Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities A Comprehensive Approach to a Persistent Problem (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Alcohol-Impaired Driving in the United States: Review of Data Sources and Analyses - Charles DiMaggio, Katherine Wheeler-Martin, and Jamie Oliver
Appendix A: Alcohol-Impaired Driving in the United States: Review of Data Sources and Analyses - Charles DiMaggio, Katherine Wheeler-Martin, and Jamie Oliver
Pages 419-446
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From page 419... ...
There has been considerable suc e cess in addressing the role alcohol plays in motor vehicle crash injury risk in the United States, but alcohol has been persistently present in nearly a quarter of fatal crashes for the past two decades. Initial decreases of 1 This background paper was commissioned at the direction of the Committee on Ac celerating Progress to Reduce Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities to offer insight into the data and surveillance systems that could inform alcohol-impaired driving interventions in the United States.
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, arrest rates and enforcement activity vary as much as 32-fold across states. The population-based rate of alcohol-impaired driving arrests reported to the NIBRS in 2014 decreased by 13 percent from a high in 2003.
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From page 421... ...
already collect and provide information about alcohol involvement in motor vehicle crashes. However, there is substantial variation in how this information has been collected over time and from state to state.
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• Most states participating in the NHTSA's SDS collect and provide information about alcohol involvement in motor vehicle crashes. However, there is substantial variation in how this information has been collected over time and from state to state.
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• The U.S. Department of Transportation's National Household Travel Survey provides reasonable estimates of vehicle miles driven to serve as denominators for analyses.
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" A strength of this data source is that it is a large survey of approximately 70,000 individuals conducted yearly since 1971, making it an effective resource to validly track trends at the state and national levels. Unlike the BRFSS, the survey includes individuals in institutional settings such as shelters, rooming houses, and dormitories.
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From page 425... ...
The SDS is based on data from police crash reports submitted by participating states. Police crash reports are completed by police officers at the scene of motor vehicle crashes and contain information about the crash, the vehicles involved, and the motorists and nonmotorists (e.g., pedestrians, cyclists)
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From page 426... ...
For example, before 2011, Florida SDS datasets included alcohol information for individuals using the language "under the influence." Beginning in 2011, Florida began including information about alcohol testing and test results, and added a flag for "alcohol use suspected," which captures a wider range of crashes with alcohol involvement. By contrast, Nebraska data are based on "officer deemed alcohol related to crash," with additional fields available for whether an alcohol test was performed and whether results are known.
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Census population estimates, or person-miles traveled estimates such as those available from the National Household Travel Survey, and vehicle miles traveled estimates from the Federal Highway Administration, reliable motor vehicle mortality-related rates can be calculated. The FARS is a national census of fatal motor vehicle crashes (MVCs)
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As a result, the FARS may undercount the actual incidence of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes, and testing rates are a potential confounding variable for regional comparisons of alcohol-related crashes. Strengths of the FARS The various strong points of the FARS are listed below.
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From page 429... ...
• Data on alcohol involvement are often missing, meaning the FARS may undercount the actual incidence of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. • Police testing for illicit substances may vary between different states and regions and is a confounding variable for state-level comparisons.
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Combining the two variables can allow for the identification of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. Among the strengths of the NEDS is the large, comprehensively representative sample with few missing data that can allow for the analysis of rare outcomes.
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NHTSA initially funded 16 states to develop and implement the probabilistic data linkage algorithms for motor vehicle crash data sources. Some states expanded their efforts to link crash data with hospital discharge records, emergency medical transport call reports, and trauma registry records.
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Because state-level data are not available before 2009, linear interpolation was only conducted at the national level to produce annual estimates. Federal Highway Administration Highway Vehicle Miles Traveled The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
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Urban and rural highway miles traveled were also used with FARS data on urban and rural fatal alcohol-related crashes. Among the strengths of FHWA highway statistics is that the survey provides a nationally consistent measure of vehicle miles traveled.
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The overall rate of respondents reporting at least one incident of DWI in the previous month varied by U.S. state and territory, with the highest rate of 414.1 per 10,000 (95% CI 334.6, 493.6)
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National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data Analysis • There was a 27 percent decrease from 2002 to 2014 in the rate of persons reporting an arrest for alcohol-impaired driving in the past month, with a more modest and more variable decline of approximately 10 percent since 2011. • Men were four times more likely to report a recent arrest for alcohol-impaired driving.
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FIGURE A-3 Number of respondents reporting alcohol-impaired driving in the past 30 days per 10,000 target adult survey population by age group over time. SOURCE: BRFSS data, 2006–2014.
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The age-gender category with the highest overall rate of responding yes to questions regarding DWI in the previous year was men aged 18–25, which at 213.8 per 10,000 target population (95% CI 200.3, 227.2) was over three times that of the next highest category.
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From page 438... ...
• The population-based rate of alcohol-impaired driving arrests reported to the FBI in 2014 decreased 13 percent from a high in 2003. • There has been a decrease in alcohol-impaired driving arrests as a proportion of all arrest activity in the United States.
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From page 439... ...
Persons arrested for alcohol-impaired driving were on average 5 years younger than the state median for every state except Delaware and Utah, where they were 2 to 3 years older. States also varied considerably in the percentage of women among alcohol-impaired driving arrestees, from a low of 6.98 percent of all arrestees in Georgia to 29.37 percent in Maine.
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From page 440... ...
By modality, private vehicle miles accounted for the majority of travel, increasing 6 percent from 3.110 trillion in 1995 to 3.298 trillion in 2009. A decline in overall vehicular travel was observed among 25- to 34-year-olds, similar to the observations above for drivers and vehicle miles driven.
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Specifically, this study examines MVC fatalities with documented alcohol use. Fatal car crashes were considered alcohol related if any motor vehicle driver had police-reported alcohol intoxication or a positive laboratory BAC (BAC = 0.01 g/dL)
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The age group most frequently fatally injured in alcohol-related MVCs, 21- to 24-yearolds, experienced a 34 percent decrease in fatalities from 2,118 deaths in 1995 to 1,393 in 2015. Interestingly, individuals from 45 to 64 years of age experienced a 30 percent increase in alcohol-related MVC fatalities over the study period, but after adjusting for population increases this group also experienced a modest decline (15 percent)
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Of all those fatally injured in alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes, 95.4 percent were occupants of motor vehicles, 4.0 percent were pedestrians, and 0.6 percent were cyclists. After adjusting for person-miles t raveled, pedestrians had the highest fatality rate (22.2 fatalities per billion person-miles traveled)
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From page 444... ...
Though the FARS had a small degree of missing data for other data elements, none of the absent data significantly affected analyses since the information was missing in well below 1 percent of persons fatally injured. The FARS database is updated every year with several new and recoded variables, and this recoding did limit the urban and rural subanalysis to a minor extent.
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2002. Transitioning to multiple imputation -- A new method to estimate missing blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
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