Thriving on Our Changing Planet A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Science and Applications Traceability Matrix
Appendix B: Science and Applications Traceability Matrix
Pages 581-618
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From page 581... ...
The measurement specifications associated with the observable. M • xample Measurement Approaches.
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The POR numbers refer to the Committee on Earth Observing Satellites (CEOS) Catalog categories, as summarized in Table B.2.
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13 Laser Retroreflector 14 Laser altimeter 15 Lightning imager 16 Limb-scanning IR spectrometer 17 Limb-scanning MW spectrometer 18 Limb-scanning SW spectrometer 19 Magnetometer 20 Medium-resolution IR spectrometer 21 Medium-resolution IR spectro-radiometer 22 Multichannel/direction/polarization radiometer 23 Multipurpose imaging MW radiometer 24 Multipurpose imaging visible (VIS) /IR radiometer 25 Narrow-band channel IR radiometer 26 Nonscanning MW radiometer 27 Radar altimeter 28 Radar scatterometer 29 Radio-positioning system 30 Satellite-to-satellite ranging system 31 Solar irradiance monitor
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to estimate surface fluxes. Soil moisture profile to 4% volumetric Passive microwave dual-channel L- and POR-23 TO-17 accuracy in top 1 m of the soil column.
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H-3a. Develop methods and Important Turbidity, total suspended sols and At spatial scales small enough to resolve Imaging spectrometer for worldwide land - TO-3, 18 Availability of systems for monitoring water suspended sols particle size streams, ~10 m.
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H-4c. Improve drought Important Soil moisture, vegetation moisture, See specifications associated with See measurement approaches associated POR-12, 23 TO-17 monitoring to forecast short-term cumulative evapotranspiration, and Objective H-1a.
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W-1a. Determine the effects of key Most Important 3D temperature in PBL Horizontal resolution 20 km, vertical Polar/geo IR and microwave sounders, POR-1, 6, 20, 24, 25 TO-13 Planetary Boundary boundary layer processes on resolution 0.2 km, temporal resolution complemented by airborne and surface Layer Dynamics.
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Altimeter (e.g., Jason, ICESat-2) POR-14 TO-7 Snow water equivalent Horizon resolution of 20 km, once per Passive microwave, radar, and SAR POR-17, 23 TO-16, 19 day, 10%, Desire 4 km resolution, on a 3 to 5 day scale.
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Soil moisture (surface to root zone) Random errors of 10% in fraction of Multichannel radiometer, scatterometer POR-12, 23, 28 TO-15, 17 saturation while 1 km is desired, 25 (e.g., SMOS, SMAP)
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3D condensate Accuracy 0.1 g/kg Submillimeter multiple frequencies 180- TO-5 900 GHz Vertical profiles of horizontal Accuracy 1 m/s Doppler wind lidar POR-5 TO-4 winds AMVs from IR/hyperspectral for wind POR-1, 20 TO-13 estimation 3D water vapor Vertical resolution 1 km; spatial IR, hyperspectral, [in situ: rawinsonde, POR-20 TO-13 resolution 500 m; temporal resolution aircraft] 15 min; accuracy 0.5 g/kg.
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Horizontal resolution 5 × 5 km2.
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Vertical profiles of horizontal wind Horizontal resolution: 3 km; 1 km Doppler wind lidar, AMVs from IR, WV TO-13 vector vertical; refresh; global 90 minutes and and visible imagers and sounders CONUS 60 minutes. Precipitation rate 1 mm/hr accuracy; 2 km horizontal TO-5 resolution; 1 min temporal refresh over a 20-30 min period.
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also be POR Science community indicates the need for concurrent imaging spectrometer GEDI as POR lidar (hyperspectral) and lidar measurements Supporting observable: Thermal IR 8-12 microns (cloudband at 1.6 TIR imager (e.g., Landsat TIR)
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and Soil moisture (e.g., SMAP, SMOS) SMAP, SMOS TO-17 of soils.
