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From page 2... ... 1-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 4 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. Read the entire page →
From page 3... ... 1-3 Approach ................................................................................................................................... 45 Target Audience and Outreach ................................................................................................. Read the entire page →
From page 4... ... 1-4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Model to Estimate Ridership Based on Population and Station Characteristics. Read the entire page →
From page 5... ... 1-5 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The objective of TCRP H-52 – Decision-Making Toolbox to Plan and Manage Park-and-Ride Facilities for Public Transportation is to develop a decision-making guidebook to better plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. The guidebook builds on relevant completed research to address both of these important concerns. Read the entire page →
From page 6... ... 1-6  Managing the shift of parking away from the central business district (CBD) and other dense activity centers. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... 1-7 RESEARCH REPORT ORGANIZATION The purpose of TCRP Web-Only Document 69 is to present valuable information gathered in the development of the A Guidebook for Planning and Managing Park-and-Ride Facilities, recap the research, and present the in-depth park-and-ride case study research. The document is presented in two parts. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... 1-8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of the literature review was to establish a foundation for the project research by documenting current practices and trends in park-and-ride-facility planning and management. THEMES The literature review documents previously published reports, articles, journals, books, web pages, and presentations from research institutes and transit agencies that explore practices in park-and-ride planning and operations in the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... 1-9 To facilitate researching specific topics within the literature, a table of literature sources was created with marks indicating the document's relevancy to key topics related to park-and-rides and is provided in Appendix A USES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF PARK-AND-RIDES This section summarizes the various uses of park-and-ride lots and different approaches to classification by function, the location of the facility, distance from primary commuter destination, and characteristics of the transit service. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... 1-10 Classification by Function Park-and-Ride Planning and Design Guidelines (Spillar 1997) classifies the types of park-and-ride facilities into six functional groups:  The function of a suburban park-and-ride lot is to collect transit patrons as close to the origin of a commute trip as possible and to provide a transfer point to long-haul transit service (bus or rail) Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... 1-11 Table 1. Park-and-Ride Facility by Distance from Primary Destination. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... 1-12 function in a similar capacity to suburban facilities with longer trip lengths (Turnbull et al. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... 1-13 Purpose-Built Versus Shared Facilities The AASHTO 2004 report also includes definitions for facility types based on construction purpose. Purpose-built lots exist to operate as parking facilities for commuters to transfer to another transportation mode, as opposed to parking lots originally built to serve neighboring residential or commercial buildings that later become shared-use park-and-ride facilities (AASHTO 2004) Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... 1-14  Regional travel demand models. o Region-specific models. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... Source: G Figure Role o Planners attract co obtain U identify t Planners evaluatio corridors resident w A variety geometri varying l facility. C facilities alicia and Ch 1. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... the study around 2 BART in home loc and-ride Faghri et determin informati private d questions location u other var engineers professio selection So area. The st 0 percent of the San Fra ations of us facilities cap al. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... 1-17 Fort Bend County Public Transportation near Houston, Texas, serves commuters by providing transit services to regional activity centers. To assist in projecting demand to the Houston CBD, researchers at TTI created the regional peer site model (RPMS) Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... Keck and site simil Allen (19 facility, w Cox (198 CBD and farther aw Christian shape wi were will useful ap like func Engel-Ya straight-l indirect p RightThere is research, the facili of transit larger ge greater th for comm Source: Holg Liu (1976) Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... 1-19 parking and passenger amenities despite closer distances to the CBD (Kittelson & Associates Inc. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... Other fac commute ride site n commute Sou Visibility awarenes Chicago used by d Park-and projected 4 to 5 mi Commut reach a p facility is Groves 2 In its 200 locations with ligh from a fr to identif a primary tors that inf r corridors -- ear the corr rs to avoid c rce: Holguin of park-and s of the park found that la riving past -ride faciliti to have con les away fro ers prefer no ark-and-ride located nea 007) Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... 1-21 population density, adjacent commuter corridors, anticipated transportation projects, neighboring residential land use, proximity to an existing informal lot, existing transit service at the site, potential future transit service, and multimodal activity. Placement Based on Projected Demand Various research reports propose different methods for determining commuter demand for parkand-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... Source: Timin A 2014 c service fo made ear study eff decision placemen in ridersh engineeri of the fac STAK Transit a providers the surro commun areas affe agency a both the t will effec Chatman et al g of the onvenienceund that the ly in the pro orts or durin during the p t decision m ip modeling ng cost estim ility (Mock EHOL gencies bene , and develo unding areas ity organizat cted by faci nd neighbor ransit agenc tively serve . Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... 1-23 This section describes how transit agencies partner with stakeholders and determine land-use priorities during park-and-ride planning. Stakeholders and Community Integration Transit agencies typically make the decision of where to place park-and-ride facilities, although the decision-making responsibility could fall on the planning department for a local government, a regional planning council, the MPO, or the relevant state DOT. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... 1-24 property annexed into the district to tie into existing water and sewer lines. The annexation will provide Fort Bend County the opportunity to build a park-and-ride facility and to construct a maintenance facility on site to meet future transportation goals (Kerr 2015) Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... 1-25 parking requirement reductions at the facilities themselves. Table 2 shows examples of mixeduse TOD projects adjacent to stations with park-and-ride originally listed in TCRP Report 102 (Cervero et al. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... 1-26 college and workforce center; a portion of the park-and-ride space transitioned to shared-use parking. Ridership generated from the development at the station more than offset the limited loss of parking (Coffel et al. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... 1-27 capital construction is also considered to ensure quality operations and maintenance of the facility. This section discusses the types of costs transit agencies face and examples of funding options used for park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... Land Co Placemen demand f agencies private p locations can enco pedestria purchasin would th The cost and illust interest, a are more undergro Source: Co Surface The diffe surface p sts for Park t of park-an or service. E because it u roperty is an to offer par urage transit n amenities g property en require id of land is a rates the im nd finance economical und parking ffel et al. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... 1-29 surface parking because these lots only require conditioning of the facility surface for parking and circulation of vehicles, whereas parking garages have additional costs associated with the building, appliances, structural support, and possible excavation in the case of underground garages. Construction costs are less per space for surface-level parking and increase dramatically with each additional floor when garage parking levels are added (Holguin-Veras et al. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... 1-30  FTA Section 5339 Bus and Bus Facilities Formula.  FTA Section 5309 Fixed Guideway Capital Investment. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... 1-31 after implementation (the three years of operating assistance allowable under the CMAQ program may be spread over a longer period, for a total of up to five sequential years of support) Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 1-32 Parking spaces and parking lot design are also a part of the amenities at facilities since the proximity of spaces to station platforms is important for pedestrian walkability. RTD in Denver mandates that at least half of the spaces at park-and-ride facilities must be located within 600 feet of the platforms, while all spaces must be within 1,500 feet (Coffel et al. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... 1-33 Pricing for parking spaces at park-and-ride facilities, therefore, requires that the transit agency balance the influences of operating and maintaining the facilities, encouraging use of the parkand-ride service, and managing crowding at popular lots. While most park-and-ride facilities have free parking for users, some facilities utilize parking pricing to help control demand at stations (Turnbull et al. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... Sourc * Indi –– Ind Using Pr Parking f at variou parking f to faciliti  K an et  R re un Table e: Turnbull et al cates a parking f icates the trans icing to Ma ees have als s facilities in ees being us es with avai itsap Trans d-ride facil al. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... 1-35  WMATA, in Washington, D.C., offers both monthly parking permits and guaranteed parking spaces for extra fees at Metrorail stations, allowing users to pay a premium price to eliminate the uncertainty of available parking spaces when transferring modes to transit.  BART, in Oakland–San Francisco, also offers reserved parking spaces for a monthly fee (Turnbull et al. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 1-36 sources can show commuters the facility location, address, directions to the facility, hours of service, connecting routes, fare prices, and more. Such online systems result in a cost savings for the transit agency because providing information online is less expensive than posting and printing it on physical mediums. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... Source: Federal Highway Administration 2007. Figure 7. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... 1-38 RECENT PUBLICATIONS The research team received three new research studies after the formal literature review: (a) the findings from TCRP Synthesis Topic SH-15, Transit Supportive Parking Policies and Programs, published as TCRP Synthesis 122 (Jacobson 2016) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... 1-39 Inconsistent findings about the ridership impact of providing parking versus station-area development. Published research has arrived at various conclusions on transit ridership when comparing providing parking at stations with providing housing or jobs. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 1-40 alternative parking type is bicycle parking, with 94 percent of survey respondents providing some type of bicycle racks. As documented in TCRP Synthesis 62, more research is needed to quantify the impact of providing bicycle parking on transit ridership. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... 1-41 system design, land use, and environmental considerations for providing parking access to transit. Of particular interest is its discussion of the environmental justice issues raised by providing parking and/or by changing parking fee structures. