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Pages 1-14

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From page 1...
... Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States.
From page 2...
... 2 PROACTIVE POLICING TABLE S-1  Four Approaches to Proactive Policing Problem- Person Place-Based Solving Focused Community-Based Approach Approach Approach Approach Logic Model Capitalize on Use a problem- Capitalize on Capitalize on for Crime the evidence oriented the strong the resources Prevention for the approach, concentration of communities concentration which seeks of crime to identify and of crime at to identify among a small control crime microgeographic problems as proportion of places patterns across the criminal crime events population and then identify the causes of those problems Draw upon solutions tailored to the problem causes, with attention to assessment Policing Hot spots Problem- Focused CommunityStrategies policing, oriented deterrence; oriented policing, predictive policing, third repeat offender procedural justice policing, CCTV party policing programs; policing, broken stop, question, windows policing and frisk Primary Prevent crime in Solve recurring Prevent and Enhance collective Objective microgeographic problems to deter specific efficacy and places prevent future crimes by community crime targeting collaboration with known police offenders Key Ways to Identification of Scan and Identification Develop Accomplish crime hot spots analyze crime of known approaches Objective and application problems, high-rate that engage the of focused identify offenders and community or strategies solutions and application of that change assess them strategies to the way police (SARA model) these specific interact with offenders citizens
From page 3...
... Although this report is not intended to respond directly to the crisis of confidence in policing that can be seen in the United States today, it is nevertheless important to consider how proactive policing strategies may bear upon this crisis. It is not enough to simply identify "what works" for reducing crime and disorder; it is also critical to consider issues such as how proactive policing affects the legality of policing, the evaluation of the police in communities, potential abuses of police authority, and the equitable application of police services in the everyday lives of citizens.
From page 4...
... ;2 broken windows policing;3 and hot spots policing interventions4 if they use an aggressive practice of searches and seizures to deter criminal activity. In addition, in conjunction with existing Fourth Amendment doctrine, proactive policing strategies may limit the effective strength or scope of constitutional protection or reduce the availability of constitutional remedies.
From page 5...
... Furthermore, the crime prevention outcomes that are observed are generally observed only in the short term, so the evidence seldom addresses long-term crime prevention outcomes. It is important to note here that, in practice, police departments typically implement crime reduction programs that include elements typical of several prevention strategies (as combining elements from multiple strategies may produce more positive outcomes for police agencies)
From page 6...
... At present, there are insufficient rigorous empirical studies to draw any firm conclusions about either the efficacy of crime prediction software or the effectiveness of associated police operational tactics. It also remains difficult to distinguish a predictive policing approach from hot spots policing [Conclusion 4-2]
From page 7...
... Crime-control impacts have been reported by controlled evaluations testing the effectiveness of focused deterrence programs in reducing gang violence and street crime driven by disorderly drug markets and by non-experimental studies that examine repeat individual offending. It is noteworthy that the size of the effects observed are large, though many of the largest impacts are in studies with evaluation designs that are less rigorous [Conclusion 4-7]
From page 8...
... Place-based, person-focused, and problem-solving interventions are distinct from community-based proactive strategies in that they do not directly seek to engage the public to enhance legitimacy evaluations and cooperation. In this context, the concerns regarding community outcomes for these approaches have often focused not on whether they improve community attitudes toward the police but rather on whether the focus on crime control leads inevitably to declines in positive community attitudes.
From page 9...
... (There is virtually no evidence on the long-term and jurisdiction-level impacts of place-based policing on community outcomes.) At the same time, the existing evidence does suggest that such strategies rarely improve community perceptions of the police or other community outcome measures [Conclusion 5-1]
From page 10...
... The logic model for broken windows policing seeks to alter the community's levels of fear and collective efficacy as a method of enhancing community social controls and reducing crime in the long run. While this is a key element of the broken windows policing model, the committee's review of the evidence found that these outcomes have seldom been examined.
From page 11...
... There is a further growing body of research identifying how these psychological mechanisms may affect behavior, and what types of situations, policies, or practices may exacerbate or ameliorate racially biased behaviors. In a number of studies, social psychologists have found that race may affect decision making, especially under situations where time is short and such decisions need to be made quickly.
From page 12...
... Social psychologists have argued that such situations may be particularly prone to the emergence of what they call "implicit biases." Inferring the role of racial animus or other dispositional and situational risk factors in contributing to disparate impacts is a challenging question for research. There are likely to be large racial disparities in the volume and nature of police–citizen encounters when police target high-risk people or high-risk places, as is common in many proactive policing programs (though focused policing approaches may also reduce overall levels of police intrusion)
From page 13...
... There are also significant gaps in the evidence that do not allow one to identify with reasonable confidence the effects of proactive policing on other outcomes. For example, existing research provides little guidance as to whether police programs to enhance procedural justice will improve community perceptions of police legitimacy or community cooperation with the police.


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