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; missions 30 m multispectra 3-4 vegetation; Chemical properties of Burn area assessment using Landsat and day equatorial revisit frequency vegetation Sentinel-2, MODIS, VIIRS and the POR proposed VSWIR imaging spectrometer (400 to 2500 nm) (same as in E 1e)
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, within 15 Gton/yr over the Precision: 1 cm water equivalent on Operation IceBridge. course of a decade and the scale of 200 km changes in surface mass Ice-sheet velocity Horizontal resolution/range: 100 m / SAR (e.g., NISAR)
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plus POR-6, 20; Suborbital: Global TO-14 temperature lapse rate feedback from 0 to 15 km altitude; Space/Time CLARREO-like intercalibration, Climate Observing System by a factor of 2. Sampling: 2 km vertical resolution, 100 GNSS-RO for zonal temperature trend Reference Upper-Air Network km horizontal resolution/monthly in 5-20 km altitude (GRUAN)
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UTS, for quantifying radiative <3 km in mid-upper stratosphere; Many species, 3-4 km vertical ACE-FTS (not global; not 1 km forcing Horizontal resolution/range: 5° latitude resolution, night and day, global vertical resolution) , Aura MLS × 10° longitude / Global; Temporal coverage (not 1 km vertical resolution; sampling: weekly; Precision: 10%.
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Horizontal resolution/range: 5° latitude ACE-FTS [not global; not 1 km × 10° longitude / Global; Temporal vertical resolution] , Aura MLS sampling: daily to weekly; Precision: 1-2 [not 1 km vertical resolution]
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; W-band radar reflectivity (cloud water path, thickness, Horizontal resolution: 5 degrees latitude profiles (e.g., CloudSat) that accounts altitude, condensate phase, cloud × 10 degrees longitude/Global.
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Quantify CO2 fluxes at Very Important Biomass and biomass change See E-3a See E-3a Cycle, Including Carbon spatial scales of 100-500 km GPP, respiration, and See E-3a See E-3a Dioxide and Methane. How and monthly temporal decomposition, and biomass large are the variations in the resolution with uncertainty burning global carbon cycle and what <25% to enable regional-scale Atmospheric CO2 Random error: XCO2: goal = 1 ppm, NearIR for total column plus thermal Orbital: POR-11 (OCO2, OCO- TO-6 are the associated climate and process attribution explaining threshold = 3 ppm; Systematic error: for separation of boundary layer and 3-on-ISS)
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and SST 500 m vertical resolution with 10 m at microwave sounders (e.g., AIRS, sensible and latent heat fluxes surface; 3 hr revisit; monthly 0.2°C AMSU, ATMS)
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20 km horizontal resolution; (BL Atmos) For temperature and POR-1 TO-13 similarity theory and other flux- temperature and humidity 10 m vertical resolution with 10 m at humidity: IR and microwave sounders profile relationships at high surface and near-surface; 3 hr revisit; (e.g., AIRS, AMSU, ATMS)
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Evaluate the effect of Important Surface CO2 gas exchange: Wind Surface CO2 gas exchange: 25% Wind speeds: scatterometer, Doppler POR-28; SSM/I, SSM/IS, TO-11 surface CO2 gas exchange, speeds; partial pressure CO2 in uncertainty monthly average scatterometer, passive microwave, SAR AMSR-2, GMI, MWI. Move oceanic storage, and impact on equilibrium with surface water air CO2 partial pressures: in situ POR-7 CYGNSS (Mission ID ecosystems, and improve the above measurements 740, Instrument ID 1669, confidence in the estimates and Unique ID 740-1669)
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POR-30 volumetric percent on average Vegetation phenology (FPAR) Weekly at 10 km, to within 0.05 MODIS, AVHRR-like vegetation POR-9, 21, 24 measurements Snow water equivalent Daily at 10 km, to within 1 cm SWE Combination of sensors, e.g., later POR-1, 9, 12, 14, 23, 24, 25, 28 altimetry, polarimetric imaging radar, microwave imaging radar, radiometers C-6c.