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... 1-42 Role and Function of Park-and-Rides The type of park-and-ride facility and distance from the CBD tends to determine the type of transit service provided from the park-and-ride facility and the amount of parking spaces constructed. Purpose-built parking lots are designed expressly for park-and-ride facilities, while shared-use parking lots and TODs have uses other than park-and-ride intended for the facility and provide shared parking lots for surrounding uses. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... 1-43 area stakeholders to achieve maintenance goals during the implementation stages help avoid the deterioration of facilities. Funding Options and Financial Risk FTA formula funds and discretionary funds such as CMAQ and New Starts are the most common sources of federal funding used to pay the majority of one-time capital costs of parkand-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... 1-44 Technologies Technology can be used to provide additional amenities for users, including waiting area comfort and schedule information. Online resources, in particular, are valuable for transit agencies as more commuters begin to utilize them. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... 1-45 CHAPTER 3: INDUSTRY SCAN The research team found that the existing literature did not address several emerging or hot topics of interest and relevance to public transit properties considering or operating park-and-ride facilities. In addition, many of the cited sources pre-date the rapid progression of technology available today. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... Figure 8. Introductory Page -- Pa 1-46 rk-and-Ride State-of-the-Practice Scan. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... TARG The targe informati and-ride. from the agencies scan. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... In additio made fol two week consisted professio purposes of the res DATA The resea minimize database. (occurred shared by into the l database Fig n to the AP low-up cont s of Decem of addition nal contacts received a m earch team CLEA rch team de data post-p Processing two times) Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... 1-49 column name, subject matter, sub-answer choice information, and column data format. The final data processing step consisted of matching scan response data with background information about each transit agency. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... 1-50 All Modes of Transit Service Are Represented by the Participating Transit Agencies The transit agencies operate bus, rail, ferry, and vanpool modes as reported in the 2013 NTD. (The research team did not record demand response or inclined plane modes.) Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... 1-51 CHAPTER 4: DEMAND ESTIMATION MODELS AND PLANNING This chapter reviews three types of demand estimation models and the results of the industry scan related to planning activities. DEMAND ESTIMATION MODELS This section reviews specific types of demand models and provides descriptions, required software, required data and assumptions, calculation processes, strengths and limitations, available resources/guidance, and highlights applications of the model. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... 1-52 Summary of Estimation Process The station access planning tool is set up as a step-by-step process. Although each step is part of the process, the tool generates interim outputs throughout and does not necessarily provide a clear answer at the end. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... 1-53  Demographic information within ½ mile of the station (from U.S. Census Bureau and the American Communities Survey) Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... Figure 11. TCRP 153 Station 1-54 Access Planning Tool Mode Modules. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... 1-55 Park-and-Ride Demand Model: Indicator-Based Method TCRP Project H-42 provides multivariate regression models constructed to predict ridership for heavy rail transit (HRT) , light rail transit (LRT) Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... 1-56 Requirements In the report, the authors presented two different mathematical models. One of the models predicts ridership as a function of multiple variables, as described below. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... 1-57 Software The spreadsheet tool developed by the research team for TCRP Project H-42 is designed to help local governments and transit agencies evaluate alternative proposed fixed guideway transit projects in the planning stage. This tool can be accessed using Microsoft Excel 2010 or other earlier versions of Microsoft Excel that support Visual Basic macros. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... 1-58 Strengths and Limitations The ridership equation is an easy-to-use methodology that can be applied to predict transit ridership based on data that can be easily accessed by the user. The model represents a low-cost and quick alternative to predict fixed guideway transit ridership. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... 1-59  University and Medical Center Extensions (Salt Lake City, Utah) Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... 1-60 assistance, on the STOPS webpage that is accessible from FTA's Travel Forecasting page: https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grant-programs/capital-investments/travel-forecasts. Transit-Agency-Specific Models The first two discussions each summarized a publicly documented and nationally available model for estimating park-and-ride demand. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... 1-61 The model estimated that, if opened at the time of the model run, demand at the Park Avenue facility would be 295 weekday vehicles, and demand at the Tacoma facility would be 470 vehicles. These estimates included the approximately 300 existing Milwaukie park-and-ride lot users. Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... 1-62  Peer park-and-ride facilities (same region) Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... 1-63 (2) build parking and joint development scenarios; (3) Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... 1-64  Locations where informal park-and-ride already occurs.  Locations near intersections of two or more major transportation corridors. Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... 1-65 RESULTS FROM THE SCAN SURVEYS The following sections of this chapter discuss findings from agency survey responses and case study interviews regarding modeling park-and-ride demand. The full and limited industry scan surveys included questions on planning and demand estimation for park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... 1-66 Number of Transit Agencies Using Demand Estimation Models Both the full scan and limited scan inquired about whether or not the transit agency used a specific demand estimation model. All responding transit agencies were asked the following question: Does your transit agency use a specific demand estimation model or structured methodology to estimate demand for park-and-ride facilities for public transportation? Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... 1-67 Figure 12. Specific Demand Models in Practice for Park-and-Ride. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... 1-68  Research Triangle Regional Public Transportation Authority, Durham, North Carolina: We use a combination of employee address data from major employers and LEHD data from the census to estimate demand and determine optimal locations.  Utah Transit Authority (UTA) Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... 1-69 case study. Intercity Transit in Olympia, Washington, declined to participate. Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... 1-70 The monthly reserved parking system allows up to 50 percent of light rail parking spaces to be reserved at all LRT stations and provides about 33 percent of parking lot users with the certainty and convenience associated with having a guaranteed place to park (Calgary Transit 2016) Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... 1-71 The 329-space Milwaukie lot is located on a major arterial and, until the MAX light-rail Orange Line opened, had high frequency bus service that fed into downtown Portland. The lot was regularly at capacity. Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... 1-72 spreadsheet tool focuses on the first three steps of the process and requires the following data inputs:  Station characteristics. o Station type. Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... 1-73 congestion, and other variables all influence demand for park-and-ride services, the transit agency has not asked its riders about how these factors influence their mode-choice decisions. Calgary Transit (In-House Custom Model) Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... 1-74 higher utilization of public transportation services. Effective capacity goals are not usually 100 percent because full facilities result in turning away some commuters who expected to find a parking space; turning away commuters may result in customer complaints. Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... 1-75 Information and marketing is ongoing. Various factors affect Calgary Transit's decision to build the various types of parking facilities: surface lot, aboveground garage, underground garage, or combination. Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... Together building and trans a short, d and the tr three-stor LEED pl commun office an As a resu station fr which ad station ar This was number o and elimi ride lot w to demon the existi PCC Wil significan ConnDO ConnDO highway ConnDO agency m as redeve BRT stat ConnDO independ churches ConnDO between congeste the future travel dem public in operation , they propo adjacent to t it center and irect connec ansit servic y, 100,000 atinum build ity college, a d work force lt, there is n om 7:00 a.m ds to the ov ea. achieved by f bus bays a nating some as underutil strate to FT ng park-and low Creek h tly higher i T (Regiona T includes p intersection T has partic ay consider loping a par ion. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... 1-77 Lessons Learned BART (In-House Custom Willson Model) BART's purpose for parking fees are to (a) Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... 1-78 Calgary Transit (In-House Custom Model) Calgary Transit identified that the primary demand for park-and-ride arises from downtown employees, and procedures for estimating demand from this market are based on a historical 15 to 20 percent park-and-ride access to transit mode share. Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... 1-79 CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDIES Case studies of transit agencies that operate park-and-ride facilities provide invaluable detail on all aspects of park-and-ride planning, design, operations, maintenance, and management. This detail supplements the findings from the literature review and industry scan and provides the industry best practices and strategies included in the guidebook. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... 1-80 The mini-case studies included 30 top-priority transit agencies that met most or all of the criteria. In addition, six supplementary transit agencies were selected as having merit for one or more of the topics above. Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... 1-81 Table 8. Transit Agencies Selected for Mini-Case Studies. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... 1-82 DETAILED CASE STUDIES Case study research helps to understand the complex issues surrounding planning and managing park-and-ride facilities and makes contextual analysis of the information and data possible. The research team used a protocol with telephone/site-visit procedures and case study questions to help each researcher follow a similar process during data gathering and discussion activities. Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... 1-83 Table 9. Full and Targeted Case Study Transit Agencies. Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... 1-84 To gather information from the final group of transit agencies (Figure 14) , the research team first introduced the case study research by distributing an introductory letter/email to the chief executive officer or appropriate senior transit agency official at each transit agency. Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... Courtesy of TTI. Figure 14. Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... 