Redesigning the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2017) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: DGAC Topics and Questions
Appendix C: DGAC Topics and Questions
Pages 217-230
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The second part is Table C-1, which lists the dietary and nondietary factors assessed in relation to health status and chronic disease explicitly stated in the questions addressed in the 2005, 2010, and 2015 editions of the DGAC Scientific Report. QUESTIONS ADDRESSED IN THE 2015 DGAC SCIENTIFIC REPORT Systematic Reviews (de novo Nutrition Evidence Library [NEL]
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3 • What is the relationship between sodium intake and cardio vascular disease outcomes? 3 1 Existing systematic review used in addition to the NEL systematic review.
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4 Cardiovascular disease addressed with an NEL systematic review; body weight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dental caries addressed with existing reports. 5 Data analysis used in addition to existing systematic reviews.
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• What is the relationship between physical activity and health outcomes in people with disabilities? • Does being physically active during pregnancy and the post partum period provide health benefits?
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• What would be the effect on food choices and overall nutrient adequacy of limiting saturated fatty acids to 6 percent of total calories by substituting mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids?
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• What is the current contribution of refined grains to intake of added sugars, saturated fat, some forms of polyunsaturated fat, and sodium? • What are the sources of caffeine from foods and beverages on the basis of age and sex subgroups?
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population? • What is the composition of dietary patterns with evidence of posi tive health outcomes (e.g., Mediterranean-style patterns, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH]
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TABLE C-1 Similarities and Differences of the Dietary and Nondietary Factors Assessed in Relation to Health 224 Status and Chronic Disease Explicitly Included in Questions Addressed in the 2005, 2010, and 2015 Editions of the DGAC Scientific Report Health Outcomes and Dietary and Nondietary Factors Assessed with Respect to Health Status or Chronic Disease Measures Used in DGAC Question 2005 DGAC 2010 DGAC 2015 DGAC General Adverse health effects • N/A • Alcohol consumption during • N/A lactation Health • Recommended amount of fluids • Role of prebiotics and probiotics • Relationship with select dietary • Relationship with intake fatsc componentse and with physical and with select food groupsd activity and body weight • Effect of salt (sodium chloride) intake and potassium intake • Importance of glycemic response to carbohydrates • Significance of added sugars intake Health benefits • fiber-containing foods Of • dietary fiber Of • Physical activitya • Dose of physical activity Health effects • N/A • Consumption of nuts and of • N/A chocolate Health outcomes • N/A • Comparison of a vegetarian • Relationship with physical activityb diet versus a diet that customarily includes animal products • Relationship with physical activity and body weight
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Maternal–child health • N/A • Relationship with maternal • N/A weight gain Other nutrition- • Relationship with physical activity • N/A • N/A related aspects of health Prevent chronic • N/A • Multivitamin/mineral • N/A disease supplement Risk of adverse events • N/A • N/A • Relationship with physical activityf Selected health • N/A • Relationship with select food • N/A outcomes groupsg and with glycemic index and glycemic load • Effect of weight loss versus weight maintenance and of maternal dietary intake of seafood n-3 fatty acidsh Several major • Dose–response relationship • N/A • N/A causes of death with alcohol intake (cardiovascular disease, cancer, and trauma) Related to Body Weight Abdominal obesity • N/A • N/A • Prevalence, trends Body mass index • Relationship with consumption • N/A • Prevalence, trends of energy-dense food 225 continued
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TABLE C-1 Continued 226 Health Outcomes and Dietary and Nondietary Factors Assessed with Respect to Health Status or Chronic Disease Measures Used in DGAC Question 2005 DGAC 2010 DGAC 2015 DGAC Body weight • Relationship with physical activity • Relationship with select • Prevalence, trends measures of dietary intakei and • Relationship with dietary with physical activity and other patterns, with factors related to outcomes meals,j with sedentary behavior, • Effects of the food environment with select demographic and dietary behaviors and of characteristics,k with intake of liquid versus solid foods select dietary components,l with physical activity behaviors,m and with diet and body weight self monitoring strategies Childhood adiposity • N/A • Relationship with dietary intake • N/A Obesity • N/A • N/A • Relationship with dietary patterns, with frequency, regularity of family shared meals, and with select dietary componentsn Overweight/obesity • N/A • N/A • Prevalence, trends Weight gain • N/A • Relationship with alcohol intake • N/A Weight loss • Optimal proportions of dietary • Relationship with dietary • N/A fat and carbohydrates energy density Weight maintenance • Optimal proportions of dietary • N/A • N/A fat and carbohydrates
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Weight status • N/A • N/A • Relationship with neighborhood and community access to food retail settings • Effect of policies and approacheso Related to Cardiovascular Status Cardiorespiratory • N/A • N/A • Relationship with physical activity health Cardiovascular • Relationship with cholesterol • Relationship with seafood and • Prevalence disease intake with plant n-3 fatty acids • Relationship with dietary • Effect of intake of fatsp patterns, with acculturation, and with intakes of select nutrientsq Coronary heart • N/A • Relationship with alcohol intake • N/A disease (High) blood • N/A • Effect of sodium intake • Prevalence pressure • Relationship with select nutrientsr Inflammation • N/A • Effect of n-6 polyunsaturated • N/A fatty acid intake LDL cholesterol • N/A • Effect of dietary stearic acid • N/A LDL-, HDL- and • N/A • Effect of consuming natural • N/A non-HDL cholesterol versus synthetic trans fatty levels acids Metabolic and • N/A • N/A • Relative prevalence cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, blood lipids, and diabetes)
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TABLE C-1 Continued 228 Health Outcomes and Dietary and Nondietary Factors Assessed with Respect to Health Status or Chronic Disease Measures Used in DGAC Question 2005 DGAC 2010 DGAC 2015 DGAC Serum lipid and • N/A • Effect of select fatss • N/A lipoprotein levels Related to Cancer Cancer • N/A • N/A • Relationship with dietary patterns Breast cancer • N/A • N/A • Incidence, mortality rates • Relationship with physical activityt Colorectal cancer • N/A • N/A • Incidence, mortality rates • Relationship with physical activityu Lung cancer • N/A • N/A • Incidence, mortality rates Prostate cancer • N/A • N/A • Incidence, mortality rates Related to Diabetes and Metabolic Health (Type 2) diabetes • N/A • Effect of select fatsv • Prevalence • Relationship with dietary patterns, with acculturation, with select dietary components,w and physical activity and metabolic health Metabolic health • N/A • N/A • Relationship with physical activity and type 2 diabetes
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b The question was specific to people with disabilities. c Includes separate questions for the relationship between health and intake of total fat, trans fat, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids.
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o Includes separate questions on the effect of obesity prevention approaches in early care and education programs, school-based approaches, school-based policies, worksite-based approaches, and worksite policies. p Includes separate questions on the risk of cardiovascular disease and intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, monounsaturated fatty acids (when substituted for saturated fatty acids)
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