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3 Summary of Presentations
Pages 22-74

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From page 22...
... He introduced the Forum as a focal point for national and international dialogue on innovation policy. Previewing the workshop, he said it would "introduce you to the Manufacturing USA institutes and update you on what they are up to and how they are doing it." The day, he said, would feature the perspectives of some institute directors as they seek to establish their institutes and address their new missions.
From page 23...
... "Samuel Colt started his firearms business there; the first steam engines were manufactured there," Wilcox noted, adding that this "partnership that Hamilton started as Secretary of the Treasury nurtured an incredible innovation ecosystem." According to Wilcox, the Manufacturing USA network of institutes follows this American tradition of public–private partnerships that foster ecosystems for innovation and create new products and jobs that grow the economy and advance the nation's security. The Impetus for Manufacturing USA Wilcox traced the origins of Manufacturing USA to a 2011 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST)
From page 24...
... Despite the added management effort this commitment demands, he said he views it as worthwhile, explaining that "the innovation part is an obvious part of the why." Describing Lockheed Martin as a steward of the innovation chain of suppliers and partners of various sizes, he noted that the Manufacturing USA institutes draw innovative businesses into this ecosystem. "A large part of the value proposition is the chance to work side by side with small and medium-sized manufacturers," he said, "and of course academia, and learn from each other and bring them into the fold as a part of our supply chain." This ability to draw in innovation in advanced manufacturing is particularly important for Lockheed Martin, Wilcox added, because innovation increasingly takes place on the factory floor and then makes its way back to the design community and the field sustainment community.
From page 25...
... There is data coming off those when you interrogate them." -- Jeff Wilcox, Lockheed Martin started to realize they have new tools at their disposal -- like scanning techniques and 3D printing of parts in the field." Integration of Capabilities Wilcox then described the variety of additional ways in which the Manufacturing USA institutes advance Lockheed Martin's engagement in a range of emerging technologies (Figure 3-1) : • Cognitive assistants -- As a world of information that was previously stovepiped or inaccessible is brought to the desktop, developments in FIGURE 3-1 Emerging capabilities at Lockheed Martin.
From page 26...
... That is why this community is so important." The Benefits of Working with the Manufacturing USA Institutes Pointing to a map locating the advanced manufacturing institutes, Wilcox next highlighted many of their features and benefits: • Developing new manufacturing techniques -- Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow (LIFT) , the center that is working to speed the development of new lightweight metal manufacturing processes, has, Wilcox said, "done a super job of looking for new welding techniques and in developing the technology for thin wall castings." • Training the workforce -- LIFT is also training the workers who will use these new processes in factories.
From page 27...
... That saves a lot of companies -- big and small -- a lot of money." • Ensuring cybersecurity for manufacturing -- Wilcox observed that "a lot of factory floor equipment is still running on really old operating systems that are networked and not protected like they need to be. Manufacturing USA has taken it on here, in particular at DMDII [Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute]
From page 28...
... Shanker began his remarks by noting that Dow's chairman, Andrew Liveries, shares his passion for "taking raw materials and converting them downstream into value-added products through the power of science and technology." In keeping with the spirit of championing manufacturing, he continued, "we are obviously big supporters of manufacturing initiatives and manufacturing technologies as they span across from the latest and the cutting edge all the way to existing industries and how we believe some of them can be revived using technology." Shanker emphasized that Manufacturing USA is very much a public– private partnership. The advantage of its being public, he said, is that it can "be strategic and be able to take the big bets that companies individually cannot make but are needed for the future and the good of the country." The advantage of the private side of the equation, he asserted, is that the institutes are "very focused on deliverables, on the results, on the economic, social, and jobs benefits." Shanker then turned to introducing the panel.
From page 29...
... FIGURE 3-2 Manufacturing USA today. SOURCE: Manufacturing USA.
From page 30...
... He invited the panel members to comment on how the locations of their institutes were chosen. Over the course of the discussion, he asked them about how the institutes are working with the state MEP offices to develop regional innovation ecosystems.
From page 31...
... "It is the transfer of knowledge that happens when I build that roadmap," he said. Through dialogue and the sharing of ideas, he asserted, "you start building that supply chain because you were building a roadmap, but you were also building trust." Yoel Fink, chief executive officer of AFFOA, described his institute's mission as transforming notions of "traditional fibers, yarns, and textiles into concepts of highly sophisticated integrated and networked devices and systems." 6 He explained that AFFOA addresses the spectrum of manufacturing challenges associated with volume manufacturing of revolutionary fibers and textiles, from design to end products.
From page 32...