1-86 Planning and Estimating Demand for Parking According to the responses to the state-of-the-practice scans, transit-agency-customized models and regional travel demand models have existed for many years and are the most commonly used to estimate demand for park-and-ride. The research team discussed such models with case study participants to learn about how each transit agency considers catchment areas, corridors, and destinations in the model, how demand estimates are used by planners and decision makers, how accurate the models are, and what opportunities for improvement might exist. Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... 1-87 developers) to share expenses, and choosing to limit/minimize parking capacity. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... 1-88 CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDEBOOK AND FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS The final product of this research effort is a decision-making guidebook for planning and managing park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. This chapter introduces the guidebook and identifies future research needs related to park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... Plann Chapter site-spec services. Impleme fits into b role in th identified address a ownershi park-and maintena financial Chapter facilities, Park-and Capital e include f ing 3, Strategic ific planning nting park-a oth a transit e communit for park-an given locat p and mana -ride plannin nce costs. Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... 1-90 enforcement/patrol, and utilities. Transit agencies should carefully plan park-and-ride facility implementation to ensure that future budgeting activities and long-range plans account for the associated investments. Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... 1-91 This chapter discusses the following:  Management and oversight.  Insurance. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... 1-92 Maintenance Chapter 9, State of Good Repair and Asset Management, discusses how to incorporate parkand-ride facility maintenance into asset management practices and plans. A park-and-ride facility is a transit agency asset, and, as such, needs to be strategically managed as part of the transit agency's asset management plan and needs to be maintained in a state of good repair. Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... 1-93 This research identified the following gaps in research, tools, and techniques that would benefit transit agencies that provide park-and-ride facilities for public transportation:  Total capital and operating/maintenance costs for park-and-ride as compared to the total capital and operating /maintenance costs for bus and rail transit services that include park-and-ride facilities.  Data to document the share of transit riders that use park-and-ride for access to different transit modes (local bus, commuter bus, light rail, commuter rail, etc.) Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... 1-95 United States: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... 1-96 Farhan, B and Murray, A Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... 1-97 Kerr, J Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... 1-98 Rephlo, J., Haas, R., Feast, L., and Newton, D Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... A-1 APPENDIX A: LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY TABLE The literature review includes 72 documents with information relevant to park-and-ride facilities and services in the United States. The matrix of literature sources is alphabetical by author, with marks indicating the document's relevancy to key topics related to park-and-rides. Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... A-2 A -2 Literature by Park-and-Ride Topic Literature/Topics R o l e a n d F u n c t i o n o f P a r k a n d R i d e s P a r k a n d R i d e D e m a n d E s t i m a t i o n F a c i l i t y L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o n C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t s a n d T i m e l i n e s F u n d i n g O p t i o n s a n d F i n a n c i a l R i s k S t a k e h o l d e r s a n d C o m m u n i t y I n t e g r a t i o n L a n d U s e P o l i c i e s w i t h P a r k a n d R i d e s P e d e s t r i a n / P a s s e n g e r A m e n i t i e s P r i c i n g f o r P a r k i n g a t T r a n s i t F a c i l i t i e s T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d P a r k a n d R i d e S e r v i c e Total 14 5 28 13 8 11 7 11 11 10 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... A-3 A -3 Literature/Topics R o l e a n d F u n c t i o n o f P a r k a n d R i d e s P a r k a n d R i d e D e m a n d E s t i m a t i o n F a c i l i t y L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o n C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t s a n d T i m e l i n e s F u n d i n g O p t i o n s a n d F i n a n c i a l R i s k S t a k e h o l d e r s a n d C o m m u n i t y I n t e g r a t i o n L a n d U s e P o l i c i e s w i t h P a r k a n d R i d e s P e d e s t r i a n / P a s s e n g e r A m e n i t i e s P r i c i n g f o r P a r k i n g a t T r a n s i t F a c i l i t i e s T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d P a r k a n d R i d e S e r v i c e Cervero, R., Murphy, S., Ferrell, C., Goguts, N., Tsai, Y., Arrington, G., Boroski, J., Smith-Heimer, J., Dunphy, R Read the entire page →
From page 102... ... A-4 A -4 Literature/Topics R o l e a n d F u n c t i o n o f P a r k a n d R i d e s P a r k a n d R i d e D e m a n d E s t i m a t i o n F a c i l i t y L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o n C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t s a n d T i m e l i n e s F u n d i n g O p t i o n s a n d F i n a n c i a l R i s k S t a k e h o l d e r s a n d C o m m u n i t y I n t e g r a t i o n L a n d U s e P o l i c i e s w i t h P a r k a n d R i d e s P e d e s t r i a n / P a s s e n g e r A m e n i t i e s P r i c i n g f o r P a r k i n g a t T r a n s i t F a c i l i t i e s T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d P a r k a n d R i d e S e r v i c e Engel-Yan, J., Rudra, M., Livett, C., and Nagorsky, R Read the entire page →
