Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities A Comprehensive Approach to a Persistent Problem (2018) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix D: Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Lessons from a Global Review - Adnan A. Hyder and Andres Vecino
Appendix D: Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Lessons from a Global Review - Adnan A. Hyder and Andres Vecino
Pages 523-566
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 523... ...
. Drink-driving2 is a major cause of global road traffic fatalities.
|
From page 524... ...
. Approximately 17 percent of all global deaths that are caused by road traffic injuries have been attributed to alcohol consumption (Shield et al., 2012)
|
From page 525... ...
3 Available by request from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medi cine's Public Access Records Office (PARO@nas.edu)
|
From page 526... ...
stops are very effective in reducing serious crashes, with an effectiveness on mortality of up to 35 percent. The key for sustainability of RBT interventions seems to reside in the characteristics of randomness of the stops, the high level of enforcement, and the deployment of mass media campaigns during the RBT intervention (with the purpose of increasing the perception of enforcement and creating the risk of apprehension)
|
From page 527... ...
Most RBT campaigns have usually been implemented in combination with mass media coverage to both increase the perception of enforcement and facilitate the creation of social norms rejecting drink-driving behavior. One example in Australia highlighting the relevance of concurrent mass media campaigns has been described in Tasmania, where despite some limitations, the general understanding is that the interventions were not as successful as in other states because of the lack of media campaigns associated with the enforcement activities (Henstridge et al., 1997)
|
From page 528... ...
. The third key aspect for the success of RBT campaigns is their intensity.
|
From page 529... ...
Levels The Evidence on Effectiveness A policy option that was detected during our review and was consistently mentioned in expert interviews as a potential strategy to reduce drink-driving in the United States was a reduction of the current legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level.
|
From page 530... ...
This was based on the high cross-border traffic in Europe and the fact that one-third of road traffic deaths had drink-driving as a contributory factor (European 6 Ibid.
|
From page 531... ...
. In 1988 the European Commission proposed a directive to reduce the BAC limits for all countries, but established a different lower limit of 0.05%, considering preliminary evidence of its effectiveness (European Commission, 1989a)
|
From page 532... ...
. Also, other sources have reported heavy lobbying efforts from the alcohol industry to prevent reducing BAC limits, particularly in countries where the BAC limit remains to be 0.08%, specifically Ireland (Hope, 2006)
|
From page 533... ...
The reasons stated were that these programs tend to be pushed by the alcohol industry as feasible interventions, but the evidence supporting 7 Available by request from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medi cine's Public Access Records Office (PARO@nas.edu)
|
From page 534... ...
rather than interventions that implement a structural or institutional restriction to drink-driving behavior. During expert interviews, social interventions often considered "ideal" were those outside the specific scope of drink-driving and those that target alcohol consumption more broadly.
|
From page 535... ...
. The success of the STAD interventions has led the European Commission to expand the program and tailor it to seven European countries (Ames et al., 2016)
|
From page 536... ...
; this was attributed to the selection effect of the devices since they are not consistently applied to all offenders. Case Study 4: Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices in Australia Background Several states in Australia demonstrated interest in implementing alcohol ignition interlock devices for convicted drink drivers.
|
From page 537... ...
. Intervention and its characteristics The implementation of alcohol ignition interlocks by the justice system in Australian states was significantly delayed since the establishment of the national guidelines in 1995 until its final implementation in Queensland in 2001.
|
From page 538... ...
Evidence on the economics of alcohol ignition interlocks found that the cost-benefit ratio of these devices ranges between 1 and 3.4 depending on the assumptions of the model -- this is for all devices with effectiveness in terms of "noncircumvention rates" (the rate at which the device can be tampered) higher than 50 percent (Lahausse and Fildes, 2009)
|
From page 539... ...
. The globalization of the alcohol industry and growth of multinational beverage alcohol corporations is a potential barrier to the implementation and enforcement of effective drink-driving policies (Caetano and Laranjeira, 2006; Casswell, 2011a,b; Jernigan, 2009; WHO, 2014)
|
From page 540... ...
, which allowed the company to become one of the main sponsors of F1 races, rendering Heineken a global platform for aggressive alcohol marketing. Already, F1 was predominantly sponsored by the alcohol industry; a 2015 report showed that audiences of F1 are exposed to alcohol brands every 5 seconds.
|
From page 541... ...
have argued for the need to sever financial ties with the alcohol industry in order to uphold the integrity of scientific research and prevent potential conflicts of interest. As stated by the Director-General of WHO, "In the view of WHO, the alcohol industry has no role in the formulation of alcohol policies, which must be protected from distortion by commercial or vested interests" (Chan, 2013)
|
From page 542... ...