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CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE PANEL SCIENCE MEASUREMENT Earth Science/Application Science/Application Example Measurement Approaches Societal or Science Question Objective Importance Geophysical Observable Measurement Parameters Method POR TO these changes on seasonal of 67% (likely in IPCC systems: land and ocean surface enable comparisons of the simulation vapor, cloud, and sea-ice remote climate processes, extreme parlance)
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Atmospheric boundary layer Daily at 25 km spatial resolution, 200 m Sounders and imagers at high sea-level rise, atmospheric (surface temperature profiles, vertical resolution in the planetary horizontal resolution circulation, extreme weather surface-air fluxes, water vapor, boundary layer events, global ocean clouds)
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Surface wind speed Surface wind: monthly means at 100 km Wind: scatterometer preferred, passive resolution; would prefer daily at oceanic microwave wind speed possible eddy-resolving resolution Surface temperature, salinity, SST and SSS: 2-5 day sampling SST: microwave SST (microwave density SST, or mixed layer intervals, at eddy scales. Goal to obtain needed because of persistent cloud temperature surface salinity (not density to 0.03 kg/m3 or temperature to cover at high latitudes)
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ICESat-ATLAS Permafrost thickness and 3D Once every 10 years, with 100 m Tomographic SAR; Satellite-based POR-12 (P-band SAR) geometry horizontal resolution EM; GPR; P-band SAR; OIB VHF and UHF radars Land surface temperature (LST)
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Radiation (surface upwelling and Daily, within 5 W/m2 for radiative Continuity of TOA radiative fluxes downwelling flux for longwave and fluxes, within 5‐10 W/m2 for turbulent from CERES and MODIS/VIIRS shortwave; TOA fluxes) , Turbulent fluxes radiative fluxes Atmospheric temperature and Need for collocated and finer spatial humidity and vertical resolution boundary layer temperature and humidity Aerosol concentration and Continued polar lidar needed (e.g., composition CALIOP)
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Vertical profiles of UTS aerosol Vertical resolution and range: <1 km in POR-2, 16, 18 TO-1, 2 radiative properties, for quantifying UTLS; Horizontal resolution/range: 5° radiative forcing latitude × 10° longitude / Global; ACE-FTS [not global; not 1 km Temporal sampling: weekly; Precision: vertical resolution]
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Stratospheric ozone and related Vertical resolution and range: <1 km POR-16, 17, 18 TO-12 constituents, for process studies from cloud top to stratopause; (chemistry) Horizontal resolution/range: 5° latitude ACE-FTS [not global; not 1 km × 10° longitude / Global; Temporal vertical resolution]
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POR-14 (ICESat-2) TO-20 topography at 0.1 m vertical accuracy over selected tectonic areas Land cover change High spatial resolution (1 m)
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and km and temporal resolution of 1 mm/yr at a atmospheric contamination, and sampling frequency related to the volcanic 614
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, POR-25 (ASTER, temporal resolution, High-rate SNR Landsat, high-repeat time TIRS) GPS/GNSS data airborne/UAV data [Geospatial and numerical model Hyperspectral VNIR/SWIR and TIR data at Moderate-resolution POR-9 (ASTER)
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Focused regional surveys at unobscured by vegetation, topographic comparable resolution used to image models created from high-resolution landscape change from the globally stereo satellite imagery may established baseline. supplement airborne lidar bare-earth elevation models.
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bare-earth topographic model. changes are substantial and Focused regional surveys at comparable unobscured by vegetation, topographic resolution used to image landscape change models created from high-resolution from the globally established baseline.
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S-6d. Determine the impact of Important Vertical surface deformation Spatiotemporal distribution of L- or S-band InSAR, [GPS/GNSS]
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