From page 103... ... A-5 A -5 Literature/Topics R o l e a n d F u n c t i o n o f P a r k a n d R i d e s P a r k a n d R i d e D e m a n d E s t i m a t i o n F a c i l i t y L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o n C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t s a n d T i m e l i n e s F u n d i n g O p t i o n s a n d F i n a n c i a l R i s k S t a k e h o l d e r s a n d C o m m u n i t y I n t e g r a t i o n L a n d U s e P o l i c i e s w i t h P a r k a n d R i d e s P e d e s t r i a n / P a s s e n g e r A m e n i t i e s P r i c i n g f o r P a r k i n g a t T r a n s i t F a c i l i t i e s T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d P a r k a n d R i d e S e r v i c e Holguin-Veras, J., Reilly, J., and Aros-Vera, F Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... A-6 A -6 Literature/Topics R o l e a n d F u n c t i o n o f P a r k a n d R i d e s P a r k a n d R i d e D e m a n d E s t i m a t i o n F a c i l i t y L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o n C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t s a n d T i m e l i n e s F u n d i n g O p t i o n s a n d F i n a n c i a l R i s k S t a k e h o l d e r s a n d C o m m u n i t y I n t e g r a t i o n L a n d U s e P o l i c i e s w i t h P a r k a n d R i d e s P e d e s t r i a n / P a s s e n g e r A m e n i t i e s P r i c i n g f o r P a r k i n g a t T r a n s i t F a c i l i t i e s T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d P a r k a n d R i d e S e r v i c e Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... A-7 A -7 Literature/Topics R o l e a n d F u n c t i o n o f P a r k a n d R i d e s P a r k a n d R i d e D e m a n d E s t i m a t i o n F a c i l i t y L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o n C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t s a n d T i m e l i n e s F u n d i n g O p t i o n s a n d F i n a n c i a l R i s k S t a k e h o l d e r s a n d C o m m u n i t y I n t e g r a t i o n L a n d U s e P o l i c i e s w i t h P a r k a n d R i d e s P e d e s t r i a n / P a s s e n g e r A m e n i t i e s P r i c i n g f o r P a r k i n g a t T r a n s i t F a c i l i t i e s T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d P a r k a n d R i d e S e r v i c e Shaheen, S A., and Kemmerer, C Read the entire page →
From page 106... ... B-1 APPENDIX B: U.S. TRANSIT AGENCIES WITH PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITIES Table B-1 provides transit agencies in the United States currently operating park-and-rides, listed by transit agency size and modes served. Read the entire page →
From page 107... ... B-2 Table B-1. Read the entire page →
From page 108... ... B-3 Table B-1. Read the entire page →
From page 109... ... B-4 Table B-1. Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... B-5 Table B-1. Read the entire page →
From page 111... ... B-6 Table B-1. Read the entire page →
From page 112... ... B-7 Table B-1. Read the entire page →
From page 113... ... B-8 Table B-1. Read the entire page →
From page 114... ... B-9 Table B-2. Additional U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 115... ... C-1 APPENDIX C: TRANSIT AGENCIES RESPONDING TO STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE SCAN Appendix C is a list of transit agencies that responded to the state-of-the-practice scan. Read the entire page →
From page 116... ... C-2 Transit Agencies Responding to State-of-the-Practice Scan Transit Agency Responding to Park-and-Ride State-of-the-Practice Scan St at e/ Pr ov in ce R eg io n Operating Environment Parking Inventory Urbanized Area Size Source: APTA Infrastructure Database -- 2014 Edition TOTAL V er y La rg e La rg e Sm al l ALL Stations w/Parking Parking Spaces: ALL Stations City of Scottsdale -- Scottsdale Trolley AZ West X 1 300 Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) CA West X 2,100 Foothill Transit CA West X 11 2,838 Gold Coast Transit (GCT) Read the entire page →
From page 117... ... C-3 Transit Agency Responding to Park-and-Ride State-of-the-Practice Scan St at e/ Pr ov in ce R eg io n Operating Environment Parking Inventory Urbanized Area Size Source: APTA Infrastructure Database -- 2014 Edition TOTAL V er y La rg e La rg e Sm al l ALL Stations w/Parking Parking Spaces: ALL Stations City & County of Honolulu Department of Transportation HI West X 5 500 Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) IL Midwest X 17 6,642 Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation (Metra) Read the entire page →
From page 118... ... C-4 Transit Agency Responding to Park-and-Ride State-of-the-Practice Scan St at e/ Pr ov in ce R eg io n Operating Environment Parking Inventory Urbanized Area Size Source: APTA Infrastructure Database -- 2014 Edition TOTAL V er y La rg e La rg e Sm al l ALL Stations w/Parking Parking Spaces: ALL Stations METRO Regional Transit Authority, Akron OH Midwest X 170 Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA) OH Midwest X 3 380 Metropolitan Tulsa Transit Authority (MTA) Read the entire page →
From page 119... ... C-5 Transit Agency Responding to Park-and-Ride State-of-the-Practice Scan St at e/ Pr ov in ce R eg io n Operating Environment Parking Inventory Urbanized Area Size Source: APTA Infrastructure Database -- 2014 Edition TOTAL V er y La rg e La rg e Sm al l ALL Stations w/Parking Parking Spaces: ALL Stations Virginia Railway Express (VRE) VA South X 8,309 Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority (Sound Transit) Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... D-1 APPENDIX D: RESPONSES TO THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE SCAN Appendix D provides the responses to the full state-of-the-practice scan and the limited state-ofthe-practice scan. Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... D-2 Results of the State‐of‐the‐Practice Scan Responses to the Full Scan 1. Does your transit agency have standard operating procedures (SOPs) Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... D-3 2. Does your transit agency contract with a private vendor specifically to provide park‐and‐ ride facility management (i.e., provide multiple disciplines, including maintenance and operational services, to ensure functionality of the park‐and‐ride) Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... D-4 3. Are park‐and‐ride facilities integrated into your transit agency's asset management plan? Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... D-5 4. Does your transit agency provide transit services that operate from one or more park‐ and‐ride facilities provided by entities other than your transit agency? Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... D-6 5. About what percent of park‐and‐ride facilities are provided by entities other than your transit agency? Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... D-7 6. Does your transit agency provide park‐and‐ride facilities for public transportation using shared‐use parking lots (e.g., retail centers, theaters) Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... D-8 7. Does your transit agency have a formal process to plan for park‐and‐ride facilities (e.g., to plan for new facilities or to expand existing facilities) Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... D-9 8. Does your transit agency use a specific demand estimation model or structured methodology to estimate demand for park‐and‐ride facilities for public transportation? Read the entire page →