... I would argue that while we are headquartered in Delaware, really our location, I would just say is the United States of America." Partnering with the Manufacturing Extension Partnership According to Brown, LIFT views the MEP as a key partner, helping to connect the institute with small and medium-sized manufacturers in the region that are involved in the institute's technology area. "Early on," he added, "we actually put money on the table for MEP to come in and help to facilitate some of the relationships -- so that we could better understand what their needs are, and what we need to make them successful." Though this process, he found that small manufacturers were interested in becoming more aware of technological advances being developed by LIFT, as well as ensuring that original equipment manufacturers were more aware of their capabilities.
From page 33...
... all of the IP-related fiber and fabric products." His point was that although institutes face difficult intellectual property challenges, the mechanism of acting as an agent for university participants to license their IP allows the institutes to enable institute participants to have collaborative access to IP needed for new manufacturing technologies. He added that the federal investment in AFFOA is vital to convincing universities that, by giving AFFOA this right to license or sublicense, they can bridge the valley of death in terms of investment, and also draw in dedicated marketing resources to get their IP to the market.
From page 34...
... PANEL II: MANUFACTURING USA AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Introducing the second panel, on regional economic development, David Hart said that speakers would provide a variety of regional and institutional perspectives.
From page 35...
... These skills are supplemented by critical thinking skills, as well as common skills related to the use of information technologies. Specialized skills, she continued, build on these standard competencies: "And then you get into your advanced technical skills, which then feed into the technology-specific areas like fibers, textiles, additive manufacturing, robotics, et cetera." Referring to lifelong learning, Grignon said her office also looks at workforce development "from K to grey: We are trying to help employers with that on-the-job training component that helps their employees be more adept in this new environment." She gave the example of the NextFlex institute, which is using the competency model in partnership with two community colleges in the San Jose area.
From page 36...
... To get there, we just have to change the dialogue." -- Brennan Grignon jobs being offered in advanced manufacturing. She noted that "America Makes has a program called 3D Veterans, which focuses on teaching additive manufacturing skills.
From page 37...
... The state invests in these institutes in part, she said, to "add more synergy into the story of this super cluster." But she added that a key goal was also to spark this dynamism across the state: "There is a big part of the rest of Massachusetts here waiting for us." Stebbins reported that Massachusetts participates in some way with nine of the Manufacturing USA institutes. The commonwealth also provides $40 million in support to AFFOA, which is located in the state; $28 million to the American Institute for Manufacturing Integrated Photonics (AIM)
From page 38...
... The MEP centers also have experience with cluster development initiatives within their state and region as well as nationally with NIST MEP network partners. Hagan-Dier suggested that the Manufacturing USA institutes and state MEP centers both could benefit from closer collaboration.
From page 39...
... MEP network partners, Manufacturing USA institutes, Investing in Manufacturing Communities Partnership (IMCP) communities, and other resources • Increased awareness of networks and services • Knowledge sharing and increased economic impacts • Development of subject matter experts for systems and networks • Scalable and flexible models • Demonstration of value and return on investment for federal agencies • Increase in reach and service to small and medium-sized enterprises • Development of institutional knowledge and ability to test "promising practices" for data sharing SOURCE: Jennifer Hagan-Dier's workshop presentation.
From page 40...
... and on the successful policies and practices of other nations in supporting advanced manufacturing (notably the German Fraunhofer institutes)
From page 41...
... The construction of an up-to-date, 300 mm fabrication facility in a university setting was "unprecedented," observed Wessner, in that it allowed research, testing, and training on cuttingedge manufacturing equipment to take place in a modern commercial-scale semiconductor fabrication facility. In turn, Wessner continued, this clustering of specialized talent, research activity, and unique facilities allowed the region to compete for and attract GLOBALFOUNDRIES, a major semiconductor design, development, and fabrication company.
From page 42...
... The region, he said, realized the necessity of competing on a global scale. BOX 3-2 Best Practices in Clustering from the Albany Nanocluster • Leadership focusing on new technological opportunities and, as necessary, creating new institutions to exploit them • Maintaining policy continuity from government across administrations and election cycles • Ensuring industry leadership as a partner, a co-funder, and a reputational anchor • Providing substantial and sustained funding to develop facilities not available elsewhere and to attract investment • Making parallel investments to encourage industry-oriented universities and researchers • Relying on active, well-led regional development organizations able to develop professional bids and carry out prepermitting • Encouraging multiple adaptable public–private partnerships • Creating cooperative programs to develop a skilled workforce with certificates and training directly relevant to industry needs SOURCE: Charles Wessner's workshop presentation.
From page 43...
... Lastly, he warned that domestic innovation-based economic development can collapse under assault by foreign state-supported firms that are unrestrained by normal market competition. Discussion The discussion following this panel centered on the need for the state, private industry, and the workforce, among other actors, to work together to bring about a successful manufacturing innovation cluster.
