Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk A Research Strategy (2018) / Chapter Skim
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2 Microbiome Variation
2 Microbiome Variation
Pages 16-33
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From page 16... ...
It is the variation in the human microbiome that is Research now suggests associations between mi- the primary focus of this chapter. General factors crobial perturbations and such diseases as obe- that contribute to variation in the human microbisity, type II diabetes mellitus, ulcerative colitis, ome are discussed first and then variation specifiCrohn's disease, and colorectal cancer (Mangin cally in the gut, skin, and respiratory microbiomes.
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Specifically, no bacterial taxon and neonatal gut microbiota (Dominguez-Bello et has been found to be present in all body sites, and al.
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. Several studies have indi- Compared with the period of dynamic gut micated that at the age of about 3 years the phylum- crobiome development in early life, healthy adults level distribution of bacteria in the gut resembles exhibit relatively stable gut microbiota composi A Maternal Diet Gestational Diabetes Environmental Exposures?
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. The amounts and com- shift from a high-carbohydrate to a high-fat diet position of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats affect increased the abundance of bile-tolerant Alistipes, gut microbiota composition.
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residential house dusts differentially shapes gut Those findings suggest that skin-associated micromicrobiota composition and function in a manner biota compositional stability is site-specific. that promotes or prevents development of protec- On the healthy human skin surface, sites with tive airway and hematopoietic immune function high water availability are typically enriched in after allergen or viral respiratory insult (Fujimura members of the Staphylococcus and Corynebacteet al.
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In natures have a remarkable range. That observation fact, knowledge regarding site-specific microbiota suggests that the microbial potential to transform composition in both the upper respiratory tract and or sequester dermal environmental chemical expo- lower respiratory tract has increased rapidly in
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. ple the lower respiratory tract or lungs in healthy The collective findings in healthy people highlight people and that used culture-independent analyses some of the intrinsic factors in the variability in have consistently demonstrated the presence of a data from studies of the respiratory microbiome microbial community (Dickson et al.
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Those ample, mouse and human skin surfaces clearly difrelationships between the microbiome and disease fer substantially. A recent genomewide transcripphenotype include microbiota enrichment patterns tomic study of skin-specific expression of human linked to worse lung function, airway reactiv- or mouse genes identified only a 30% overlap, ity, and symptom control, and to different airway which the authors offered as an explanation of why immune-response profiles, including type 2 and results generated with skin-associated mouse modnontype 2 inflammatory responses (Huang et al.
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A more recent meta-analysis of mouse gut not fully recapitulate the microbial diversity of and human gut microbiotas identified 79 genera the human gut microbiome (Auchtung et al. 2015; that were detected in both, but the study revealed Griffin et al.
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content, and function of the human microbiome. The factors include age, environmental exposures, REFERENCES disease state, genetics, sex, socioeconomic status, geography, pregnancy status, and diet.
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Yin, across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of de S Bergman, X
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2011. Incomplete recov- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smokers and ery and individualized responses of the human distal gut healthy non-smokers.
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2016. Developmental dy supplementation attenuates respiratory viral infection via namics of the preterm infant gut microbiota and antibiotic metabolic reprogramming and immune cell modulation.
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van den Berg, role of the microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary and D.S. Nielsen.
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J lation of a gut bacterium listed in Human Microbiome Immunol.
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How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota Kristiansen, and J
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2007. The human microbiome Huttenhower, D
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Raes, B Van den Bogert, M
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