The Science of Science Communication III Inspiring Novel Collaborations and Building Capacity: Proceedings of a Colloquium (2018) / Chapter Skim
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7 Threats to Science's Reputation
7 Threats to Science's Reputation
Pages 45-54
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From page 45... ...
(McNutt) Research misconduct, irreproducible results, retractions, conflicts of interest, and other issues surrounding the scientific process can erode public trust in science and scientists.
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From page 46... ...
Analysis of science news articles from USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, and The Washington Post from May 2016 to April 2017 revealed that the articles tend to contain words like breakthrough, advance, path breaking, and paradigm shifting. Most included a discovery or finding, credited the involved scientists or institutions, and noted the significance of the finding.
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From page 47... ...
Trust improves joint outcomes, increases effectiveness and accuracy in judging risks, and helps society progress. Societies with higher baseline levels of trust "are more economically successful because you trust that a stranger is going to live up to the contract," said Fiske.
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Paraphrasing Jamieson, Fiske noted that "when there's no narrative, you'd better find one, because otherwise somebody else might find it." ADDRESSING DETRIMENTAL PRACTICES IN SCIENCE Kevin Finneran, editor-in-chief of Issues in Science and Technology, agreed that "trustworthiness is something we have to be responsible for ourselves. We have to look at all the things we can do within the research process and the operation of science to make our work as reliable and believable as possible." In 1992 the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
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From page 49... ...
For example, Ioannidis (2005) found that systematic biases led to false-positive findings in more than half of published studies, and an effort to replicate 100 psychology studies found that the mean effect size of the replications was about half of what was reported in the original articles (OSC, 2015)
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‘I removed this sample because we found out something about this sample that was a legitimate reason to take it out of the analysis.'" Based on the success of that workshop, a second workshop supported by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation focused on transparency as a way to address the reproducibility issue in science. That workshop led to a paper proposing what came to be known as the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP)
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For example, a workshop on reproducibility in computational methods established the following goals (Stodden et al., 2016) : • Share data, software, workflows, and details of the computational environment in open repositories; • Publish persistent links with a permanent identifier for data, code, and digital artifacts upon which the results depend; • Cite shared digital scholarly objects; • Document digital scholarly artifacts; and • Use open licensing when publishing digital scholarly objects.
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From page 52... ...
These recommendations support those in Fostering Integrity in Research, which recommended that authors disclose their roles and contributions and that institutions establish policies that will thwart detrimental research practices. In addition, Fostering Integrity in Research urged that a Research Integrity Advisory Board be created to serve as an organizational focus for best practices and standards.
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From page 53... ...
roads being driven millions of miles per day, "they're going to encounter conditions that you never saw, and that's going to happen over and over again." Also, the gap between human intelligence and autonomous devices is huge. "Your intuition about how humans fail, or what happens when you change conditions, has nothing to do with how conditions changing will cause an artificial system to behave." For example, just a few pieces of tape in the right places can fool an autonomous car into seeing a stop sign as a 45-mile-per-hour speed limit sign.
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From page 54... ...
54 / THE SCIENCE OF SCIENCE COMMUNICATION III performance, he noted; rather, it alters human performance. For example, if people are required to respond very rarely to a situation, they will not be practiced when they need to respond.
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