From page 44...
... "We are trying to get our arms around all the things that are already in existence," she said, "and where we can help facilitate the dialogue and change the conversation around job replacement into job translation and also help influence curriculum development." David Hart thanked the panelists and invited the participants to reconvene following the lunch break. PANEL III: ASSESSING THE MANUFACTURING USA INITIATIVE Welcoming back the participants, David Hart introduced Brett Lambert, vice president for Corporate Strategy at Northrop Grumman, to moderate the next panel.
From page 45...
... SOURCE: Presentation of Susan Helper, Case Western Reserve University, at the 23 May 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshop on The Role of Manufacturing USA. Adapted from Adams Nager, Trade vs.
From page 46...
... Manufacturing's Decline and How to Revive It, Washington, DC: Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, February 2017.
From page 47...
... She asserted that public– private partnerships such as the Manufacturing USA institutes have a role to play in sustaining investments in manufacturing-related R&D to fill this gap. The second obstacle derives from weaknesses in the supply chain.
From page 48...
... This figure is based on a diagram from the 2012 Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Report.
From page 49...
... They also examined the extent to which performance measures are in place to help the Department of Commerce assess progress toward achieving the program's statutory purposes. A final objective of the GAO review was to gauge the extent to which Commerce has taken steps to coordinate the efforts of agencies that contribute to the Manufacturing USA program.
From page 50...
... Large manufacturers cited being able to accelerate their technology by 2 to 5 years and to get their products ready for commercial release more quickly. 13 Some of the Manufacturing USA institutes were established prior to the passage of the RAMI Act.
From page 51...
... NOTE: DOD = Department of Defense; DOE = Department of Energy. SOURCE: Presentation of Christopher Murray, Government Accountability Office, at the 23 May 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshop on The Role of Manufacturing USA.
From page 52...
... To enhance interagency collaboration on the Manufacturing USA program, Murray continued, GAO recommends that AMNPO work with nonsponsoring agencies whose missions contribute to or are affected by advanced manufacturing to revise the Manufacturing USA governance system so that it fully identifies the roles and responsibilities for these agencies in contributing to the program. 17 Bringing R&D Innovation to Manufacturing Mark LaViolette, specialist leader for Deloitte, opened his remarks by saying he was honored to share a third-party assessment of the Manufacturing USA program.
From page 53...
... First, the Manufacturing USA program provides the focus and collaboration needed to invest in and develop new manufacturing technologies. Second, the institutes accelerate innovation by providing access to equipment, pooling project costs, and developing roadmaps that coordinate research activities.
From page 54...
... 54 FIGURE 3-7 Manufacturing USA: An interconnected network. SOURCE: Presentation of Mark LaViolette, Deloitte, at the 23 May 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshop on The Role of Manufacturing USA.
From page 55...
... The Manufacturing USA journey started in 2012 with the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership report issued through PCAST that called for a coordinated government effort. Since then, Molnar observed, an interagency team has come together, breaking down barriers and establishing the first set of advanced manufacturing institutes.
From page 56...
... A further 3,386 workers completed institute-led certificate, apprenticeship, or training programs, while the program drew in 1,023 teachers and trainers in institute-led training for instructors. As a network, Molnar added, Manufacturing USA also recognized that certain common skills are needed across advanced manufacturing technologies.
From page 57...
... FIGURE 3-8 Manufacturing USA: Measuring performance. SOURCE: Presentation of Mike Molnar, NIST, at the 23 May 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and 57 Medicine workshop on The Role of Manufacturing USA.
From page 58...
... He added that, to address GAO's concern about including nonsponsoring agencies whose missions contribute to or are affected by advanced manufacturing, Manufacturing USA now includes DOL and the Department of Health and Human Services (the Food and Drug Administration and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority) on its interagency working team.
From page 59...
... PANEL IV: ADVANCED MANUFACTURING AROUND THE WORLD Bill Bonvillian, lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the panel's moderator, began this session by arguing that the United States needs to move ahead in advanced manufacturing because that is where its competitors are going. "Tracking the metrics on our international competitors -- especially Germany and China -- and what they are moving on is going to be crucial," he asserted, "in part to understand our own position, but in significant part to understand lessons that we are going to need to understand and learn from abroad." He then introduced the panelists and invited Erica Fuchs, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University, to explain why the United States needs to lead in developing and commercializing advanced technologies.
From page 60...
... 60 FIGURE 3-9 The global redistribution of production. SOURCE: Presentation of Erica Fuchs, Carnegie Mellon University, at the 23 May 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshop on The Role of Manufacturing USA.
From page 61...
... technological platform. • Manufacturing USA -- Fuchs characterized this model as seeking to develop platform technologies in a variety of emerging areas that "economists tell us are going to be underfunded" by the private market.
