of Cases (90)
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A-70 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-69 Q20A. When staff or trainees are handling AFFF for whatever reason, do they wear eye protection?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-71 A-70 Q20F. How about fire-retardant clothing?
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A-72 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-71 Q22. Now I would like to talk about your experience with the use of AFFF.
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-73 A-72 Q27. Were any of the airport's AFFF management practices changed as a result of (this incident)
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A-74 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-73 Q32A. Did this investigation include specialized field methods for sampling for PFAS?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-75 A-74 Q32E. How about measurement of the prevalence of PFAS in groundwater?
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A-76 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-75 Q33. And did this investigation lead to an analysis of remedial options?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-77 A-76 $Q38 And what alternatives are you aware of? Responses Percent of Cases (38)
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A-78 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-77 $Q42 Is there anything you would like to add about the procurement, storage, handling, use or mitigation of AFFF? Responses Percent of Cases (167)
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-79 A-78 Date of Interview Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 20151207 12 7.2 7.2 7.2 20151208 11 6.6 6.6 13.8 20151209 13 7.8 7.8 21.6 20151211 5 3.0 3.0 24.6 20151214 7 4.2 4.2 28.7 20151215 7 4.2 4.2 32.9 20151216 4 2.4 2.4 35.3 20151217 3 1.8 1.8 37.1 20151218 4 2.4 2.4 39.5 20151221 4 2.4 2.4 41.9 20151222 5 3.0 3.0 44.9 20151223 2 1.2 1.2 46.1 20151228 5 3.0 3.0 49.1 20151229 3 1.8 1.8 50.9 20160104 5 3.0 3.0 53.9 20160105 4 2.4 2.4 56.3 20160106 5 3.0 3.0 59.3 20160107 5 3.0 3.0 62.3 20160108 4 2.4 2.4 64.7 20160111 3 1.8 1.8 66.5 20160112 2 1.2 1.2 67.7 20160113 7 4.2 4.2 71.9 20160114 2 1.2 1.2 73.1 20160115 4 2.4 2.4 75.4 20160118 1 .6 .6 76.0 20160122 2 1.2 1.2 77.2 20160125 3 1.8 1.8 79.0 20160126 7 4.2 4.2 83.2 20160127 4 2.4 2.4 85.6 20160129 2 1.2 1.2 86.8 20160201 1 .6 .6 87.4 20160202 1 .6 .6 88.0 20160203 4 2.4 2.4 90.4 20160205 4 2.4 2.4 92.8 20160208 1 .6 .6 93.4 20160210 2 1.2 1.2 94.6 20160211 1 .6 .6 95.2 20160212 1 .6 .6 95.8 20160217 4 2.4 2.4 98.2 20160218 2 1.2 1.2 99.4 20160307 1 .6 .6 100.0 Total 167 100.0 100.0
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A-80 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-79 Length of Interview Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 6 1 .6 .6 .6 7 1 .6 .6 1.2 8 2 1.2 1.2 2.4 10 2 1.2 1.2 3.6 11 1 .6 .6 4.2 12 7 4.2 4.2 8.4 13 5 3.0 3.0 11.4 14 8 4.8 4.8 16.2 15 10 6.0 6.0 22.2 16 11 6.6 6.6 28.7 17 15 9.0 9.0 37.7 18 8 4.8 4.8 42.5 19 5 3.0 3.0 45.5 20 12 7.2 7.2 52.7 21 6 3.6 3.6 56.3 22 10 6.0 6.0 62.3 23 5 3.0 3.0 65.3 24 7 4.2 4.2 69.5 25 6 3.6 3.6 73.1 26 9 5.4 5.4 78.4 27 11 6.6 6.6 85.0 28 5 3.0 3.0 88.0 29 3 1.8 1.8 89.8 30 4 2.4 2.4 92.2 31 3 1.8 1.8 94.0 33 3 1.8 1.8 95.8 36 1 .6 .6 96.4 37 1 .6 .6 97.0 41 1 .6 .6 97.6 42 1 .6 .6 98.2 48 1 .6 .6 98.8 50 1 .6 .6 99.4 59 1 .6 .6 100.0 Total 167 100.0 100.0
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-81 A-80 ATTACHMENT C Verbatim Transcriptions of Open-Ended Responses (Note: Attachment C is not published herein, but is available upon request from Cooperative Research Programs Senior Program Officer Joe Navarrete, at jnavarrete@nas.edu.)
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A-82 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-81 ATTACHMENT D Statistically Significant Cross-Tabulations by Country
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-83 A-82 Q2A. Considering all of the places where AFFF is stored at your airport, would you say that all, most, some, or none of them are enclosed?
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A-84 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-83 Q2F. How about have an earth or gravel floor?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-85 A-84 Q5. And about how often do you conduct these tests?
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A-86 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-85 Q13C. How about by using a wastewater management contractor?
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-87 A-86 Q14B. How about by storing them on-site?
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A-88 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-87 ATTACHMENT E Statistically Significant Cross-Tabulations by Airport Size
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Survey Methodology and Findings A-89 A-88 Q2D. How about are double containment?
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From page 190... ...
A-90 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-89 Q5. And about how often do you conduct these tests?
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From page 191... ...
Survey Methodology and Findings A-91 A-90 Q22. Now I would like to talk about your experience with the use of AFFF.
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From page 192... ...
A-92 Use and potential impacts of AFFF Containing pFASs at Airports A-91 Q29. Now I would like to ask you about any environmental studies you may have conducted relative to AFFF.
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Key Terms
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