• Promote alcohol ignition interlocks for repeat offenders together with rehabilitation programs. • Control the unrestricted marketing and engagement of the alco hol industry through a unified multifaceted approach across sec tors, and maybe this can begin by interdepartmental dialogues at the national level.
|
From page 543... ...
Drink-Driving Data and Variables Introduction The main objective of this section of the paper is to understand the architecture of drink-driving data in the United States and compare it with other high-income countries that have well-established data systems. Furthermore, innovative ways in which databases in selected high-income countries link drink-driving data with other data, such as hospital data and insurance data, are also explored.
|
From page 544... ...
fatality database, FARS.11 The recommended road traffic injury variables are categorized into person, crash, road, vehicle characteristics, and cost. Person characteristics include age, sex, road user type, seating position, safety equipment, and so on.
|
From page 545... ...
The FARS is a data system established in the United States in 1975 by NHTSA to collect data on fatal road traffic crashes that resulted in the death of a road user within 30 days of the crash event. The data are collected from the 50 U.S.
|
From page 546... ...
This included data related to BAC limits for general population and young drivers, self-reported enforcement of drink-driving law, estimated fatality rates caused by road traffic crashes, reported number of road traffic deaths, and percentage of road traffic deaths caused by alcohol. In addition, information related to data sources for drink-driving percentages was also recorded (WHO, 2015)
|
From page 547... ...
. Australia has two main crash datasets that collect data on road traffic fatalities: the Australian Road Deaths Database and the National Crash Database.
|
From page 548... ...
. However, there is a database that provides data related to nonfatal road traffic crashes, including variables related to drink-driving.
|
From page 549... ...
The monthly bulletin on fatal road traffic crashes is available around the 14th of each month and contains information on counts, provides trends of fatalities since the beginning of the year and over the past 5 years for the reporting month, and the percentage change in trend. The monthly bulletin also reports count of fatalities by road user type, age group, gender, crash type, day, and time of day.
|
From page 550... ...
. The Ministry of Transport in New Zealand reports road traffic injuries per 100,000 people using injury and crash data from several resources, including police crash reports, hospitalization data, and the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC)
|
From page 551... ...
The monthly overview of crash statistics reports deaths and injuries by age, sex, road user type, outcome of crashes, road user behavior, and social cost-related factors that contribute to crashes. It also gives time trends related to road traffic deaths since 1990.
|
From page 552... ...
Specific drink-driving-related goals that have been achieved since 2010 include implementation of an alcohol interlock program, implementation of zero BAC levels for drivers under 20 years of age, and lowered BAC limit to 0.05% for those above 20 years of age. In addition, efforts to increase community responsibility for reducing drink-driving were also implemented.
|
From page 553... ...
. Together, these two sources of data facilitate the understanding of circumstances of road traffic crashes and their severity in the country (Howard and Linder, 2014; OECD, 2016)
|
From page 554... ...
The innovation for the use of data in Sweden is to make road systems safe for its users so that there is no crash, injury, or fatality where the road system is a contributing factor; thus the focus is more on engineering rather than enforcement of laws. The data from the STRADA are used for understanding changes in road traffic crashes and fatalities because of road interventions.
|
From page 555... ...
. In France, road traffic crashes that result in an injury are recorded by the police.
|
From page 556... ...
. In 2015, the estimated rate of road traffic fatalities was 4.7 per 100,000 people, and the reported road traffic deaths were 390 in 2015 (GBD, 2016)
|
From page 557... ...
. Table 7 compares databases from the above countries.16 Recommendations for Data Systems Based on the analysis above on a sample of high-income countries similar to the United States, key points include the following: • All data systems collect basic data related to road traffic crashes, fatalities, and injuries and present them based on road user type, sex, age groups, day, time of day, and in some cases road type.
|
From page 558... ...
Several states in the United States have databases that combine fatal and nonfatal data on road traffic crashes and injuries; however, the true burden of road injuries and crashes attributed to alcohol requires analysis of both fatal and nonfatal databases at the national level. Such a system at the national level will help in cost estimations and planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions geared toward reducing road traffic crashes and injuries caused by drink-driving (Amorima et al., 2014; Derriks and Mak, 2007)
|
From page 559... ...
2011. Reducing the legal blood alcohol concentration limit for driving in developing countries: A time for change?
|
From page 560... ...
2007. IRTAD special report -- underreporting of road traffic casual ties.
|
From page 561... ...
2004. Alcohol and road traffic injuries in south Asia: Challenges for prevention.
|
From page 562... ...
2006. The influence of the alcohol industry on alcohol policy in Ireland.
|
From page 563... ...
2004. World report on road traffic injury prevention.
|
From page 564... ...
2010. The alcohol industry and public interest science.
|
From page 565... ...
2004. Alcohol ignition interlock programmes for reducing drink driving recidivism.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.