From page 129... ... D-10 9. Has your transit agency financially participated in a transit‐oriented development (TOD) Read the entire page →
From page 130... ... D-11 10. Has your transit agency participated in a public‐private partnership (P3) Read the entire page →
From page 131... ... D-12 11. Does your transit agency have examples of coordinating park‐and‐ride facility design/features to complement adjacent developments or neighborhoods? Read the entire page →
From page 132... ... D-13 12. Has your transit agency significantly modified a park‐and‐ride facility in the last five years? Read the entire page →
From page 133... ... D-14 13. Does your transit agency regularly measure park‐and‐ride facility utilization (i.e., vehicles parked as a percent of total spaces available or other measure) Read the entire page →
From page 134... ... D-15 14. Does your transit agency have one or more park‐and‐ride facilities where demand for parking exceeds the supply of parking spaces available on a regular basis? Read the entire page →
From page 135... ... D-16 15. Does your transit agency have one or more park‐and‐ride facilities where vehicles parked as a percent of total spaces available is below 50 percent on a regular basis now or within the past five years? Read the entire page →
From page 136... ... D-17 16. Does your transit agency charge for parking at one or more park‐and‐ride facilities? Read the entire page →
From page 137... ... D-18 17. What type of security does your transit agency provide at park‐and‐ride facilities? Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... D-19 18. What type of passenger amenities does your transit agency provide at park‐and‐ride facilities? Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... D-20 19. What type of pedestrian or bicycle features does your transit agency provide to facilitate access into park‐and‐ride facilities? Read the entire page →
From page 140... ... D-21 20. Does your transit agency provide space for the following uses at any of your park‐and‐ ride facilities? Read the entire page →
From page 141... ... D-22 21. Does your transit agency have different policies for allowed uses on weekends? Read the entire page →
From page 142... ... D-23 22. Does your transit agency permit park‐and‐ride facilities to be used for special event parking (e.g., for occasional or regularly scheduled special events such as a sporting event or county fair) Read the entire page →
From page 143... ... D-24 23. Does your transit agency permit park‐and‐ride facilities to be used as the site for a non‐ transit special event or staging for a non‐transit special event (e.g., such as a farmer's market or other community event on the property) Read the entire page →
From page 144... ... D-25 24. Do you have about five additional minutes to answer a few follow‐up questions? Read the entire page →
From page 145... ... D-26 25. How does your transit agency manage partnerships with external partners? Read the entire page →
From page 146... ... D-27 26. Is your transit agency's model based on one or more of the following? Read the entire page →
From page 147... ... D-28 27. Which strategies does your transit agency use to manage demand that exceeds parking spaces available at park‐and‐ride facilities for public transportation? Read the entire page →
From page 148... ... D-29 28. Which strategies has your transit agency used to encourage use at park‐and‐ride facilities with low utilization of available parking spaces? Read the entire page →
From page 149... ... D-30 29. Has your transit agency analyzed the impact on parking demand when parking charges are implemented or increased/decreased (i.e., parking price elasticity for parking demand) Read the entire page →
From page 150... ... D-31 30. Has your transit agency analyzed the impact on parking demand when transit fares for services from a park‐and‐ride facility are increased/decreased (i.e., fare price elasticity for parking demand) Read the entire page →
From page 151... ... D-32 31. What methods are used to collect parking charges? Read the entire page →
From page 152... ... D-33 Results of the State‐of‐the‐Practice Scan Responses to the Limited Scan 1. Does your transit agency have standard operating procedures (SOPs) Read the entire page →
From page 153... ... D-34 2. Does your transit agency use a specific demand estimation model or structured methodology to estimate demand for park‐and‐ride facilities for public transportation? Read the entire page →
From page 154... ... D-35 3. Is your model based on one or more of the following? Read the entire page →
From page 155... ... E-1 APPENDIX E: CASE STUDY RESEARCH PROTOCOL Appendix E provides the case study research protocol used to ensure consistent data collection during case study interviews, and compliance with IRB requirements. Read the entire page →
From page 156... ... E-2 TCRP H-52 Case Study Protocol Template and Protocol Read the entire page →
From page 157... ... E-3 Table of Contents Research Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 5 Case Study Template ...................................................................................................................... Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... E-4 Protocol 5: Conversation with Real Estate and Development Staff .......................................... 26 Discussion with Real Estate and Development Staff ............................................................ Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... E-5 Research Purpose The objective of TCRP H-52 Decision Making Toolbox to Plan and Manage Park-and-Ride Facilities for Public Transportation is to develop a decision-making toolbox to better plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. Park-and-ride planners and managers need targeted research that will develop a single resource for improved strategies and best practices to plan and manage park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... E-6 Case Study Template The TCRP H-52 research team will conduct in-depth case studies in Task 6 with transit agencies approved by the TCRP H-52 Project Panel. A member of the TCRP H-52 research team will be named as the case-study leader for each of the transit agencies selected for case study research. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... E-7  Design features  Park-and-ride passenger amenities and security  Standard operating procedures (SOPs)  Contracted parking management  Maintenance and state-of-good-repair  Transit oriented development (TOD) Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... E-8 No Confidential Data or Documents We request only data and documents that are available to the public. We do not request any material that might be considered confidential. Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... LETTER INSERT INSERT INSERT INSERT INSERT Dear INS I am the p Transport Manage P provide g and-ride f operate p Project O twenty ye and-ride f targeted r and mana research i for public transporta Research helping to Thank yo with seve Your tran ask to talk of your tr to the pub Research partners, these part transit ag decline to in particip Sincerely Linda Ch (713) 613 OF INTR Date Name of Ch Name of Tra Street Addre City, ST Zip ERT Title (D rincipal inve ation Resear ark-and-Rid uidance to p acilities. Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... E-10 EMAIL FROM CASE STUDY RESEARCHER Date Dear ______________________: The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) , Transportation Research Board is sponsoring research project TCRP H-52 Decision Making Toolbox to Plan and Manage Park-and-Ride Facilities for Public Transportation. Read the entire page →
From page 165... ... E-11 Protocol 1: Conversation with Senior Transit Agency Staff Introductory Statement Thank you for being part of our TCRP H-52 project about Decision making Toolbox to plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. We are developing a guidebook for public agencies and other key stakeholders about planning and managing park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 166... ... E-12  Standard operating procedures.  Contract with vendor for park-and-ride management. Read the entire page →
From page 167... ... E-13 For transit agencies that do not charge for parking 8. Why does the transit agency provide free parking? Read the entire page →
From page 168... ... E-14 Protocol 2: Conversation with Planning Staff Introductory Statement Thank you for being part of our TCRP H-52 project about Decision making Toolbox to plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. We are developing a guidebook for public agencies and other key stakeholders about planning and managing park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 169... ... E-15 3. What is effective capacity to your transit agency? Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... E-16 a. How do local trends in vehicle ownership, vehicle miles traveled, and land-use influence that decision? Read the entire page →
From page 171... ... E-17 12. Do you use these approaches for park-and-ride planning? Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... E-18 a. What is the public engagement process used? Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... E-19 Protocol 3: Conversation with Operations and Maintenance Staff Introductory Statement Thank you for being part of our TCRP H-52 project about Decision making Toolbox to plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. We are developing a guidebook for public agencies and other key stakeholders about planning and managing park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... E-20 environmental justice when evaluating adding park-and-ride facilities or modifying current park-and-ride facilities? Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... E-21 Managing Demand for Parking 1. According to the transit agency's experience, which has more of a positive impact on ridership: providing parking or providing opportunities for development of housing/jobs? Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... E-22 Shared Use of Park-and-Ride Facilities 1. Has the transit agency redesigned an existing park-and-ride facility (or worked with another park-and-ride facility owner to implement a redesign) Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... E-23 Closing Thoughts 1. We would be interested in your suggested ideas for material that could be included in a guidebook about managing park-and-ride. Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... E-24 Protocol 4: Conversation with Finance Staff Introductory Statement Thank you for being part of our TCRP H-52 project about Decision making Toolbox to plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. We are developing a guidebook for public agencies and other key stakeholders about planning and managing park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... E-25 c. Premium rates for close in parking or reserved parking d. Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... E-26 Protocol 5: Conversation with Real Estate and Development Staff Introductory Statement Thank you for being part of our TCRP H-52 project about Decision making Toolbox to plan and manage park-and-ride facilities for public transportation. We are developing a guidebook for public agencies and other key stakeholders about planning and managing park-and-ride facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 181... ... E-27 6. Probe for the transit agency relationship to municipally controlled park-and-ride and the community impact issues. Read the entire page →
From page 182... ... E-28 Site Visit Protocol This protocol applies when case study research occurs at the transit agency. Pre-Site Visit Activities 1. Read the entire page →
From page 183... ... E-29  Contracted parking management  Maintenance and state-of-good-repair  Transit oriented development (TOD)  Innovation The following are examples of the types of staff titles that may be able to address questions about the topics identified above.  Agency management personnel representing specific functions pertinent to the planning of park-and-ride facilities, for example: o Manager for system planning. Read the entire page →
From page 184... ... E-30 7. Discussions with transit agency management personnel responsible for finance, real estate, and development. Read the entire page →

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... 1-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 4 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................