From page 62...
... "That is one of the reasons why Germany has always kept the manufacturing sector up and running," he observed. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Bressler described Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (the Fraunhofer Society)
From page 63...
... He went on to say that this initiative has the potential to be disruptive, creating new value chains and business models. 20 National Research Council, 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program, 2013, Appendix A2: "Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft: The German Model of Applied Research."
From page 64...
... . SOURCE: Presentation of Patrick Bressler, Fraunhofer USA, at the 23 May 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshop on The Role of Manufacturing USA.
From page 65...
... China's Indigenous Innovation Policy Nahm described the Indigenous Innovation Policy as focused on gaining independence in technological innovation from foreign partners, with innovation being defined as invention and the government seeking to advance it by increasing R&D expenditures in basic research. This strategy, Nahm opined, has achieved some mixed success: "I think China is on track to meet its R&D expenditure goals, but it probably is not on track to meet its basic research expenditure goals." Nahm went on to observe that this policy reached its pinnacle in the 2010 Strategic Emerging Industries Initiative, which identified a number of critical sectors for technological independence from foreign partners, "focused again on this idea of innovation as invention." Researching how this policy was being implemented in the wind and solar energy sectors, Nahm found that Chinese firms focused on bringing new technologies to scale very quickly at lower cost by substituting materials, upgrading product architectures, and often integrating new technologies at a rapid pace.
From page 66...
... In summary, "local governments in China are incentivized to produce short-term economic growth, which means that they are not investing in some grand innovation strategy that may or may not work out. It is funding mass production." Made in China 2025 Nahm explained that the lessons and limitations of this strategy led the central government to announce a new Made in China 2025 policy, starting in 2015.
From page 67...
... machines." • Overcapacity -- Duplication of effort at the local level can lead to problems of overcapacity. Overall, Nahm observed, Chinese firms are finding ways to integrate themselves into global innovation networks through a very nationalistic strategy.
From page 68...
... SOURCE: Presentation of Jonas Nahm, Johns Hopkins University, at the 23 May 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshop on The Role of Manufacturing USA.
From page 69...
... institutes, including operations at a network level. In response to a question from the audience, Bressler explained that the Fraunhofer institutes can create alliances among themselves to advance technologies that cut across disciplines.
From page 70...
... He added that his own company, GLOBALFOUNDRIES, a large contract chip maker, "is driven to make sure that the ecosystems that we need to compete are in place wherever we set up shop." Introducing his panel, Russo noted that while other panels had addressed the issues from the perspective of innovation, employment, and economic development, this panel would "look at things more from a national security perspective and a manufacturing industrial base perspective." He then introduced Sridhar Kota, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan and an early champion of developing a network of advanced manufacturing institutes, and invited him to speak. Connecting the Dots Kota began his presentation by asserting that the United States needs a strong advanced manufacturing base to carry out national missions in defense and to promote economic growth and that the Manufacturing USA institutes are designed to build and reinforce this base.
From page 71...
... However, Gudger explained, "such long-term research and development investments didn't look good on corporate balance sheets, so out they went. As a result, we eroded that part of our industrial base." To recover from this legacy of disinvestment in manufacturing innovation, Gudger argued that what is needed now is "a resurgence of technical innovation, technical dominance, and technical superiority -- whether it is governmental or commercial." According to Gudger, the Manufacturing USA institutes are helping to fill that void.
From page 72...
... Communicating the Value of the Institutes Arun Seraphin, professional staff member on the staff of the Senate Armed Services Committee, asserted that for the Manufacturing USA initiative to survive, it must make the case for its value to Congress, to decision makers in the Pentagon, to universities, and to incumbent firms. He suggested that members of the Senate Armed Services Committee are likely to support the institutes if they think that the advances in manufacturing the institutes enable are lowering costs and speeding acquisition and procurement.
From page 73...
... The institutes need to emphasize these connections, he advised, and develop programs so that they are more visible to leadership in the Pentagon and on Capitol Hill. As a final point, Seraphin observed that the manufacturing ecosystem being developed by the Manufacturing USA institutes is only as robust, rich, and interconnected as its dollar flows.
From page 74...
... 74 SECURING ADVANCED MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES Arun Seraphin noted the "tension between wanting to do good science and technology and manufacturing research at a place like an institute, and then doing nothing to ensure that it actually creates American jobs in America." While the institutes find support on Capitol Hill for their role in strengthening U.S. competitiveness and in ensuring access to trusted technologies, he warned that there will be "frustration if we start to see the intellectual property generated out of the institutes appearing in overseas production lines." Bringing the workshop to a close, David Hart thanked the panelists and the audience, saying, "The one thing we can say is that the conversation will continue."


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